Construction materials and damage types
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This document provides an overview of construction materials, structures, and damage types. It aims to define construction materials and classify them, list forces that can affect materials, describe properties of concrete, steel, wood and brick, describe methods of construction, list structure types, and name collapse patterns. Specifically, it classifies materials by composition, lists tension, compression and shear as acting forces. It also describes light frame, heavy wall, heavy floor and pre-cast concrete structures, and details internal collapse patterns like pancake, lean-to and V-shape collapses.
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Construction materials and damage types
- 1. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, STRUCTURES & DAMAGE TYPES BY ANUP SINGH DEPUTY COMMANDANT NDRF ACADEMY NAGPUR
- 2. OBJECTIVE UPON COMPLETING THIS LESSON YOU WILL ABLE TO: 1.DEFINE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL AND CLASSIFY THEM BY THEIR COMPOSITION TYPES AND USES, 2.LIST AND DESCRIBE THREE FORCES THAT CAN AFFECT CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. 3.LIST THREE PROPERTIES OF EACH MATERIAL: CONCRETE, STEEL, WOOD, AND BRICK. 4.DESCRIBE TWO METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION. 5.LIST FOUR TYPES OF STRUCTURES. 6.NAME AND DESCRIBE THE FOUR BASIC COLLAPSE PATTERNS. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 3. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Natural materials processed by man and used in the construction of buildings, which consist of structural and non structural elements. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 5. CLASSIFIED BY COMPOSITION I. ORGANIC MATERIALS: WOOD, PLYWOOD, PAPER II. METAL: IRON, STEEL, ALUMINIUM III.CONGLOMERATES: CONCRETE, PLASTER, CLAY IV.CERAMICS: TILES V. GLASS: WINDOWS, GLASS BLOCK VI.PLASTICS: POLYETHYLENE VII.STONE: MARBLE, GRANITE ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 13. A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL CONSISTING OF A MIX OF CEMENT,ROCK,SAND AND/OR OTHER INERT MATERIALS, WATER AND A SMALL AMOUNT OF AIR. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 14. • RESISTANT TO FIRE AND COMPRESSION • WEAK UNDER TENSION AND SHEAR • CONTINUES TO HARDEN WITH TIME ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 15. • VERY HEAVY: ONE CUBIC METER (M ) WEIGHS ALMOST 3,000 KG • CONCRETE CURES BY HYDRATION, MEANING THAT IT NEEDS WATER TO HARDEN. • ONCE DRY, CONCRETE ALWAYS DEVELOPS CRACKS, WHICH DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT A FAILURE. • CONCRETE IS STRONG IN COMPRESSION BUT WEAK IN TENSION, WHICH IS WHY STEEL REBAR IS A NECESSARY COMPONENT OF CONCRETE BEAMS, COLUMNS AND FLOORS. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 16. STEELSTEEL • Can be bent without breaking • Resistant to fire and compression • Easily conducts heat, sound and electricity CHARACTERISTICS ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 17. WOODWOODCHARACTERISTICS • EASY TO CUT LIGHT • NOT FIRE-RESISTANT • GOOD INSULATOR • (WILL NOT TRANSMIT ELECTRICITY) • PROVIDES WARNING — CREAKS BEFORE BREAKING ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 18. BRICKBRICKCHARACTERISTICS • DECOMPOSITION DUE TO HEAT/FIRE • GOOD INSULATOR OF HEAT • FIRE RESISTANCE IS HIGH AS COMPARED TO STONE ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 19. FORCES ACTING ON CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 1.TENSION 2.COMPRESSION 3.SHEAR ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 20. Forces that act to elongate or stretch a material. Tension occurs when opposing forces are pulling to stretch or elongate an object. – Tensile forces produce internally in structural materials. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 21. Forces that act to crush or compress a material. Compression forces occur when pushing on an object to shorten or compress it. – Compression and tension are normal stresses. – The stressed surface is perpendicular to the applied force. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 22. Forces acting in opposite, parallel directions and on different planes so that they cut or break a material Shearing forces act opposite to one another. – Think of how a pair of scissors works. – The direction of shearing stress is different than compression and tension because the surface that is being applied stress is parallel to the direction of force ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 24. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION UNFRAMED STRUCTURES FRAMED STRUCTURES ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 25. FRAMED STRUCTURES ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 26. UNFRAMED • UNFRAMED ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 27. STRUCTURAL TYPES 1.Light frame 2.Heavy wall 3.Heavy floor 4.Pre-cast concrete ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 28. LIGHT FRAME STRUCTURE ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 29. Characteristics: • Residential homes and apartments • Up to 04 stories • Constructed mainly of wood. • Weakness is its lateral strength of walls and connections. • Highly susceptible to fire due to disrupted utilities and high surface-to-mass ratio of splintered wood and other light frame materials. • Rescuers should check for stability problem while operating in such environment. LIGHT FRAME STRUCTURE ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 30. HEAVY WALL STRUCTURE ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 31. Characteristics: • Residential, commercial, industrial, or institutional. • Up to 06 stories in height. • Principle weakness is in the lateral strength of the walls and the connections between the walls and floor or roof assemblies. • Rescuers may face falling hazards due to small, loose masonry components resulting from the collapse. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT HEAVY WALL STRUCTURE
