In Macroeconomics Income and Employment are interchangeable terms, since in the short-run National income depends on the total volume of employment or economic activity in the country. As income and employment are synonymous the employment theory is also called income theory.
It should be clear to readers that the classical economists did not formulate any specific theory of employment as such. They only laid down certain postulates which subsequently developed as a theory.
Lecture slides for an undergraduate course on Basic Macroeconomics that I taught in the Fall of 2007.
This lecture goes over the difference between real and nominal GDP.
In Macroeconomics Income and Employment are interchangeable terms, since in the short-run National income depends on the total volume of employment or economic activity in the country. As income and employment are synonymous the employment theory is also called income theory.
It should be clear to readers that the classical economists did not formulate any specific theory of employment as such. They only laid down certain postulates which subsequently developed as a theory.
Lecture slides for an undergraduate course on Basic Macroeconomics that I taught in the Fall of 2007.
This lecture goes over the difference between real and nominal GDP.
Macroeconomic that will help you understand more and help the country by understanding the topic well. Other than that, it also emphasizes in the stability of the country's economical state. Food security as well no poverty plays a huge part in the balance of the economic state of the country.
Variations or irregular rise of consumer price index worldwide of which Ghana is no exception has affected many businesses in the country. However, the obvious indicator of an inflationary situation is rising prices of consumer goods. On the basis of the above, the researchers decided to do a trend analysis on consumer price indices obtained from the Ghana Statistical Service to serve as a guide to the business community in Ghana. The main objective of the analysis is to determine the overall pattern in the data and to subsequently fit an appropriate trend for forecasting future values. The main statistical technique used in this work is time series analysis. Based on the trend analysis carried out, the study revealed that, there was general upward trend in the CPIs in Ghana, collaborating an earlier research conducted by Ampofo. However, the shapes of graphs of the CPIs, showed a slight difference. Finally, forecast values or predictions for the CPIs were made for the year 2008.
Is there a method to our madness when it comes to shopping? Hailed by the "San Francisco Chronicle" as "a Sherlock Holmes for retailers," author and research company CEO Paco Underhill answers with a definitive "yes" in this witty, eye-opening report on our ever-evolving consumer culture. "Why We Buy" is based on hard data gleaned from thousands of hours of field research -- in shopping malls, department stores, and supermarkets across America. With his team of sleuths tracking our every move, from sweater displays at the mall to the beverage cooler at the drugstore, Paco Underhill lays bare the struggle among merchants, marketers, and increasingly knowledgeable consumers for control.
In his quest to discover what makes the contemporary consumer tick, Underhill explains the shopping phenomena that often go unnoticed by retailers and shoppers alike
A competitive market strategy for Himalaya Drugs to launch a new ayurvedic beauty product in the market and build an competitive advance over its competitors
For a business to grow and respond to the threats and opportunities, Vodafone’s flexible infrastructure helps to innovate and implement new communication technologies by reducing the cost and complexity of managing global communications. The mobile, fixed and machine-to-machine technology helps in creating new products, revenue streams and routes to market. Various powerful tools and flexible approach makes the people happier, more engaged and more productive at the same time.
Apart from Wireline solutions, Enterprise mobility, Machine to machine solutions and Business value added services Vodafone provides conferencing and collaboration facilities for the large corporates.
In early June 2013, Amazon launched their Amazon India marketplace without any marketing campaigns. In July 2013, Flipkart announced a funding of $ 1 Billion immediately after which, Amazon said it will invest $ 2 Billion in India to expand business. Amazon came up with a dynamic distribution system because of which they were able to deliver the products in as less as a day. This was their USP along with the wide variety of products. This is a report that sheds light on the products and services of Amazon India, discussion on the channels adopted by them, the ATL and BTL promotions and finally the evaluation of the channel effectiveness.
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
2. Food price index
“The FAO food price index is the measure of monthly
change in the international prices of basket of food
commodities
It consists of average of five commodity group price
indices, weighted with the average export share of
each of the groups for 2002-2004” -FAO
3. The food price index
averaged averaged 196.6
points in August 2014, its
lowest level since
September 2010. In
August, the index
registered its fifth
consecutive monthly
decline, down 7.3 points
(3.6 percent) from July
and 7.9 points (3.9
percent) from August
2013.
4. The five commodity group indices are :
The FAO cereal price index averaged 182.5 points
in August, down 2.8 points (1.5 percent) from July
and 24.2 points (11.7 percent) from August 2013.
The FAO Vegetable Oil Price Index averaged
166.6 points in August, 14.5 points (8 percent) less
than the previous month and the lowest level since
November 2009.
5. The FAO Dairy Price Index averaged 200.8
points in August, down 25.3 points (11.2 percent)
over July and 46.8 points (18.9 percent) less year-on-
year.
The FAO Meat Price Index averaged 207.3 points
in August, 2.5 points (1.2 percent) more than its
revised value for July and 25 points (14 percent)
above last year.
6. The FAO Sugar Price Index averaged 244.3
points in August, down by 14.8 points (5.7 percent)
from July, but still 2.2 points (1 percent) higher than
in August 2013.
