The document discusses four types of construction equipment: front end loaders, excavators, motor graders, and scrapers. It provides details on their basic designs and functions. Front end loaders have a bucket and rigid arm to load and transport loose materials. Excavators use hydraulics or cables to dig holes and trenches. Motor graders are used to smooth and shape surfaces like roads, with features to control cutting angles. Scrapers come in pusher-loaded or self-loading varieties, and are designed to load, haul, and dump loose materials.

1. •NAME:SARBSAT AHMED
•ID NO:1511310069
•TITLE:CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

2.  Four Basic Types of Loaders
• Cable Shovel
• Hydraulic Front Shovel (also called hydraulic
excavator)
• Backhoe
• Front End Loader

3. F is the Bucket - note
that it is a solid unit.
Dumping is achieved by
rotation. Can be critical
consideration in loading
height
G is Teeth - FELs known
as whimpy diggers
- load is spread over a
bucket as wide as a
machine
- May have penetrating V

4. I, J, H, and E are the hinges
and hydraulics used for
rotating the bucket
- They provide limited
pry and dig motion
C is a one piece arm moved
by hydraulic cylinder D
-Wide bucket
- Rigid Arm
- Limited Pry Pivot on
bucket
Limited Digger

5. Crowd Motion is the Tires.
The machine drives
forward
- Powered by Diesel
Engine A
Problem of Tearing up
Underfoot under wet
conditions
Hydraulics on arm
competes with propel
motion for power

6. Front End Loaders are
articulated which gives
them their Y shape loading
pattern
Mobility of FEL makes
great for cleaning up
spills

7. Has a two piece bottom dump
bucket
- Higher wear from two
pieces
- Bottom open eliminates
need to pivot to dump -
helps loading height
- Can get a rock stuck too
Hydraulic bucket opening for
gentle loading
- can position low over
truck and open bucket at
a controlled rate

8. This is a track mounted machine
lacks mobility of FEL
- Picks up load and pivots to
dump into truck
Tracks provide for low bearing
pressure. Coupled with minimal
movement is much easier on
ground - especially when wet

9.  Power Supply Can be Diesel or Electric
(often Diesel)
 Power is converted to hydraulic for most
motions including propel
• Hydraulics allow trade off between
power and speed at steady engine
speed
 Very Gradable - Can Pull itself up with
boom

10. Basic Design has changed litte
from the turn of the 1900s
Spindly version shown here is
stripping shovel. Was never
popular outside Midwest and
none built since 1969
- had more limited overburden
range than dragline
- operates on pit bottom so
more vulnerable to water
- had lower profit margin than
draglines.

11. Has the limited swing up digging
problem of the FEL
Dipper (not called a bucket on this
machine) does not pivot
Cable connections avoid major shock
transfers to boom - lets outlive the HE
Crowd produced by either rack and
pinion on boom or cable wheels
- wheels preserve insulating boom
from shock

13. To understand motor grader applications we must
first understand common terms used to describe the
machine and its work area.

14. 1. Toe of moldboard. Leading end — in
relation to the direction of travel. Generally the
moldboard end closest to the front tires.
2. Heel of moldboard. Trailing end — in
relation to
the direction of travel. Generally the moldboard
end closest to the tandem tires.

15. 3. Circle turn. Allows the circle and moldboard to be
rotated 360 degrees to match the moldboard angle to the
material or application. Moldboard angle is important: it
allows material to roll along the moldboard and increase
motor grader productivity. Normally a motor grader moves
material across the area being graded, not straight ahead. It
requires less horsepower to move material if it rolls across
and off the moldboard and is not bulldozed. To accomplish
this requires the use of several features at the same time such
as the circle turn, drawbar sideshift and moldboard tip.
4. Circle centershift/Drawbar sideshift.
These cylinders allow the circle and drawbar to be
sideshifted in relation to the main frame. It allows
positioning the moldboard for special applications such as
high bank sloping, maximum side reach, and to obtain
desired cutting angles for proper material flow off the
moldboard. It can also be used to increase visibility to the
heel of the moldboard.

16. 5. Moldboard cutting angles. The moldboard is
considered to be at 0 degree angle when it is at a right angle to the
main frame. This position would normally be used for bulldozing
material straight ahead for short distances.
6. Moldboard sideshift. This arrangement allows
the moldboard to be sideshifted in relation to the circle assembly to
increase side reach, to work around stationary objects, and for many
other uses.
7. Moldboard tip. This is a very important feature:
its proper use will increase machine productivity, increase cutting
edge life and could prevent machine damage.

17. Much of today’s motor grader work involves
the maintenance, snow clearing, and building
county/ township type roads. This includes
smoothing, shaping the travel surface, and
providing drainage to prevent road
deterioration in inclement weather

18. The diagram below shows the cross section of
a typical road and the terms used to describe
each component.

22. An excavator uses hydraulics or a wire rope pulley
system to dig holes or trenches and is, therefore,
often called a digger. Excavators are also called
bobcats and backhoes. An excavator has a long boom
arm and a cab that is mounted on a pivot. The boom
is connected at an elbow to a stick that holds the
bucket.
The entire vehicle can either be on wheels or on
tracks and is commonly used with loaders and
bulldozers. Tracked excavators are sometimes
known as trackhoes.

27. Scraper : General InformationScraper Types
• Pusher Loaded
• Self-Loading

28. Tractor-pulled scraper are are designed to
load,haul,and and dump loose materials.
The advantage of tractors scraper
combinations is their versatility