- 32. HEAVY FLOOR STRUCTURE ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 33. Characteristics: • Residential, commercial and industrial including highway bridges. • Up to 12 stories in height. • Weakness is the poor column reinforcement and inadequate connections between floor slabs and columns. • Rescuers are vulnerable to the weak stability of the structures. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT HEAVY FLOOR STRUCTURE
- 34. PRE-CAST CONCRETE STRUCTURE ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 35. Characteristics: • Commercials, residential and pre-cast parking facilities. • Generally up to 12 stories in height. • Principle failure is due to the weakness of the connectors used to connect building parts such as floor, walls and roof. • Rescuers should check beam-to-column connections for broken welds and cracked corbels. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT PRE-CAST CONCRETE STRUCTURE
- 36. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS CLASSIFIED BY USE STRUCTURAL/LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS DECORATIVE ELEMENTS NON-STRUCTURAL WALLS AND PARTITIONS COVERING ELEMENTS (ROOFING) ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 37. CHARACTERISTICS OF A STRUCTURE 1. GENERAL Occupancy Type Modifications to the original structure / plans (if applicable) Location of utilities Contents Number of occupants ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 38. 2. ARCHITECTURAL ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY Architectural characteristics of a structure include the following elements- Shape of building and foundation. Height and number of floors. Number of basement levels. Major cantilevers. Location of chases (stairwells, elevator shafts and service chutes) Primary materials used.
- 39. 3. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS I. COLUMNS II. BEAMS, GIRDERS, TRUSSES, JOISTS, RAFTERS, III.PURLINS, STUDS IV.FLOOR SLABS, ROOF V. LOAD BEARING WALLS VI.FOUNDATIONS ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 41. Elements • EX- . RAFTERS . PURLINS . STUDS ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 44. 4. NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS NON-LOADING WALLS PARTITIONS IN-FILL FACADES, VENEERS, PARAPETS, AND OTHER ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 45. DAMAGE TYPES AND POTENTIAL HAZARDS STRUCTURAL DAMAGE I. TOTAL STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE II. LEANING FLOORS, ROOFS AND WALLS III.COLLAPSED FLOORS AND ROOFS IV.COLLAPSED COLUMNS IN ONE OR MORE FLOORS ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 46. SUBSTANTIAL, PERMANENT LATERAL SHIFT IN THE STRUCTURE CRACKS IN COLUMNS, FLOOR SLABS AND/OR LOAD BEARING WALLS CRACKED FOUNDATION CRACKED ELEVATOR SHAFT ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 48. NON-STRUCTURAL DAMAGE GENERALIZED CRACKING CRACKED OR FALLEN EXTERIOR FACADES AND VENEERS FALLEN STAIRCASES SHIFT IN ELEVATOR SHAFT DAMAGED UTILITIES BUILDING SIGNS AND BALCONIES ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 49. NON STRUCTURE DAMAGE ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 50. TYPES OF HAZARDS FALLING:- PART OF STRUCTURE OR IT’S CONTENTS ARE IN DANGER OF FALLING COLLAPSE:- THE VOLUME OF ENCLOSED SPACE MADE BY THE STRUCTURE WILL BE REDUCED AS STABILITY IS LOST OTHER:- ELECTRICITY, WATER, FUELS, TOXIC GASES (CARBON MONOXIDE), HAZARDOUS MATERIALS , BIOHAZARDS (BLOOD), ETC ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 51. TYPES OF COLLAPSE • Internal collapse • External collapse • Total collapse ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 52. INTERNAL COLLAPSE • Pancake • Lean to collapse • V shape collapse • Cantilever collapse ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 53. BASIC COLLAPSE PATTERNS Cantilever ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 55. Lean-to ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 63. EXTERNAL COLLAPSE 90 DEGREE COLLAPSE CURTAIN FALL COLLAPSE INWARD/OUTWARD COLLAPSE ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 64. 90º ANGLE COLLAPSE A wall falls outwards to a distance that is at least equal to its height. Debris will spread as the wall hits the ground. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 65. CURTAIN FALL COLLAPSE Much like a curtain cut loose at the top; walls collapse straight down and create a rubble pile near the base of the wall. ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 66. INWARD/OUTWARD COLLAPSE Walls crack horizontally in the middle. The top half usually falls inwards and the lower half outwards. (Masonry Wall Collapse ) ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT
- 67. Identify Structural Damage ANUP SINGH, DEPUTY COMMANDANT