Consonants
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This document provides information about phonetic transcription and the classification of speech sounds. It discusses vowels and consonants, places and manners of articulation. Consonants are classified based on whether they are voiced or voiceless, and where and how they are articulated in the vocal tract, such as bilabial, alveolar, fricative. Common consonant sounds and their phonetic symbols are listed with descriptions.
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This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It begins by defining phonetics and phonemes, the basic sounds in a language. It describes the various organs involved in speech sounds production, including the vocal cords, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, palate, tongue, uvula, and nasal cavity. Phonemes are then classified into vowels, diphthongs, and consonants. The 12 pure vowels of English are described in detail along with their phonetic symbols and examples. The 8 English diphthongs, which are vowel combinations, are also explained. The purpose of learning phonetics is to improve pronunciation and understanding of English sounds.
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This document discusses phonology and the relationship between phonemes and allophones. It defines phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes that are conditioned by their context. Phonemes group sets of similar-sounding allophones. For example, [p] and [ph] in English are allophones of the same /p/ phoneme because they occur in complementary distribution and can be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that follow language-specific rules.
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Phonology is the study of speech sounds and their patterns in languages. It examines how sounds are produced, transmitted, and received. Phonetics is the description and classification of speech sounds, focusing specifically on how sounds are made using parts like the lips, tongue, teeth, pharynx, and lungs. There are two aspects of phonemes: segmental phonemes including vowels and consonants, and suprasegmental phonemes involving stress, pitch, intonation, and juncture. Stress refers to emphasis placed on syllables or words. Intonation is variation in voice pitch not used to distinguish words. Juncture involves pauses between words or syllables.
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The document discusses key concepts in phonetics and phonology. It begins by explaining that English spelling does not always match sounds. It then defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and their characteristics. The basic unit in phonetics is the phone, while the basic unit in phonology is the phoneme. It describes the International Phonetic Alphabet and how it is used to accurately transcribe sounds. The document also discusses phonetic concepts like manner and place of articulation, as well as the differences between vowels and consonants.
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Phonetics
The document discusses phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds. It covers several key topics:
- Phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of the world's languages, including their physical properties, how listeners perceive them, and how they are produced by the vocal tract.
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was developed to represent each sound with a unique symbol and allow unambiguous transcription of words.
- Consonants are classified based on their place and manner of articulation. Vowels are distinguished by tongue height and frontness.
- English speech sounds can be analyzed and described in detail using the concepts of phonetics.
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Phonetics
This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It begins by defining phonetics and phonemes, the basic sounds in a language. It describes the various organs involved in speech sounds production, including the vocal cords, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, palate, tongue, uvula, and nasal cavity. Phonemes are then classified into vowels, diphthongs, and consonants. The 12 pure vowels of English are described in detail along with their phonetic symbols and examples. The 8 English diphthongs, which are vowel combinations, are also explained. The purpose of learning phonetics is to improve pronunciation and understanding of English sounds.
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This document discusses phonology and the relationship between phonemes and allophones. It defines phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes that are conditioned by their context. Phonemes group sets of similar-sounding allophones. For example, [p] and [ph] in English are allophones of the same /p/ phoneme because they occur in complementary distribution and can be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that follow language-specific rules.
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The document discusses phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds. It covers several key topics:
- Phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of the world's languages, including their physical properties, how listeners perceive them, and how they are produced by the vocal tract.
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was developed to represent each sound with a unique symbol and allow unambiguous transcription of words.
- Consonants are classified based on their place and manner of articulation. Vowels are distinguished by tongue height and frontness.
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This document discusses the classification of English vowels according to four criteria: tongue position, mouth openness, lip shape, and length. It outlines the categories of front, central, and back vowels based on where the highest point of the tongue is placed in the mouth. Vowels are also classified as close, semi-close, semi-open, and open based on the openness of the mouth. Vowels can be rounded or unrounded depending on lip shape. Finally, vowels are either long or short based on length. The document also provides examples of assimilation rules where the final consonant sound of one word changes when followed by another word based on place or manner of articulation.
