Consumer psychology and pricing can be used to influence how customers perceive the value of products and services. Customers will judge whether prices are too high, too low, or fair based on their experiences and knowledge of market prices. Presenting discounts, sales, or limited availability can create a perception of value and encourage purchases. Reference pricing, where customers compare prices to expectations, also impacts perceptions. Companies employ various strategies like promotional pricing, differentiated pricing, and psychological discounting to influence perceptions.
What is Pricing Strategy and what are the objectives and factors affecting the Pricing Strategy.
There are Certain types of Pricing Strategies as well. Each and every strategy has its own affect on the product and services offered by an organization.
A complete information is given starting from the meaning of personality to its theories to its relation to marketing.
How consumers' personality affect in their buying habit and everything related is explained.
What is Pricing Strategy and what are the objectives and factors affecting the Pricing Strategy.
There are Certain types of Pricing Strategies as well. Each and every strategy has its own affect on the product and services offered by an organization.
A complete information is given starting from the meaning of personality to its theories to its relation to marketing.
How consumers' personality affect in their buying habit and everything related is explained.
pricing methods, perceived value pricing, competition based pricing, total cost based pricing or floor pricing, mark up pricing, target return pricing.
It defines the relations, promises and marketing efforts between the three key stakeholders in services marketing - companies, providers (employees), and customers. Internal marketing is done between company and providers, external marketing is performed between companies and customers, and interactive marketing takes place between customers and providers.Marketing service triangle plays a very important role in service industries.
Calculating the impact of your Advertising Campaign is a crucial step in evaluating your effectiveness and laying your future advertising strategy. Learn the tools of evaluating advertising.
New-Product Pricing Strategies
Product Mix Pricing Strategies
Price Adjustment Strategies
Price Changes
Market-skimming pricing is a strategy with high initial prices to “skim” revenue layers from the market
Product quality and image must support the price
Buyers must want the product at the price
Costs of producing the product in small volume should not cancel the advantage of higher prices
Competitors should not be able to enter the market easily
Market-penetration pricing sets a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers quickly to gain market share
Price-sensitive market
Inverse relationship of production and distribution cost to sales growth
Low prices must keep competition out of the market
pricing methods, perceived value pricing, competition based pricing, total cost based pricing or floor pricing, mark up pricing, target return pricing.
It defines the relations, promises and marketing efforts between the three key stakeholders in services marketing - companies, providers (employees), and customers. Internal marketing is done between company and providers, external marketing is performed between companies and customers, and interactive marketing takes place between customers and providers.Marketing service triangle plays a very important role in service industries.
Calculating the impact of your Advertising Campaign is a crucial step in evaluating your effectiveness and laying your future advertising strategy. Learn the tools of evaluating advertising.
New-Product Pricing Strategies
Product Mix Pricing Strategies
Price Adjustment Strategies
Price Changes
Market-skimming pricing is a strategy with high initial prices to “skim” revenue layers from the market
Product quality and image must support the price
Buyers must want the product at the price
Costs of producing the product in small volume should not cancel the advantage of higher prices
Competitors should not be able to enter the market easily
Market-penetration pricing sets a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers quickly to gain market share
Price-sensitive market
Inverse relationship of production and distribution cost to sales growth
Low prices must keep competition out of the market
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Consumer psychology and pricing
1. Consumer psychology and pricing:
The cost of a product or service is relative to what the buyer thinks that cost
should be. Based on his or her previous experiences, the customer will judge
whether prices are too high, too low, or on target.
Through personal experiences, advertising, and a base knowledge of standard
pricing, your customers will have a good idea of where your prices should fall in
relation to the market and your competitors.
By using psychology, you can present a perception of value or discount that will
help you to sell your products. For example, the common use of Rs.2999 over Rs.
3000 has long been a matter of pricing psychology that says: Although there is
only a 1 cent difference, something in the 9 range is a greater bargain than
something in the 10 range. In fact, studies show that odd numbers are more
commonly associated with lower prices than even numbers.
Giving an item free with purchase is primarily a perception of savings. While a
buy-one-get-one-free offer represents a small savings to the customer, it draws
more business because of the idea of getting something for free.
Other factors that play into the perception of pricing include availability. If, for
example, you indicate a one-day sale, the idea that availability is limited will
encourage the customer to act quickly rather than mull over the purchase.
Likewise, if you know that supply and demand are in your favor, you can stand by
a higher price and let it be known that only a few items remain available. Limited
items always appear as more valuable.
2. Reference price:
People often compare a product’s price to a “reference price” that they maintain
in their minds for the product or product category in question. A “reference
price” is the price that people expect or deem to be reasonable for a certain type
of product.
Several factors affect reference prices:-
Memory of past price;
Frame of reference (compared to competitive prices, pre-sale prices,
manufacturer’s suggested prices, channel-specific prices, marked prices before
discounts, substitute product prices, etc.);
Price quality inferences:
Consumers often rely heavily on price as a predictor of quality and typically
overestimate the strength of this relation. Furthermore, the inferences of quality
they make on the basis of price can influence their actual purchase decisions.
