The document provides information on the Indian constitution, including:
1. It defines a constitution as a set of fundamental principles that govern how a state is organized.
2. The Indian constitution is the supreme law of the land and all other laws must conform to it. It defines the government and the relationship between the government and citizens.
3. The Indian constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly over a period of almost 3 years, borrowing elements from several other constitutions, and came into effect on January 26, 1950.
Fundamental Duties are enshrined under Part IV A of the Constitution of India. The duties though not justifiable but are integral to constitutional spirit.
PPT describes the overview of Preamble about of Indian Constitution and some salient features of the Indian Constitution.
definition of the constitution.
the objective of Preamble.
Amendment in Preamble.
Philosophy of Preamble.
Main Features of Basic Structure.
Impact of Other Countries Constitution on The Indian Constitution.
Definition of secularism, socialism.
Fundamental Duties are enshrined under Part IV A of the Constitution of India. The duties though not justifiable but are integral to constitutional spirit.
PPT describes the overview of Preamble about of Indian Constitution and some salient features of the Indian Constitution.
definition of the constitution.
the objective of Preamble.
Amendment in Preamble.
Philosophy of Preamble.
Main Features of Basic Structure.
Impact of Other Countries Constitution on The Indian Constitution.
Definition of secularism, socialism.
Directive Principles of State Policy - Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) is a set of guidelines and principles laid out in the Constitution of India to help the government in shaping policies and laws. These principles, while not enforceable by the courts, serve as a moral and political compass for the government. Here's a short description of DPSP:
Non-Justiciable: Unlike Fundamental Rights, which are legally enforceable, Directive Principles are non-justiciable. Citizens cannot approach the courts to enforce these principles against the government.
Social and Economic Welfare: DPSP directs the government to work towards the welfare of the people by promoting social and economic justice. It encourages policies that reduce poverty, inequality, and promote overall well-being.
Equity and Justice: It emphasizes the importance of social and economic equity, ensuring that the benefits of development reach all sections of society, especially the marginalized and disadvantaged.
International Relations: DPSP also guides the government's approach to international relations, calling for peaceful cooperation among nations and respect for international law.
Education and Culture: It encourages the promotion of education, science, and culture for the betterment of society. It advises the protection and preservation of India's rich heritage and cultural diversity.
Agrarian Reforms: DPSP encourages land reforms to ensure that land is distributed among those who cultivate it and advocates for the protection of farmers' interests.
Environmental Protection: In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development as part of the DPSP.
Legal and Judicial Reforms: It suggests improvements in the legal system and the administration of justice, making it more accessible and efficient.
Healthcare: DPSP emphasizes public health and the provision of healthcare services to all citizens.
Minority Rights: It encourages the protection of the rights and interests of religious and linguistic minorities.
In essence, Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution serve as a roadmap for the government to create a just, equitable, and welfare-oriented society. While not legally enforceable, they provide a vision for the state to follow in the interest of the people and the nation.
The constitution of India is considered to be the ‘General Will’ of the people of India. It is a document of immense importance.
It is not only is the basic law of the land but the living organic by which the other laws are to be created as per the requirement of the nation.
The life of a nation is dynamic, living, and organic its political, social and economic conditions are always subject to change.
Therefore, a constitution drafted in one era and in a particular circumstance may be found to be inadequate in another era in a different context.
It becomes necessary therefore to have machinery or some process by which the constitution may be adopted from time to time as per the contemporary needs of the nation. Such changes may be brought by different ways including formal method of amendment contained in Article 368 of the constitution. Article 368 of the constitution does not prescribe any express limitation upon the parliament’s amending power.
A constitution is the rule book for a state. It sets out the fundamental principles by which the state is governed. It describes the main institutions of the state, and defines the relationship between these institutions (for example, between the executive, legislature and judiciary).
BA - LLB
POLITICAL-SCIENCE
India political system was started in 20th century
India is a land of continential proportions and immense diversity there are 20 major languages and severl hundred minors in india .
NATURE OF FEDERALISM
The onstituent assembly adopted on 22/january/ 1946.
