The document provides an overview of key aspects of the Indian constitution and government. It discusses how the constitution establishes India as a sovereign democratic republic and guarantees fundamental rights and directive principles. It also summarizes India's adoption of a parliamentary system of government with a federal structure consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories.

1. PRESENTED BY :
 RICHA SHARMA
 PRANAV BHARGAVA
 NEERAJ KUMAR RAI

2.  Indian Constitution lays down a This includes Right to
set of rules to which the ordinary Equality,Right to Freedom,Right
laws of the country must to practise Religion,Cultural and
conform.It provides a framework Educational Rights and Right to
for a democratic and Property.
Parliamentary form of
Government. It also has borrowed a few points
The Constitution provides a list freely from many other
of Fundamental Rights and Constitutions including that of
Directive Principles. USA, Ireland and Australia and
also from the time tested
 Fundamental Rights are a conventions of British Parliament
guarantee against and the Govt of India act of 1935
encroachments on the rights of enacted by the British
citizens by the State or other
citizens.If any of the rights are
denied a citizen can approach
the Courts.

3. LATE Dr. B. R. AMBEDKAR
 Born on April 14, 1891 in Mhow
(presently in Madhya Pradesh).
 He was the fourteenth child of Ramji
and Bhimabai Sakpal
 Ambavedkar. Belonged to the
"untouchable" Mahar Caste.
 His father and grandfather served in
the British Army.
 In those days, the government
ensured that all the army personnel
and their children were educated and ran
special schools for this purpose.
 The boy who suffered bitter
humiliation became the first Minister
for Law in free India, and shaped the
country’s Constitution.
 A determined fighter, a deep scholar,
human to the tips of his fingers.

4.  The process of evolution of Constitution began much earlier than
1947.Its origin is closely related to India's struggle for
Independence from British rule.
 In 1895 the leaders of India's freedom struggle [Annie Besant and
Lokmanya Tilak]had put forward a document called Constitution of
India Bill.
 First session of the Constituent Assembly was held on December
9, 1946 and was attended by 207 members.
 The most important Drafting Committee was under the
Chairmanship of Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.
 After long and painstaking deliberations and several modifications
lasting for 166 days in a period of about 3 years.
 Assembly approved the draft Constitution on November 26 1949.
The longest written Constitution of the World became law on
January 26 1950.

5. It has adopted following features from other constitutions.
1. British Constitution
* Parliamentary form of government
* The idea of single citizenship
* The idea of the Rule of law
* Institution of Speaker and his role
* Lawmaking procedure
* Procedure established by Law
2. United States Constitution
* Charter of Fundamental Rights
* Federal structure of government
* Power of Judicial Review and independence of the
judiciary
* President as supreme commander of armed forces
* Due process of law

6. 3. Irish Constitution
Directive principles of state policy
4. French Constitution
Ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
5. Canadian Constitution
A federal system with a strong central government
Idea of Residual Powers
6. Australian Constitution
Freedom of trade and commerce within the country and between the
States
Power of the national legislature to make laws for implementing
treaties, even on matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction
7. Malaysian Constitution
The idea of the Concurrent list
8. Japanese Constitution
Fundamental Duties
9. Weimar Constitution
Emergency Provision

7. WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to
constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
and
to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual
and the unity of the Nation.
This is the preamble of India's Constitution approved by
the Constituent Assembly in November 26 1949 and came
into effect as supreme law of the Nation on January 26
1950.

8. Democracy:
 --Rule by the people--is distinguished most generally
from rule by the few and rule by the one.
Democracy, in other words, affords all qualified
members of the political community a voice in
political decision making.
Constitutionalism:
 By itself, then, democracy leaves political decisions to
the majority. Constitutionalism is rooted, in part, in a
fear of the consequences of majoritarian rule &
interference with democratic practice requires a
justification.
 These restraints could be justified by appeal to moral
rights which individuals possess against the
majority, and which the constitutional provisions.

9.  There are 94 Amendments passed till now... From
1951 to 2006.
There are three ways to pass amendments to the
constitution :
 Simple majority of both houses of the legislature can
amend only those articles that are related to matters
in the schedules
 A two-thirds majority in both houses of the parliament
is required for amending articles that deal with
important matters
 In addition to the two-thirds majority , an amendment
related to the distribution of legislative authority
between the central and state government also must
be passed by 50 percent of the state legislatures.

