There is a tremendous variety of morphologically different conidia produced. The study of development of conidia based on its origin is referred to as “Conidial Ontogeny”.
This ppt illustrates and describes the two bacterial diseases included in the BSc Hons Program Syllabys Core Course III or DSC 3- Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton
This ppt illustrates and describes the two bacterial diseases included in the BSc Hons Program Syllabys Core Course III or DSC 3- Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton
Symptoms of bacterial infection in plants are much like the symptoms in fungal plant disease.
They include
leaf spots,
blights,
wilts,
scabs,
cankers and a
soft rots of roots,
storage organs and fruit,
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
Structure and reproduction of Aspergillus niger ,with picture of different reproduction methods in detail ,also called sac fungi,large groupof true fungi ,saprophyte,it also known to cause food contaminations or food spoilage ,also cause black mold in fruits and vegetables like grapes, apricote ,onions and peanuts .Aspergillus niger is common group of Aspergillus.reproduction by sexual ,asexual or vegetative methods. vegetative mthods by fragmentation ,sclerotia
Symptoms of bacterial infection in plants are much like the symptoms in fungal plant disease.
They include
leaf spots,
blights,
wilts,
scabs,
cankers and a
soft rots of roots,
storage organs and fruit,
In this slide different fungi are Mentioned and their role as bio-control agents is also elaborated which is reviewed from different research articles cited in reference portion.
Structure and reproduction of Aspergillus niger ,with picture of different reproduction methods in detail ,also called sac fungi,large groupof true fungi ,saprophyte,it also known to cause food contaminations or food spoilage ,also cause black mold in fruits and vegetables like grapes, apricote ,onions and peanuts .Aspergillus niger is common group of Aspergillus.reproduction by sexual ,asexual or vegetative methods. vegetative mthods by fragmentation ,sclerotia
Introduction to Mycology 2020 (2).pptxDawn Junkere
shows the different fungal infections human can be exposed to. how medical treatment can be carried out to treat
use of antofungals. the different parts of the fungus
Penicillium is called blue or green mold. It is commonly seen rotting fruits and vegetables . It belongs to phylum Ascomycota . Here the classification structure and reproduction of fungi is discussed.
Phytohormones are small molecules produced within plants that govern diverse physiological processes, including plant defense. Hormonal interactions collectively form hormone signaling networks, which mediate immunity as well as growth and abiotic stress responses.
Genetic and Molecular basis of Non-Host ResistanceAkankshaShukla85
Non-host resistance is a broad-spectrum plant defense that provides immunity to all members of a plant species against all isolates of a microorganism that is pathogenic to other plant species.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. Introduction
Deuteromycetes fungi are the septate, mycelial fungi which reproduce
exclusively by asexual means and are known as imperfect fungi or
anamorphic fungi. They lack sexual stage (telomorph) and are believed to
represent the conidial stage of higher fungi. The asexual reproduction is
through conidia (mitospore). There is a tremendous variety of
morphologically different conidia produced. The first attempt to classify
these conidial fungi was of Saccardo’s. The study of development of
conidia based on its origin is referred to as “Conidial Ontogeny”. The two
principle types of conidum ontogeny are ‘Thallic’ and ‘Blastic’. Hughes
proposed eight different types of conidium development based on its
origin.
4. Saccardoan Spore Types
P.A. Saccardo (1845-1920)
“Sylloge Fungorum” (1882-1972)
Developed first system of classifying Hyphomycetes fungi based on
morphology of spores:-
Color
Hyaline or bright (hyalo-)
Pigmented (phaeo-)
Shape and Septation
1. Amerosporae:
Conidia non septate, spherical, ovoid to elongated.
5. 2. Didymosporae:
conidia two-celled, ovoid to oblong.
3. Phragmosporae:
conidia 3 or more celled by
transverse septa.
4. Dictyosporae:
conidia divided by both transverse
and longitudinal septa(muriform).
6. 5. Scolecosporae: conidia
slender, filiform, one to several
celled; hyaline or coloured.
6. Helicosporae
(Allantosporae): Conidia
cylindrical, curved (allantoid);
hyaline or coloured.
7. Staurosporae: Conidia stellate
(star-shaped), radiate or trifurate,
one to several celled; hyaline or
coloured.
7. Conidial Ontogeny
Conidia/Conidiospores -(sing. conidium) Conidia may be defined as
asexual, non-motile spore that belong to the anamorphic stage of a fungus
life cycle.
The word is derived from the Greek konis ‘dust’ + the diminutive
suffix -idium (Sutton, 1986).
Conidiophore -Specialized hyphae that bears one or more conodiogeneous
cells.
Conidiogeneous cell - The hyphal cell from which a conidium is formed
directly.
Conidiogenesis - The process of formation of conidium.
Conidia may originate from conidiogeneous cells by either of the two
ways:-
1. Thallic
2. Blastic
8. Thallic Conidiogenesis
(Gr- thallos= branch) conidium arises by conversion of a pre-existing
segment of the fungal thallus.
a) Holothallic – All the layers of conidiogeneous cell contribute towards
the formation of conidium wall.
e.g. Microsporium gypseum
b) Thallic-arthric - The conidia are formed by dissolution of septa along a
hypha. e.g Galactomyces candidus (Geotrichum candidum)
9. Blastic Conidiogenesis
The conidium develops by the blowing out of the wall of cell, usually
from the tip of a hypha.
a) Holoblastic- Conidium elongates and swells before being cut off by
septum. Both inner and outer layer of conidiogeneous cells are
involved, e.g. Cladosporium, Sclerotinia fructigena.