A bottle of perfume priced Rs.5000 might contain Rs. 500 worth of scent, but gift
givers pay Rs. 5000 to communicate their high regard for the receiver.
3. Price Cues:
A price cue is defined as any marketing tactic used to persuade customers that
prices offer good value compared to competitors’ prices, past prices or future
prices. In this paper, we review the academic literature that documents the
effectiveness of different types of prices cues. The leading economic explanation
for why price cues are effective focuses on the role of customer price knowledge
and the ability of customers to evaluate whether prices offer good value. We
survey the evidence supporting this theory, including a review of the literature on
customer price knowledge. Finally, we document the boundaries of when price
cues are effective and identify several moderating factors.
It can also be define as any marketing tactic used by firms to create the
perception that its current price offers good value compared to competitors’
price, past prices or future prices. A common example is placing a sign at the
point of purchase claiming an item is on “Sale”.
4. Geographical pricing(Cash, countertrade, barter):
In this pricing the company decide how to price its product to different customers
in different locations & countries.
Barter - The direct exchange of goods, with no money and no third party involved
Compensation deal - The seller receives some percentage of the payment in cash
and the rest in products. A British aircraft manufacturer sold planes to Brazil for
70 percent cash and the rest in coffee.
Buyback arrangement - The seller sells a plant, equipment, or technology to
another country and agrees to accept as partial payment products manufactured
with the supplied equipment. A US. Chemical company built a plant for an Indian
company and accepted partial payment in cash and the remainder in chemicals
manufactured at the plant.
Offset - The seller receives full payment in cash but agrees to spend a substantial
amount of the money in that country within a stated time period. For example,
PepsiCo sells its cola syrup to Russia for rubles and agrees to buy Russian vodka at
a certain rate for sale in the United States.
Price discounts and allowances
The role of discount Offering discounts can be a useful tactic in response to
aggressive competition by a competitor. However, discounting can be dangerous
unless carefully controlled and conceived as part of your overall marketing
strategy. Discounting is common in many industries – in some it is so endemic as
to render normal price lists practically meaningless. This is not to say that there is
anything particularly wrong with price discounting provided that you are getting
something specific that you want in return.
5. Promotional Pricing
Companies can use several pricing techniques to stimulate early purchase:
Loss-leader pricing - Supermarkets and department stores often drop the price
on well Known brands to stimulate additional store traffic. This pays if the
revenue on the additional sales compensates for the lower margins on the) boss-
leader items. Manufacturers of loss-leader brands typically object because this
practice can dilute the brand image and bring complaints from retailers who
charge the list price. Manufacturers have tried to restrain intermediaries from
loss leader pricing through lobbying for retail-price -maintenance laws, but these
laws have been revoked.
Special-event pricing - Sellers will establish special prices in certain seasons to
draw in more customers
Cash rebates - Auto companies and other consumer-goods companies offer cash
rebates to Encourage purchase of the manufacturers’ products within a specified
time period. Rebates can help clear inventories without cutting the stated list
price.
Low-interest financing - Instead of cutting its price, the company can offer
customers low- interest financing. Automakers have even announced no-interest
financing to attract Customers.
Longer payment terms - Sellers, especially mortgage banks and auto companies,
stretch loans over longer periods and thus lower the monthly payments.
Consumers often worry less about the cost (i.e., the interest rate) of a loan and
more about whether they can afford the monthly payment.
Warranties and service contracts - Companies can promote sales by adding a free
or low- cost warranty or service contract.
Psychological discounting - This strategy involves setting an artificially high price
and then offering the product at substantial savings. Promotional-pricing
strategies are often a zero-sum game.
6. Differentiated Pricing
Companies often adjust their basic price to accommodate differences in
customers, products, locations, and so on.
Customer-segment pricing - Different customer groups are charged different
prices for the same product or service. For example, museums often charge a
lower admission fee to students and senior citizens.
Product-form pricing - Different versions of the product ‘are priced differently but
not pro-portionately to their respective costs
Image pricing - Some companies price the same product two different levels
based on image differences at. A perfume manufacturer can put the perfume in
one bottle, give it a name and image, and price it at Rest. 50. It can put the same
perfume in another bot-tle with a different name and image and price it at
Rs.200.
Channel pricing - Coca-Cola carries a different price depending on whether it is
purchased ill a fine restaurant, a fast-food restaurant, or a vending machine.
Location pricing - The same product is priced differently at different locations
even though the cost of offering at each location is the same. A theater varies its
seat prices according to audience preferences for different locations.
Time pricing - Prices are varied by season, day, or hour. Public utilities vary energy
rates to commercial users by time of day and weekend versus weekday.
Restaurants charge less to “early bird” customers.