The document explains the components and functioning of photovoltaic (PV) modules, which convert solar radiation into electricity. Key parts discussed include solar cells, glass, encapsulant materials like EVA, backsheet, interconnect ribbons, junction boxes, and frames, each serving specific protective and electrical roles. It emphasizes the connectivity and arrangement of cells in series and parallel to optimize power generation.

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2.  A device converting solar radiation into
electricity.
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3.  A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged,
connect assembly of typically 6x10
photovoltaic solar cells.
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4.  When modules are connected in series is
called string.
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5.  A photovoltaic array is the complete power-
generating unit, consisting of any number of
PV modules( Parallel connection of panels).
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7.  Think of a battery.
A battery
is a DC
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8.  Think of a solar cell.
Solar cell
is also a
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9.  One solar cell can produce 0.5 volt.
 If we add solar cells in series, voltage will be
additive.
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10.  Achieved by connecting the positive at the
front of one cell with negative at the back of
the other cell.
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11.  When we connect two solar cells with
different current in series the current in series
circuit corresponds to that of the weakest
solar cell, same effect occur when a solar cell
is partially covered or completely covered due
to shadow of tree, fallen leaf etc. Power
immediately
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13.  Achieved by all positive and all negative
together.
 Current through individual cells is added
together.
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14.  Glass
 The front glass is the heaviest part of the
photovoltaic module and it has the function
of protecting and ensuring robustness to the
entire photovoltaic module, maintaining a
high transparency.
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15.  EVA
 One of the most important materials is the
encapsulant, which acts as a binder between the
various layers of the PV panel. The most common
material used as an encapsulant is EVA -
Ethylene vinyl acetate. It is a translucent polymer
sold in a roll. It must be cut in sheets and
deposited before and after the photovoltaic cells.
When subjected to a thermal process of vacuum
cooking, this particular polymer becomes similar
to a transparent gel and incorporates the
photovoltaic cells.
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16.  Backsheet
 The term backsheet literally means the sheet
on the back. It is made from a plastic material
that has the function to electrically isolate,
protect and shield the PV cells from weather
and moisture. This particular sheet is usually
white in color and is sold in rolls or sheets.
There are particular versions that can be
different in thickness, in color and in the
presence of particular materials for a greater
shielding or for a higher mechanical strength.
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17.  Cell Ribbon
 Interconnect ribbon is a hot dip tinned
copper conductor installed in
photovoltaic/solar panels. The interconnect
ribbon is soldered directly onto silicon crystal
to interconnect solar cells in a solar panel.
The interconnect ribbon carries the current
generated in solar cells to the PV bus bar.
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18.  Junction Box
 The junction box has the function of bringing
the electrical connections of the PV module
outside.
It contains the protection diodes for shadows
and the cables for the connection of the
panels in the field. In choosing the Junction
box we pay attention to the quality of plastic,
the goodness of sealing, the type of
connection of the ribbon and the quality of
by-pass diodes.
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19.  Frame
 One of the last parts to be assembled is the
frame. It is normally made of aluminium and
has the function to ensure robustness and a
practical and safe coupling to the
photovoltaic module. Together with the
frame, also a layer of sealant is deposited
around the walls of the panel as a moisture
barrier. For this purpose the most widely
used material is silicon, although sometimes
a special sealing tape is used.
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22. THANK
YOU
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