10. b. Enteroblastic- Only the inner wall layers of the conidiogenous cell
are involved in conidium formation.
i. Tretic –Conidia develops by protrusion of inner wall through a
channel in the outer wall.
Monotretic Alternaria Polytretic Curvularia
11. ii. Phialide
(Gr. phialis = flask), usually shaped
like a bottle with a narrow neck.
Conidiogeneous cell wall with an
open end through which a
basipetal succession of conidia
(phialospore) develops.
e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus
iii. Annellide
(Lat. Annulus = little rings)
A conidiogeneous cell that extends
and retracts as it produces conidia
often leaving a succession of scars
or rings.
e.g. Scopulariopsis
13. Arrangement of conidia at locus
Seriate
A. Solitary-Conidia
formed singly or
in chains
Conidia produced in
groups at a locus
B. Catenate- true chains
are formed with a
conidial wall layers in
continuity.
C. False chain
D. Spore
heads
15. Dehisence of Conidia
A. Schizolytic dehisence -(Gr. schizo= to split, divide). Shizolytic
dehisence occur when the two wall layers of delimiting septum
seperate e.g. majority of Ascomycetes.
B. Rhexolytic dehisence - (Gr. rhexis = a rupture, breaking) The
entire septum seperates with conidium, often tearing the cell
directly below. e.g. Onygenales
16. Types of Conidial Development
Type I - Blastic-Acropetal or Blastic-Synchronous conidiogenesis
Type II - Blastic-Sympodial conidiogenesis
Type III - Blastic-Annellidic or Blastic-Percurrent conidiogenesis
Type IV - Blastic-Phialidic conidiogenesis
Type V - Blastic-Retrogressive conidiogenesis
Type VI - Basauxic conidiogenesis
Type VII - Thallic-Arthric conidiogenesis
Type VIII - Thallic-Solitary conidiogenesis
-By S.J. Hughes
17. Type I - Blastic-Acropetal or Blastic-Synchronous
Conidiogenesis
Type II - Blastic-Sympodial conidiogenesis
Blastic acropetal -Cladosporium
anamorph of Mycosphaerella tassiana
Blastic synchronous-
Botrytis and Gonatobotryum
Leptographium anamorph of
Ophiostoma
Beauveria
18. Type III - Blastic-annellidic or Blastic-percurrent
conidiogenesis
Type IV : Blastic-phialidic conidiogenesis
Spilocaea anamorph of Venturia inaequalis.
Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma
19. Type V: Blastic-retrogressive conidiogenesis
Type VI: Basauxic conidiogenesis
e.g. Basipetospora, Trichothecium and Cladobotryum.
e.g. Oidium anamorph of Erysiphe spp.
20. Type VII: Thallic-arthric conidiogenesis
Type VIII: Thallic-solitary conidiogenesis
e.g. Geotrichum anamorphs of Dipodascus spp. (Saccharomycetes), Coremiella
e.g. Microsporum anamorphs of Nannizzia
21. Hughes’s Classification
S.J. Hughes 1953 classified Hyphomycetes based on conidial
ontogeny i.e. their origin :-
1. Blastospore: Conidia borne as
buds or blown out tips.e.g.
Cladosporium,Torula.
2. Gangliospore: Conidia developed
from the swollen tip of the
conidiophore. e.g. Scopulariopsis,
Amblyosporium.
3. Porospore: Single or whorl of thick
walled conidia formed through one
or more small pores in sporophore
wall .e.g. Alternaria, Curvularia,
Helminthosporium
22. 4. Phialospore: Conidia borne on short
unicellular, oval or sub cylindeical or
flask shaped phialides with a distinct
basal swelling and a narrow distal
neck.e.g. Aspergillus, Penicillium.
5. Arthrospore: Conidia formed by
breaking of hypha into cells. e.g.
Geotrichum.
6. Aleuriospores: Conidia borne on blown
out ends of hyphal tip and cut off by
septum. e.g. Trichothecium.
7. Redulospore: Conidia borne on little
pegs/ sterigmata on surface of
conidiphore. e.g. Botrytis, Ramularia.
23. CONCLUSION
The conidial fungi demonstrate a broad range of
morphogentic complexity in which the hypha is a
fundamental element from which reproductive
structures (conidia) are derived. In both thallic
and blastic development the hyphal tip is the site
of pivotal events which leads directly or indirectly
to conidium differentiation.
24. References
Alexopolous C. J., Mims C. W., & Blackwell M.
Introductory Mycology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
pp 219-233
Aneja K.R. and R.S. Mehrotra 1990. An
Introduction to Mycology, New Age
International Publisher. pp 417-423
Cole G. T. 1986. Models of Cell Differentiation in
Conidial Fungi, Microbiological Reviews, 50(2),
pp 95-132
Cole G. T., and Kendrick, W. 1981. Biology of
Conidial Fungi Vol 2., Academic Press New
York. pp 272-322