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Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language. It differs from phonetics in that phonology studies sounds at an abstract, theoretical level as part of a language's system, while phonetics studies actual sound production and perception. Phonological processes are patterns of sound changes that allow children to simplify speech as they learn to talk. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning, while phones are actual speech sounds. Phonological rules describe how phonemes change form in different contexts.
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The document describes different tune shapes that can be used when speaking:
1. The Glide Down can be used for making statements, asking questions, issuing commands, greetings and exclamations, and giving short yes/no answers.
2. The Dive can be used for listing things, making incomplete statements implying "but", statements with before/when phrases, correcting information, and asking alternative questions.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate the different uses of each tune shape.
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The document discusses phonology, which is concerned with how speech sounds are classified and organized in language. It covers the basic units of phonology including phones, phonemes, and allophones. It also describes segmental phonology, which involves sound changes like assimilation, elision, and linking, as well as phonotactics. Suprasegmental phonology involves word stress, sentence stress, and tones. Word stress refers to emphasizing certain syllables to distinguish words' meanings, while sentence stress emphasizes important information words.
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Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in a language to convey meaning. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning. English has 24 consonant and 20 vowel phonemes. Phonemes are language specific and each language selects a set of sounds to form patterns. Allophones are different phonetic realizations of the same phoneme that do not change meaning, such as the aspirated and unaspirated versions of /p/, /t/, and /k/ in English. A minimal pair is a pair of words that differ in only one phoneme.
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This document defines assimilation as a common phonological process where one sound becomes more like an adjacent sound. It occurs because the articulators in our speech are not capable of instantaneous movement. Examples of assimilation in English include /s/ becoming /ʃ/ before /j/ or /ʃ/, as in "bless you" and "this yacht." Assimilation also occurs in Kurdish, where sounds like /h æʃt/ become /hæʒdæ/ due to neighboring phonemes. The function of assimilation is to ease articulation as languages develop and sounds influence each other.
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This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and notes there are three types: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. It describes vowels as sounds with an open air passage and consonants as sounds where the air stream is restricted. It discusses place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. It also outlines the organs of speech involved in sound production and the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds.
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2. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are physically produced and perceived, while phonology studies how they are organized in a language.
3. Phonemes are abstract sound categories that underlie predictable phonetic variations called allophones. Choosing the underlying phonemic representation considers factors like naturalness, similarity between sounds, and how well it fits the language's patterns.
4. Phonological rules describe the environment where one sound becomes another, linking
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This document provides an overview of phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It discusses the objectives of learning phonetics, including understanding the relationship between sounds and spelling. It describes acoustic, auditory, and articulatory phonetics. It explains that a good phonetic alphabet should represent each sound with a unique symbol and distinguish between sounds that change word meanings. The document also describes the human vocal tract and organs involved in speech production. It details the phonetic classification of English consonants and vowels, including place and manner of articulation. Key aspects of the IPA are presented, including charts of consonant and vowel symbols.
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This document provides information about phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and their production, combination, and description, while phonology is concerned with how patterns of speech sounds create meaning. It discusses the branches of phonetics including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. It also explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds, while phonology studies abstract sound patterns and systems. The document provides the definition of key terms like phoneme and includes examples of a phonemic chart and International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart.
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This document discusses phonetics and the production of speech sounds. It describes how speech sounds are made (articulatory phonetics) and the two basic positions of the vocal cords that determine if a sound is voiced or voiceless. It then explains the place of articulation in the mouth where sounds are produced, such as bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, palatal, and velar. Finally, it discusses the manner of articulation, including stops, fricatives, nasals, liquids, glides, and other categories that describe how the articulators interact and affect airflow.
