placenta and its functions and the drugs that cause congenital syndrome and microorganisms and their transmission .

1. Congenital
Anomalies
DONE BY :
SARAH MUTNI
Qassaim
university
callege of
medicine

2. -Mention the functions of the
placental barriers
-Mention examples of substances
and micro-organisms that can
pass
through the placental barrier.
-List organisms that play a role in
congenital diseases & growth
retardation.

3. ‫العزيز‬ ‫كتابه‬ ‫في‬ ‫تعالى‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫قال‬:{ُ‫ط‬ُ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُ‫ق‬ُ‫ل‬ْ‫خ‬َ‫ي‬‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ت‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬َّ‫م‬ُ‫أ‬ ِ‫ون‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ ‫ا‬
ُ َّ‫اَلل‬ ُ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬ ٍ‫ث‬‫ال‬َ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ت‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ل‬ُ‫ظ‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ٍ‫ق‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ ِ‫د‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ب‬ِ‫إ‬ َ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫ال‬ ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ل‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬‫ا‬ ُ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ُّ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬‫ى‬َّ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬َ‫ف‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ ‫ال‬
َ‫ون‬ُ‫ف‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ص‬ُ‫ت‬}[‫الزمر‬:6.]
Prof.Keith Moore

4. PLACENTA
The placenta is
an organ that connects
the developing fetus to
the uterine wall to allow
nutrient uptake, waste
elimination, and gas
exchange via the mother's
blood supply.

5. Structure of placenta:
The structure of the placenta consist of two
parts :
1- fetus part (chorion frondosum)
2-maternal part (decidua basales )

6. CONT….
1ry-a core of cytotrophoblast surrounded by
syncytiotrophoblast .
2ry- as the 1ry but invaded with a core of mesoderm
(3week)
3ry- as the 2ry and the fetal capillaries (in third week )

8. Function of the placenta :
1- nutrition:
Vitamins, electrolytes , glucose .
They come from maternal blood to fetal blood .
2- excretion:
Waste products of the fetus go to maternal blood .
3-respiration:
fetal blood .maternal blood
O2
CO2

9. CONT..
4- Protection:
(toxins, bacteria, some virus )prevented
to pass from mother to fetus .
5- Endocrine function :
a)Hormones :progesterone, estrogen,
human chorionic gonadotropin and
human chorionic somato-
mammotropin.
b)Melanophore spreading factor :
-Dark brown colouration of
the areola of breast.
-Dark brown coloouration of
linea alba umbilicus to
symphysis pubis (linea nigra).

10. PLACENTA BARRIER
Definition :
The semipermeable layer of tissue in the
placenta that serves as a selective
membrane to substances passing from
maternal to fetal blood.

11. It is composed of the following in mid-
pregnancy mother :
-Endothelium of the fetal blood vessels
-Extera embryonic mesoderm
-The cytotrophoblast
-The syncytiotrophoblast

12. The placental barrier is composed of the
following in late-pregnancy :
-The syncytiotrophoblast.
-The endothelium of the fetal blood
vessels.

13. At the end of pregnancy:
The permeability decreases as a
fibrinoid material is deposited
on the
outer surface of the villi,
Endothelium of fetal capillaries,
ST, fibrinoid
material.

14. The function of the placenta barrier
prevent mixing of fetal blood with the
maternal blood through which
exchange of gases and metabolic
products take place .
That’s include :
-Respiratory function.
-Nutritive function.
-Excretory function.
-Endocrine function.
-Protective function.

16. examples of substances and micro-organisms that can pass
through the placental barrier.
-nutrients and gases ( glucose – oxygen )
occurs by diffusion of gases and transport
of nutrients.
-Antibodies can also pass from the mother to
the fetus, providing protection from
certain diseases.
-Amino acids are transported through
specific receptors.
-Some proteins are transferred slowly
through the placenta, mainly via
pinocytosis.
-Steroid hormones easily cross the placental
barrier.