10. Article 12 to 35 of the Indian Constitution
covers the Fundamental Rights of the
citizen of the country.
 General Rights
 Right to Equality
 Right against exploitation
 Right to Freedom of Religion
 Cultural and Educational rights
 Right to Constitutional Remedies

11. Countervailing factor has been introduced by the 42nd
amendment Act of 1976, known as the Fundamental
Duties...
 To respect and incorporate the ideals which were the very
base of our national struggle for freedom
 To follow the Constitution and respect its institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem
 To spread the message of peace and brotherhood amongst all
the Indian citizens irrespective of linguistic, religious and
regional or sectional diversities
 To discontinue practices pertaining to the impairment of the
dignity of women
 To protect and promote the sovereignty, unity and integrity of
India
 To protect public property and to avoid violence
 To respect and preserve the rich heritage of Indian culture

13.  The BSE, in Mumbai, is Asia's oldest and India's largest
stock exchange by market capitalisation
 In 2009, India's nominal GDP stood at US$1.243
trillion, which makes it the eleventh-largest economy in the
world.
 If PPP is taken into account, India's economy is the fourth
largest in the world at US$3.561 trillion corresponding to a
per capita income of US$3,100.
 The country ranks 139th in nominal GDP per capita and
128th in GDP per capita at PPP.
 With an average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% for the
past two decades, India is one of the fastest growing
economies in the world. India has the world's second

14.  Agricultural sector accounts for 28% of
GDP; the service and industrial sectors
make up 54% and 18% respectively.
 From the 1950s to the 1980s, India
followed socialist-inspired policies. The
economy was shackled by extensive
regulation. protectionism, and public
ownership, leading to pervasive
corruption and slow economic growth.
 In 1991, the nation liberalised its
economy.
 Currently, India's economic system is

15.  The Secretariat Building, in New Delhi, houses key
government offices
 Multi-party system
 The federal government has been led by the Indian
National Congress (INC).
 Politics in the states have been dominated by
national parties like the INC, the BJP and various
regional parties.
 From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC
enjoyed a parliamentary majority.
 The INC is considered center-left or "liberal" and the
BJP is considered center-right or "conservative".
 The INC was out of power between 1977 and
1980, when the Janata Party won the election.

16.  As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the
INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P.V.
Narasimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term.
 In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance
(NDA) with several other parties and became the first non-
Congress government to complete a full five-year term.
 In the 2004 , the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha
seats and formed a government with a coalition called the
United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various
Left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP.
 Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since
Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to be re-elected after completing a
full five-year term.

17.  It took a leading role in the 1950s by advocating the independence of
European colonies in Africa and Asia.
 Jointly developed by Sukhoi and Hindustan Aeronautics, the Su-30 MKI
"Flanker-H" is the Indian Air Force's prime air superiority fighter.
 India is a Member of the Commonwealth of Nations and a founding
member of the Non-Aligned Movement.
 India was involved in two brief military interventions in neighbouring
countries – Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka and Operation Cactus
in Maldives.
 In recent years, India has played an influential role in the SAARC and the
WTO.
 India has provided as many as 55,000 Indian military and police personnel
to serve in thirty-five UN peacekeeping operations across four continents.
 Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened relations
with the United States and China.
 Close relationships with other developing nations in South America, Asia
and Africa.
 India and Russia share an extensive economic, defence and technological
relationship.

18.  India maintains the third-largest military force in the world, which
consists of the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force and auxiliary forces such
as the Paramilitary Forces, the Coast Guard, and the Strategic Forces
Command.
 India maintains close defence cooperation with Russia, Israel and
France, who are the chief suppliers of arms.
 Defence contractors, such as the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) and Hindustan Aeronautics (HAL), oversee
indigenous development of sophisticated arms and military
equipment, including ballistic missiles, fighter aircraft and main battle
tanks, to reduce India's dependence on foreign imports.
 On 12 March 2010, Russia signed with India a nuclear reactor deal
which will build 16 nuclear reactors in India as part of defence and
energy deals.
 On 28 June 2010, Canada signs with India a nuclear co-operation deal
to promote and develop co-operation in civilian nuclear energy.

19.  India consists of 28 states and seven Union Territories
, including all states, and the two union territories of
Pondicherry and the National Capital Territory of
Delhi.
 It is a Sovereign Socialist Democratic Republic with a
parliamentary system of government.
 Our Constitution is the longest and most
comprehensive documents in the history of modern
Asian legislature
 The Indian constitution has twenty-two parts, 395
articles, and twelve schedules
 The Constitution provides a list of Fundamental
Rights and Directive Principles.
 It provide an enormous body of instructions and
provisions that affect almost every aspect of Indian