States are autonomus units and have residary power and function of the govt to except power and functions of the union
Fourth session 1947 I n which demanded Pakistan . Rapid and satisfy Social, Economic, aspiration can be achieved only through planning .
DR AMBEDKAR introduce the drafting committee and work on the issues on the constitution
Federalism divided powers into central and state to avoid conflict between them.
Download video:- https://youtu.be/Tq66BX0YgE0
Directive Principles of State Policy - Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) is a set of guidelines and principles laid out in the Constitution of India to help the government in shaping policies and laws. These principles, while not enforceable by the courts, serve as a moral and political compass for the government. Here's a short description of DPSP:
Non-Justiciable: Unlike Fundamental Rights, which are legally enforceable, Directive Principles are non-justiciable. Citizens cannot approach the courts to enforce these principles against the government.
Social and Economic Welfare: DPSP directs the government to work towards the welfare of the people by promoting social and economic justice. It encourages policies that reduce poverty, inequality, and promote overall well-being.
Equity and Justice: It emphasizes the importance of social and economic equity, ensuring that the benefits of development reach all sections of society, especially the marginalized and disadvantaged.
International Relations: DPSP also guides the government's approach to international relations, calling for peaceful cooperation among nations and respect for international law.
Education and Culture: It encourages the promotion of education, science, and culture for the betterment of society. It advises the protection and preservation of India's rich heritage and cultural diversity.
Agrarian Reforms: DPSP encourages land reforms to ensure that land is distributed among those who cultivate it and advocates for the protection of farmers' interests.
Environmental Protection: In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development as part of the DPSP.
Legal and Judicial Reforms: It suggests improvements in the legal system and the administration of justice, making it more accessible and efficient.
Healthcare: DPSP emphasizes public health and the provision of healthcare services to all citizens.
Minority Rights: It encourages the protection of the rights and interests of religious and linguistic minorities.
In essence, Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution serve as a roadmap for the government to create a just, equitable, and welfare-oriented society. While not legally enforceable, they provide a vision for the state to follow in the interest of the people and the nation.
The constitution of India is considered to be the ‘General Will’ of the people of India. It is a document of immense importance.
It is not only is the basic law of the land but the living organic by which the other laws are to be created as per the requirement of the nation.
The life of a nation is dynamic, living, and organic its political, social and economic conditions are always subject to change.
Therefore, a constitution drafted in one era and in a particular circumstance may be found to be inadequate in another era in a different context.
It becomes necessary therefore to have machinery or some process by which the constitution may be adopted from time to time as per the contemporary needs of the nation. Such changes may be brought by different ways including formal method of amendment contained in Article 368 of the constitution. Article 368 of the constitution does not prescribe any express limitation upon the parliament’s amending power.
A constitution is the rule book for a state. It sets out the fundamental principles by which the state is governed. It describes the main institutions of the state, and defines the relationship between these institutions (for example, between the executive, legislature and judiciary).
BA - LLB
POLITICAL-SCIENCE
India political system was started in 20th century
India is a land of continential proportions and immense diversity there are 20 major languages and severl hundred minors in india .
NATURE OF FEDERALISM
The onstituent assembly adopted on 22/january/ 1946.
States are autonomus units and have residary power and function of the govt to except power and functions of the union
Fourth session 1947 I n which demanded Pakistan . Rapid and satisfy Social, Economic, aspiration can be achieved only through planning .
DR AMBEDKAR introduce the drafting committee and work on the issues on the constitution
Federalism divided powers into central and state to avoid conflict between them.
Download video:- https://youtu.be/Tq66BX0YgE0
The Presentation will provide information on History of Constitution, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy, etc...
EVERY THING ABOUT THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION YOU WANTED TO KNOW YOU WILL GET HERE SO GO AND CHECK IT OUT... INDIAN CONSTITUTION FAMOUS EVERY WHERE FOR ITS STABILITY..
Indian Constitution and Polity of IndiaSamanway Bera
Precise presentation of Indian Polity and Indian Constitution. Best for Indian Polity PPT for UPSC and state PSCs. Simple but very important points are chalked out for students to know the constitution of India.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. WHAT IS CONSTITUTION
ANYWAY?