17. Dangerous Substances :
SOME DRUGS :
Like:
(Thalidomide , Anticonvulsan , warfarin)
heart, kidney, gastrointestinal
And facial abnormalities.
Cleft lip, minor skeletal defects
Nasal / facial abnormalities.
Alcohol:
microcephaly, abnormal facies, growth
disturbance.
Smoking:
Smoking can damage the baby lungs.

18. Micro-organisms that cause congenital
anomalies and growth retardation.
Viruses :
-rubella virus
-CMV
-hepatits B,C Virus
-Herps simplex virus type-2
-HIV
Bacteria :
-Treponema pallidum
Group B streptococcus-
-Neisseria gonorrhae
Parasite :
-Toxoplasmosis

19. 1-RUBELLA :
Rubella
virus
Congenital rubella
syndrome

20. 1-RUBELLA :
Rubella
is a disease caused by the
rubella virus.
It is transmitted via the
placenta (prenatal).
Its effects:
-Cataracts.
-Deafness.
-Heart defects.
-Mental retardation.

21. 2-Cytomegalovirus
:-Definition
Congenital
cytomegalovirus is a
group of symptoms that
occur when an infant is
infected with the
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
before birth
It is transmitted either:
-Prenatal (placental)
-Postnatal (breast feeding)
Cytomegalovirus

22. 2-Cytomegalovirus
-Inflammation of the retina
-Jaundice
-Large spleen and liver
-Low birth weight
-Mineral deposits in the
brain
-Rash at birth (petechiae)
-Seizures
-Small head size
(microcephaly)
SYMPTOMPS

23. 3-Herpes simplex virus type-2
Congenital herpes simplex is
an infection caused by
exposure in the uterus
Its transmitted at the time of
birth = (natal)
Symptoms:
-irritability
-seizures.
-trouble breathing .
-shock .

24. 4-Hepatitis B
-Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a double-
stranded DNA virus in the
Hepadnaviridae family.
-Its transmitted to the baby during
birth (natal) and breast feeding
(postnatal)

25. 5-Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is an infectious
disease affecting primarily
the liver, caused by
the hepatitis C virus (HCV)
its transmitted during
birth .
Symptoms:
-fever
-weight loss
-Fatigue

26. 6- HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) is the cause of acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
Its transmitted via breast feeding
(postnatal) also at the time of
birth (natal)

27. 7-Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii

28. 7-Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis
is a parasitic disease caused
by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii
It is transmitted via :
placental (prenatal)
Its effects:
Microcephaly.
Jaundice.
Rash.

29. 8-Congenital Syphilis
Syphilis:
is a sexually transmitted infection
caused by type of bacteria called treponema pallidum.
Its transmitted transplacentally (pre natal)
Its effects:
Interstitial keratitis.
Saddle nose.
CNS anomalies.
Heart problem .

30. 8-Syphilis
Treponema pallidum

31. 9-Gonorrhea
Neisseria
gonorrhea

32. 9-Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea a sexually
transmitted disease is
caused by the
bacteria Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
it transmitted during birth .
SYMPTOMS :
meningitis (an inflammation
of the membranes around
the brain and spinal cord)
and an eye infection

33. 10-Group B streptococcus
-is a type of bacterial
infection that can be
found in a pregnant
woman’s vagina or
rectum. This bacteria is
normally found in vagina .
It transmitted at the time of
birth (natal)
Streptococcus agalactiae is
the cause bacteria

34. Summary :
-The Placenta and its barrier .
-Functions of the placental barrier.
-Respiratory function.
-Nutritive function.
-Excretory function.
-Endocrine function.
-Protective function.
-Substances and micro-organism that
pass through placental barrier .
-Some pathogen that cause congenital
disease

36. REFERENCES:
-Books:
1-langmans medical embryology
2-before we born
immunology&3-lange medical microbiology