This document provides information about various types of construction equipment and methods discussed in Chapter Two. It describes pumping equipment used for dewatering excavations and foundations. It also discusses pile driving equipment like drop hammers and single-acting steam hammers used to install piles. The document outlines different types of compacting equipment used for soil compaction including vibratory plates and rollers. It also describes mixing and paving equipment used for asphalt and concrete work.

1. BULE HORA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF HYDROLICS
AND WATER RESOURCE
ENGINEERING
(CEng5223) :Construction Equipment
and Method
Set by Abate N 4/4/2022

2. CHAPTER TWO
Contents of the chapter:
Pile-driving equipment’s
Compactors and Roller
Drop Hammer
Pumping Equipment's ‐ Water
Paving equipment
Concreting equipment;
Aggregate production equipment
Set by Abate N 4/4/2022

3. Pumping Equipments ‐ Water
Pumps are used extensively on construction projects for
such operations as:
1. Removing water from pits, tunnels, and other
excavations
2. Dewatering cofferdams
3. Furnishing water for jetting and sluicing
4. Furnishing water for many types of utility services
5. Lowering the water table for excavations
6. Foundation grouting
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

4. Pile-driving equipment's
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
 Piles driving equipment's or commonly called pile hammers
are used to furnish the energy required to drive a pile into a
soil or rock stratum .
Pile – driving hammers are designated by type and size.
The hammer types commonly used include:
1. Drop
2. Single – acting steam or compressed air
3. Double – acting steam or compressed air
4. Differential – acting steam or compressed air
5. Diesel
6. Hydraulic
7. Vibratory Drivers types commonly used include:

5. Cont…
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
For each of the first six pile hammer types listed the driving energy is
supplied by a falling mass that strikes the top of the pile.
The size of a drop hammer is designated by its weight, whereas the size of
each of the other hammers is designated by theoretical energy per blow:
4/4/2022
Pile Driving Equipment Single Acting Hammer Equipment
5

6. Compacting equipment
The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher
density in soil mechanically.
The basic forces used in compaction are static weight,
kneading, impact and vibration:
• Static weight – Pressure
• Kneading – manipulation or rearranging
• Impact – sharp blow and
• Vibration ‐ shaking
The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on
the properties of soil, its moisture content, the thickness of
the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction.
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

7. Cont…
• Many types of compacting equipments, which incorporate at least
one or more of the compaction methods, are available, including:
They including:
1. Sheep's foot Rollers
2. Tamping Rollers
3. Smooth drum vibratory soil compactors
4. Pad drum vibratory soil compactors
5. Pneumatic tired rollers.
• In addition manually operated vibratory – plate compactors are
commonly used for consolidating soils and asphalt concrete in
locations where large units are not practical.
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

8. 4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
• Vibrating plates:
• Range from hand-guided machines
to larger roller combinations
• Suitable for: most soils with low to
moderate fines content
• Unsuitable for: large volume work;
wet clayey soils
Compaction

9. Cont…
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
• Power rammer:
• Also called a 'trench tamper'
• Hand-guided pneumatic tamper
• Suitable for: trench back-fill;
work in confined areas
• Unsuitable for: large volume
work

10. 4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
4/4/2022
Rollers
 Smooth footed roller:
• Self-propelled or towed steel rollers.
• Suitable for: well-graded sands and gravels
silts and clays of low plasticity
• Unsuitable for: uniform sands; silty
sands; soft clays
• Grid roller:
– Towed units with rolls of 30-50 mm bars,
with spaces between of 90-100 mm
– Suitable for: well-graded sands; soft
rocks; stony soils with fine fraction
10

11. 4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
4/4/2022
Sheep-foot roller:
• Also known as a 'tamping
roller'
• Self propelled or towed
units, with hollow drum
fitted with projecting club-
shaped 'feet'
• Suitable for: fine grained
soils; sands and gravels,
with >20% fines
• Unsuitable for: very coarse
soils; uniform gravels
11