Some rules that are made by the legislatures
(also known as LokSabha/RajyaSabha in
India), for there own country, are called
“Law”. We need Laws in Society so our
society can regulate and work properly. They
are designed to protect us and our property
and to ensure that everyone in society
behaves the way that the community expects
them too. Laws tell us what to expect as a
consequence of our actions. Laws have been
the glue that has kept society together.
Without laws there would be complete
anarchy.
3. I) In General-The Constitution is the
supreme law of the land. All other laws
have to conform to the Constitution. The
constitution contains laws concerning the
government and its relations with the
people.
A constitution is concerned with 2 main
aspects:-
a) The relation between the different levels
of government and
b) Between the government and the
citizens. Constitution ...Government …
The People
4. II) Technical Definitions-A constitution is a set
of fundamental principles or established
precedents according to which a state or other
organization is governed. These rules together
make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is.
When these principles are written down into a
single collection or set of legal documents,
those documents may be said to comprise a
written constitution .or The document
containing laws and rules which determine and
describe the form of the government, the
relationship between the citizens and the
government, is called a Constitution
5. III) An observation-“The Constitution
is not an instrument for the
government to restrain the people, it is
an instrument for the people to
restrain the government.” -- Patrick
Henry (1736-1799)
6. .Why Do We Need Constitution?
In General
We need a constitution to govern a country properly.
The constitution defines the nature of political system of
a country.
Sometimes we feel strongly about an issue that might
go against our larger interests and the constitution
helps us guard against this.
All the 3 organs of government (executive, legislature
and judiciary) functions within the constitution. All the 3
organs of government, including ordinary citizens,
derive their power and authority (i.e. Fundamental
Right) from the constitution. If they act against it, it is
unconstitutional and unlawful.
So constitution is required to have authoritative
allocation of power and function, and also to restrict
them within its limit.
7. To perform following Functions
we need Constitution
I. The first function of a constitution is to
provide a set of basic rules that allow for
minimal coordination amongst members of a
society.
II. The second function of a constitution is to
specify who has the power to make decisions
in a society. It decides how the government will
be constituted.
III. The third function of a constitution is to set
some limits on what a government can impose
on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in
the sense that government may ever trespass
them.
IV. The fourth function of a constitution is to
enable the government to fulfill the separations
of a society and create conditions for a just
society.
8. THE HISTORY OF
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
4) British Raj(1858AD-1947AD)- This period of
the British Raj was the time when the
Constitution of India took shape. The main
stages of its evolution were :
I. The Act for the Better Government of India
(1858)- This put India directly under the control
of the British government. It set up the office of
the Secretary of State, member of the British
parliament, who would be in charge of Indian
government. In India, the Governor-General,
working under the Secretary of State, led the
administration. Flag of British India (Known as
star of India) Left Hunting of Indian Tigers,
Right Famines and epidemics in the British Raj
9. II. Indian Councils Act (1861)- A separate legislative
council was set up to assist the Governor- General in
making laws. Indians could be appointed to the council,
but only on the discretion of the Governor-General.
III. Indian Councils Act (1892)- As a result of Indian
demands, the sizes of the executive and legislative
councils were increased. More Indians were appointed
to these Councils, and the principle of election was
introduced.
IV. Indian Councils Act (1909)- This act increased the
sizes of the councils again, and also gave the legislative
council the power to discuss certain matters and to ask
questions. More people were elected to the councils.
V. Government of India Act (1919)- This introduced
diarchy (partial responsible government) at the
provincial level. Elected Indians were given charge of
some areas of government (e.g., industry, education) at
the provincial level.
10. VI. Government of India Act (1935)- This introduced
provincial autonomy: responsible government at the
provinces with elected Indians in charge of the
administration, and responsible to the elected
legislatures. A federal government was proposed,
though it did not come into effect. At the centre, diarchy
was introduced.