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Consonants
- 3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
- 4. Voicing Place of Articulation Manner of Articulation
- 6. Vowels Consonants • Are produced with relatively little obstruction in the vocal tract. • Are more sonorous • Are syllabic • Are produced with a narrow or complete closure in the vocal tract. • Are less sonorous • Are generally not syllabic
- 12. Place Description Bilabial Produced by lower and upper lips. Such as: [p, b, m, (w)]. Labiodental Produced by lower lip and upper front teeth. Such as: [f, v]. Dental Produced by tip or blade of the tongue and upper front teeth. Such as: [Θ, ð] Alveolar Produced by tip or blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge. Such as: [t, d, n, s, z, (r), l). Post- Alveolar Produced by the blade of the tongue and the back part of the alveolar ridge. Such as: [ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ] Palatal Produced by front of the tongue and the hard palate. Such as: [j]. Velar Produced by back of the tongue and the velum (soft palate). Such as: [k, g, ŋ, w] Glottal Produced in the epiglottis. Such as: [h].
- 14. Manner of Articulation Stop / Plosive Nasal Fricative Affricative Lateral Approximant
- 15. Voiceless Voiced Bilabial [p] [b] Alveolar [t] [d] Velar [k] [g]
- 16. Bilabial: p b Velar: k gAlveolar: t d
- 18. Alveolar: nBilabial: m Velar: ŋ
- 20. Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Glottal voiceless [f] [θ] [s] [ʃ] [h] voiced [v] [δ] [z] [ʒ] [h]
- 21. Labiodental: f v Palato-alveolar or post-alveolar: ʃ Ʒ Alveolar: s z
- 25. Manner Description Plosive (Oral stop) Produced by the obstruction of air stream from the lungs followed by a release of the air stream. Such as: [p, b, t, d, k, g]. Nasal (Nasal stop) Produced by the release of the air through the nasal cavity. Such as: [m, n, ŋ] Fricative Produced by the release of a ‘ frictionlike noise’created by the air stream escaping through a variant of narrow gaps in the mouth. Such as: [f, v, Θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h] Lateral Approximant Produced by the obstruction of the air stream at a point along the center of the oral track, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the tongue. Such as: [l]. Central Approximant (Semi vowel) Produced by proximity (closeness) of two articulators without turbulence (hard movement and frictionlike noise). Such as: [w, r, j] Affricate Produced by involving more than one of those manners of articulation. Firstly, produce the sounds in the alveolar ridge, then followed by or combined with fricative sounds. Such as: [tʃ, dʒ].
- 26. Manner Bilabial Labio- dental Dental Alveolar Palato- alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive p b t d k g Nasal m n ŋ Fricative f v Θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h Affricative tʃ dʒ Lateral l Approximant w r j
- 27. “ /b/ is a voiced bilabial plosive sound”
- 28. Describe consonants: (Voicing, place and manner of articulation) /f/; /ʒ/; /ð/; /m/; /ŋ/; /s/; /j/; /h/
- 29. Approximant (cont.) Liquids • Unhindered airflows compared to stops, affricates and fricatives but unlike vowels and glides, are produced with open approximation. • LATERAL APPROXIMANT: no contact between active (tongue) and passive articulator (roof of a mouth).no contact for at least one side of the tongue. Air is free to flow along both sides of the mouth. [l] • CENTRAL APPROXIMANT: tongue blade raised towards the alveolar ridge and the sides of the tongue in contact with the molars. [ɹ] • RHOTIC:- – Alveolar trill: tongue blade vibrates repeatedly against the alveolar ridge. (Scottish accent) [r] – Alveolar tap: a single tap against the tongue blades and the alveolar ridge. (American accent) [ɾ] (betty, witty, riders) Exercises
- 30. Pill Lip Lit Graph Crab Dog Hide Laugh Back
- 34.
- 43. p pie b buy m mute w wood
- 44. f fine v vine
- 45. Θ thin ð this
- 46. t tie d die s sue z zoo n night l light
- 47. ʃ shoe, pressure Ʒ pleasure ʧ cheap ʤ jeep r rack
- 48. j yes
- 49. k curl g girl ŋ rang