12. 4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
4/4/2022
• Pneumatic rollers:
• Usually a container on
two axles, with rubber-
tyred wheels.
• Wheels aligned to give a
full-width rolled track.
• Suitable for: most coarse
and fine soils.
• Unsuitable for: very soft
clay; highly variable
soils
12

13. Drop Hammer
• A drop hammer is a heavy metal weight that is lifted by a
hoist line, then released and allowed to fall onto the top of
the pile. Because of the high dynamic forces, a pile cap is
positioned between the hammer and the pile head.
• The pile cap serves to uniformly distribute the blow to the
pile head and to serves as a “shock absorber.”
• Drop hammers are suitable for driving piles on remote
projects that require only a few piles and for which the
time of completion is not important factor.
• Drop hammers have small investment, simple in
operation and ability to vary energy per blow by varying
the height of fall. However, drop hammers are slow in
driving piles; involve danger of damaging hammer and
adjacent property.
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

14. Single – acting steam or compressed air:
• A single acting steam/air hammer has a freely falling weight, called a
“ram,” that is lifted by steam or compressed air, whose pressure is
applied to the underside of a piston that is connected to the ram through
a piston rod.
• When the piston reaches the top of the stroke, the stream or air pressure
is released and the ram falls freely to strike the top of a pile.
The advantages of single – acting steam/air compared with drop
hammers include:
• Greater number of blows per minute permits faster driving
• Better energy utilization
• Can be used for underwater driving
However the disadvantages include:
Higher investment and increased operating cost
Require a crane and a larger crew
Require longer time to set up and take down
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

15. Double – Acting Steam/Air Hammers
• In such drivers steam or air pressure is applied to the underside of
the piston to raise the ram; then during the downward stroke steam is
applied to the topside of the piston to increase the energy per blow:
Differential‐Acting Steam/Air is a modified single‐acting hammer in
that steam/air pressure used to lift the ram is not exhausted at the end
of the upward stroke but is valved over the piston to accelerate the
ram on the down‐stroke.
• This hammer will drive a pile in one‐half the time required by the
same‐size single‐acting hammer and in doing so will use 25 to 35%
less steam or air. These hammers are available in open or closed
types.
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

16. Diesel Hammers
• A diesel pile‐driving hammer is a self‐contained driving
unit that does not require an external source of energy such
as a steam boiler or an air compressor.
• In this respect it is simpler and more easily moved from one
location to another than a steam hammer.
• A complete unit consists of a vertical cylinder, a piston or
ram, an anvil, fuel‐and lubricating‐oil tanks, a fuel pump,
injectors, and a mechanical lubricator.
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

17. Cont…
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
• Diesel Pile Driving Equipment • Vibratory Pile Driver Equipment

18. Pumping Equipment's ‐ Water
Pumps are used extensively on construction projects for
such operations as:
1. Removing water from pits, tunnels, and other
excavations
2. Dewatering cofferdams
3. Furnishing water for jetting and sluicing
4. Furnishing water for many types of utility services
5. Lowering the water table for excavations
6. Foundation grouting
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

19. CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
The pumps commonly used on construction projects
can be classified as:
1. Displacement:
a. Reciprocating (piston)
b. Diaphragm
2. Centrifugal:
a. Conventional
b. Self‐priming
c. Self‐priming trash
d. Submersible
e. Multistage
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

20. Reciprocating Pumps
• A reciprocating pump operates as the result of the movement of a
piston inside a cylinder.
• When the piston is moved in one direction, the water ahead of the
piston is forced out of the cylinder. At the same time, additional
water is drawn into the cylinder behind the piston.
• The capacity of a reciprocating pump depends essentially on the
speed at which the pump is operated and is independent of the
head.
• The maximum head at which a reciprocating pump
will deliver water depends on the strength of the component parts of
the pump and the power available to operate the pump. The
capacity of this type of pump may be varied considerably by
varying the speed of the pump.
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