VII. Indian Independence Act (1947)- The British gave
up control of the Government of India to two dominions
- India and Pakistan. For the time being till the
constitution was made, both of them would be governed
in accordance with the Government of India act
1935.The Partition of British India was based on the
prevailing religions, Photo of Refugees at railway station
in Punjab broadly as shown in this map of 1909
11. 5) Constitution of India(1950AD)- The Constitution
was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 26
November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January
1950.The date 26 January was chosen to
commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of
independence of 1930. With its adoption, the Union of
India officially became the modern and contemporary
Republic of India and it replaced the Government of
India Act 1935 as the country fundamental governing
document. Conscious efforts were made to have
consensus on different issues and principles and
thereby avoid disagreement. The consensus came in
the form of the ‘Objectives Resolution’ moved by
JawaharLal Nehru in the Constituent Assembly on
December 17, 1946 which was almost unanimously
adopted on January 22, 1947.
12. The Framing of Constitution of
India.
The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write
the Constitution of India. Following India’s
independence from Great Britain, its members served
as the nations first Parliament. This body was formed in
1946 for the purpose of making independent India’s
constitution. The assembly passed a resolution in 1947
January defining the objectives of the constitution:-1) To
set up a Union of India comprising British India and the
princely states.2) To set up a federal form of
government with separate state and central
governments.3) To set up a democracy in which all
power is derived from the people: I) where all people
are guaranteed justice, equality and freedom; II) where
minorities, depressed classes and the tribals rights are
protected;4) To protect the integrity of India and her
sovereign rights over land, sea and air.5) To help India
attain its rightful place in the world - and work for peace
and welfare of all mankind.
13. Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first
president (temporary) of the Constituent
Assembly when it met on December 9, 1946.
Later, Dr. RajendraPrasad became the
President of the Constituent Assembly and
Dr. BhimraoAmbedkar became the Chairman
of its drafting committee on
December11,1946 . First president
(temporary) Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha (Left)
on December 9, 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(Middle) the President of the Constituent
Assembly and Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar (Right)
the Chairman of its drafting committee as on
December 11,1946 .
14. The Constituent Assembly consisted of
385 members, of which 292 were elected
by the elected members of the Provincial
Legislative Assemblies while 93
members were nominated by the
Princely States. To these were to be
added a representative each from the
four Chief Commissioners Provinces of
Delhi, Ajmer- Marwar, Coorg and British
Baluchistan. First day (December 9,
1946) of the Constituent Assembly. From
right: B. G. Kher and Sardar Vallabhai
Patel; K. M. Munshi is seated behind
Patel..
15. Borrowed features of constitution of India
1.From U.K. - Nominal Head – President, Cabinet System of
Ministers, Post of PM, Parliamentary Type of Govt.,Bicameral
Parliament, Lower House more powerful, Council of Ministers
responsible to Lower House, Provision of Speaker in Lok
Sabha.
2.From U.S.A- Written constitution, Appointment of Vice
President, Fundamental Rights, Supreme court, Head of the
state known as president, Provision of states, Judicial review
3.From Australia- Concurrent List, Centre-State relationship,
Language of the Preamble
4.From USSR- Fundamental Duties, Five year plan
5.From Germany- Emergency provisions
6.From Japan- Law on which the Supreme Court functions
7.From Canada- Federal System and Residuary powers
8.From South Africa- Procedure of constitutional
amendment
9.From Ireland- Concept of Directive Principles of state
policy.
16. For the time being till the constitution was made, India
would be governed in accordance with the Government
of India act 1935.The Assembly met in sessions open to
the public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2
years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the
Constitution.It was finally passed and accepted on Nov
26, 1949. In all the 284 members of the Assembly
signed the official copies (Original) of the Indian
Constitution. After many deliberations and some
modifications over 111 plenary sessions in114 days, the
308 members of the Assembly signed two copies (Final)
of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24
January 1950Same day the Assembly unanimously
elected Dr, Rajendra Prasad as the President of India.
which came into effect on Jan 26, 1950, known and
celebrated as the Republic Day of India. The 63rd
Republic Day Celebrations on 26th January2012 at
New Delhi, India