8. WHAT IS A PRICE INDEX?
P rice Index is a normalized average of
prices for a given class of goods or
services in a given region, during a
given interval of time
9. Consumer Price Index
Definition: The consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of
the changes in the average price of goods and services that
consumers normally purchase such as food, clothing,
medicals and others. CPI is also a measure that indicates
changes in the general price level from the base year to the
current year.
There is an inverse relationship between the general price
level and the value of money. The value of money is the
purchasing power of the consumer, or the ability to buy
goods and Services. When the general price level is higher,
the value of money will be lower and vice versa.
10. Generally accepted as a measure of inflation in the country
• It measures Price changes of fixed market basket of goods and
services of constant quality and quantity.
• It tells how much cost of living has risen or fallen due to price
changes irrespective of changes in consumer behavior or
quality of goods.
• It does not reflect the cost of living or in house hold
consumption expenditure as such but only the influence of
price fluctuation on the trend.
Main measure of price changes at the retail level
Measures changes in the cost of buying a
representative fixed basket of goods and services
11. Measurement of CPI
The measurement of CPI is based on the collection
and compilation of average price of goods and
services in the market. The measurement is based
upon 4 Steps.
Step 1: Selection of the Base Year:
The reference base period is when the CPI is defined as 100
for a period. Price changes in other years will be in
reference to this base year and expressed as a percentage.
The base year selected is a normal year in which the
economy and prices are stable.
12. CPI Measurement
Step 2: Selection of CPI Basket
The next step is to select the CPI basket. The term
basket refers to the goods and services
represented in the index and the relative
importance attached to each of the items. This
item reflects the typical consumption of a general
household.
13.
14. CPI Measurement
Prices of selected goods in the CPI basket must be obtained
through reliable sources. The basket is valued at a base year
price. Then, the same basket willbe valued at a current year
price. The current year price index can be obtained
using the following formula:
Current year index = Current year price x 100
Base year price
The base year index is equal to 100.
15. CPI Measurement
ITEM BASE YEAR
PRICE
1
CURRENT
YEAR PRICE
2
CURRENT
YEAR INDEX
2/1 x 100
Food 150 240 240/150*100=160
Apparel 300 420 420/00*100=140
Medical Care 250 200 200/250*100=80
Transportation 160 180 180/160*100=112.
5
Simple CPI= Sum of all current year index/ Number of items 492.5/4=123.1
Therefore, the general price level or costs have increased by 23.1 per
cent
(123.1- 100) from the base year to the current year.
16. CPI Measurement
Step 4:Weightage
Weightage is the figure used to measure the importance of
the item in the basket depending on the amount of money
spent by the consumer on each item. The highest weightage
shows the most important commodity and the lowest shows
the least important commodity for the consumer. For
example, if the weightages for food and transportation are 4
and 1 respectively it shows that food is more important
since the amount of money spent on food is 4 times more
than transportation.
Assume that weights are given in respect of the items in
Table . The weighted CPI can be calculated as shown in the
next give Table .
17. CPI Measurement
ITEM BASE
YEAR
PRICE
1
CURRENT
YEAR
PRICE
2
CURRENT
YEAR
INDEX
2/1 x 100
WEIGHTS
4
WEIGHT
ED PRICE
INDEX
3x4
Food 150 240 240/150*10
0=160
4 160x4=640
Apparel 300 420 420/00*10
0=140
3 140x3=420
Medical
Care
250 200 200/250*1
00=80
1 80x1=80
Transportat
ion
160 180 180/160*10
0=112.5
2 112.5x2=22
5
Weighted CPI= Sum of all weighted price index/
Total Weights
10 1365/10=
136.5
This shows that the general price level has increased by 36.5 per cent
compared to the base year.
19. CPI – A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING
•The Indian CPI shows the change in prices of a standard package
of goods and services which Indian households purchase for
consumption.
•When we talk about the rate of inflation in India, this often refers
to the rate of inflation based on the consumer price index, or CPI
for short.
•In order to measure inflation, an assessment is made of how much
the CPI has risen in percentage terms over a give period compared
to the CPI in a preceding period. If prices have fallen this is called
deflation (negative inflation).
Consumer Price Index (CPI) in India is reported by the
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
(MOSPI), India
20. Consumer Price Index (CPI) in India averaged 124.27 Index Points from 2011 until 2014,
reaching an all time high of 143.70 Index Points in July of 2014 and a record low of 105 Index
Points in February of 2011.
As of September 17, 2014, the consumer price index fell by 0.2%, this is the first decline since
April 2013. Excluding food and energy, core CPI went nowhere, the first unchanged reading
since October 2010.
"While the shelter index increased and the indexes for new vehicles and for alcoholic beverages
also rose, these advances were offset by declines in several indexes, including airline fares,
recreation, household furnishings and operations, apparel, and used cars and trucks," noted the
BLS.
On a year-over-year basis, both CPI and core-CPI climbed by just 1.7%, which was below the
1.9% expected.
All of this gives the Federal Reserve flexibility to keep monetary policy easy and interest rates
low for a long time.
21. Chart – current CPI inflation India (yearly basis)
– last 12 months
22.
23. Reference
food and agriculture organisation of the united
nations
http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesi
ndex/en/
Wikipedia
Investopedia
Business standard.com