21. Cont…
The advantages of reciprocating pumps are:
1. They are able to pump at a uniform rate against varying heads.
2. Increasing the speed can increase their capacity.
3. They have reasonably high efficiency regardless of the head and
speed.
4. They are usually self‐priming.
The disadvantages of reciprocating pumps are:
1. Heavy weight and large size for given capacity.
2. Possibility of valve trouble, especially in pumping water
containing abrasive solids.
3. Pulsating flow of water.
4. Danger of damaging a pump when operating against a high head.
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

22. 4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
Types of Pumps
Self Priming Pump
22
Reciprocating Pump Diaphragm Pumps
Submersible Pump

23. Paving Equipment's
Pavers can either be Asphalt or Concrete Paving; Both use Construction
equipment called Pavers such as Slip-form pavers whose functions are
spreading, vibrating, striking off, consolidating, and finishing pavement
works to prescribed cross section and profile with minimum manual work.
It is a speedy and economical way for producing smooth and durable
asphalt and concrete pavements.
A paving operation requires several pieces of equipment. These include
 Sweeper/brooms for removing dust from the surface to be paved. Trucks
for transporting the asphalt from the plant to the construction site.
 Asphalt distributor truck for applying the prime tack, or seal coats.
 Asphalt Paver.
 Rollers.
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

24. 4/4/2022
4/4/2022 24
Sweeper/brooms
Asphalt Paver. And Asphalt distributor truck

25. Mixing and Paving
• Basic types of equipment for paving include machines for
dispensing concrete and bituminous materials for pavement
surfaces.
• Concrete mixers may also be used to mix portland cement, sand,
gravel and water in batches for other types of construction other
than paving.
• A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck
which is capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a
central batch plant to construction sites.
• A paving mixer is a self propelled concrete mixer equipped with
a boom and a bucket to place concrete at any desired point within
a roadway. It can be used as a stationary mixer or used to supply
slipform pavers that are capable of spreading, consolidating and
finishing a concrete slab without the use of forms.
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

26. Concreting equipment
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
Concrete Works:
Generally concrete works involve:
 Batching the materials (could be done on site on in
a batch plant)
 Mixing (also onsite mixing or plant mixing)
 Transporting (may demand hauling from batch
plants to site as well as pumping to position)
 Placing and Consolidating,
 Finishing and curing works
 Concrete consists of Portland cement, water, and
aggregate that has been mixed together, placed,
consolidated, and allowed to solidify and harden.

27. Concrete Works/Batching
Equipments
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
Mixer: can be of the
fixed’ type (readily available on
market for different capacities
(250, 300, etc liters)
 the truck mixers: are often used
to haul concrete from batch plants
to work places
 A plasticizer may be added to concrete to
reduce setting
 Will often have powering units attached to
them

28. 4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
• Pumps: Are used to pump fluid
material (particularly concrete and
water to a particular location)
• Capacity of pump, concrete fluidity,
height of fall, etc need assessing before
use.
• Vibrators: are used to consolidate
concrete
Concrete Works/Batching Equipment's

29. Assignment 02
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

30. Aggregate production equipment
 Aggregates are used for concrete and Asphalt or Asphalt Concrete
pavement works.
 Since such materials require quarries where abundant row materials
exist, their production requires a special place than the construction
site.
 Hot mixed asphalt is produced at a central plant and transported to the
paving site in trucks.
 An asphalt plant is a high‐tech group of machines capable of
uniformly blending, heating, and mixing the aggregates and asphalt
cement of asphalt concrete, while at the same time meeting strict
environmental regulations, particularly in the area of air emissions.
 Drum and batch plants are the two most common plant types.
4/4/2022
Set by Abate N

31. 4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
4/4/2022 31
Aggregate Production Plants

32. 4/4/2022
Set by Abate N
THANK
YOU!!!