This document provides an introductory lecture on infertility and sterility for veterinary students. It discusses the key reproductive organs and hormones involved in the estrous cycle. It describes how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate reproduction and the roles of the ovaries, uterus, cervix and other female organs. It then covers factors that can influence infertility and sterility, including endocrinological disorders, mismanagement, reproductive diseases, anatomical defects, and environmental defects. Finally, it discusses reproductive efficiency and various reproductive indices used to measure performance.

1. INFERTILITY AND STERILITY
INTRODUCTORY LECTURE
FOR
7TH SEMESTER STUDENTS
Prof. H. Mas’ud Hariadi, PhD., MPhil., drh
Department of Veterinary Reproduction
FACULTY of VETERINARY MEDICINE
AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY

2. Reproductive System
http://cvm.msu.edu/courses/AP/bessie/cowreproorgans3.jpg

3. We are going to look into the function of the hypothalamus and the
pituitary gland.

4. Two essential organs of reproduction are located within the head of the animal.
The hypothalamus controls:
Body temperature, and the drive to eat and drink are just a few functions.
It sends and receives neural signals through the nervous system and hormonal
messages through the endocrine system.
The pituitary gland, sits at the base of the brain.
The pituitary is divided into two regions: the anterior and posterior pituitaries.

5. The female reproductive organs consist of the ovary, uterus, cervix, vagina and
vulva. Female reproductive tracts of various farm animals are similar to the cow,
but differ primarily in the shape of the uterus and cervix.
http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/Classes/ASC106/media/FEMALE.GIF

6. Ovaries
 The ovary, is
responsible for two
basic functions:
 Production of the
female egg or ovum.
 Production of two
primary reproductive
hormones, estrogen and
progesterone.

7. http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/course/3443/study/AnatomyFemale/bovine/sld015.htm
The oviduct begins as a funnel-shaped tube that engulfs the ovary. When ovulation
occurs, the ovum is picked up by the infundibulum and channeled into the
oviduct (also known as the Fallopian tube), where fertilization takes place if
sperm are present.

8.  The uterus of the cow is bipartite, while the uterine horns are relatively long
and well developed.
 The fertilized embryo moves from the oviduct into the uterine horn, where
fetal development begins. The fetus grows within a layer of membranes called
the placenta, where it is nourished.
ianrpubs.unl.edu/ beef/g537.htm
Uterus

9. Cervix
The cervix has annular rings. It has thick
walls that allow a passageway for sperm at
mating and expulsion of the fetus at the
time of birth.
During pregnancy, the cervix is filled with a
thick mucus secretion known as the
cervical plug, which protects the uterus
from infections entering from the vagina.
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/course/3443/study/Notes/female/cervix.jpg

10.  The vagina serves as a receptacle for the male's penis.
 In the cow, the semen is deposited in the vagina near the cervix during natural
mating with the bull.
 When artificial insemination is used, an insemination instrument is threaded
through the vagina and cervix and semen is deposited at the uterine side of
the cervix.
 The external opening of the vagina is called the vulva.
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/course/3443/study/AnatomyFemale/bovine/img024.JPG

11. Estrous Cycle
 The ovarian changes
during a typical 21-day
estrous cycle in which
pregnancy does not
occur.
 The development and
regression of the
corpus luteum and of
the follicles are
continuous processes
http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/b-212.pdf

12. This cycle of egg development in
cattle is called the estrous cycle.
The cow is a non seasonal
polyestrous species. Which means a
cow can have multiple estrous cycles
throughout the year.
Two prominent structures are
present within the ovary, the follicle
and corpora lutea.
http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1027/

13. Hormones
 Estrogen, prepares the pre-pubertal heifer and
post-partum cow for cyclic sexual activity.
 Progesterone, secreted by the corpora lutea,
suppresses the further development of follicles and
the secretion of estrogen. High levels of
progesterone and low levels of estrogen prevent a
cow from coming into heat. Progesterone is
necessary for preparing the uterus to receive the
fertilized egg and maintains the proper uterine
environment for continuation of pregnancy.
 Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteninizing hormone (LH) are secreted & travel
through the blood to the ovary.
 FSH and LH are mediated by gonadotropic
releasing hormone (GnRH) coming from the
hypothalamus to signal their release from the
pituitary.
 FSH stimulates the growth, development and
function of the follicle, while LH cause the follicle
to rupture during ovulation and causes the
subsequent development of the corpus luteum.
http://www.mothercow.org/bull/barnyard/hormones.jpg

14. Placenta
 Classification is based on:
 The gross shape of the
placenta and the distribution
of contact sites between fetal
membranes and
endometrium.
 The number of layers of
tissue between maternal and
fetal vascular systems.
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/reprod/placenta/plac_types.jpg

15.  A cow has a cotyledonary
placenta.
 Cotyledonary: Multiple, discrete
areas of attachment called
cotyledons are formed by
interaction of patches of
allantochorion with endometrium.
The fetal portions of this type of
placenta are called cotyledons, the
maternal contact sites (caruncles),
and the cotyledon-caruncle complex
a placentome. This type of
placentation is observed in
ruminants.
http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/splab9/sld012.gif

16. An Overview of Infertility and Sterility
STERIL
External factors
Internal or
INFERTIL External
Factors
External Factors
NORMAL

17. FACTORS INFLUENCING INFERTILITY AND
STERILITY OF ANIMALS
 ENDOCRINOLOGICAL DISORDERS/DISTURBANCES
 MISMANAGEMENT
 REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES
 ANATOMICAL DEFECT
 ENVIRONMENTAL DEFECT

18. ENDOCRINOLOGICAL DISORDERS
REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES
• HYPOTHALAMUS : GnRH
• ANTERIOR HYPOPHYSIS /ANTERIOR PITUITARY : FSH AND LH
• OVARIUM : ESTROGEN dan PROGESTERONE
• UTERUS : PROSTAGLANDIN
• PLACENTA : ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

19. INFERTILITY /STERILITY DUE TO THE
ENDOCRINOLOGICAL DISORDERS
 OVARIAN ATROPHY
 OVARIAN HYPOFUNCTION
 CYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASES : FOLLICULAR CYST,
LUTEAL CYST,
CYSTIC CORPORA LUTEA
LUTEINIZED FOLLICLES
 PERSISTENT CORPUS LUTEUM

20. MISMANAGEMENT
IMPAIRED REPRODUCTION THROUGH BAD HUSBANDRIY
PRACTICES MIGHT INCLUDE :
o FAILURE TO PREVENT , DIAGNOSE, TREAT AND CONTROL INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
o USE ANIMALS WHICH TRANSMIT DISEASES
o MATING/INSEMINATION TOO EARLY OR TOO LATE
o INBREEDING
o NVO (No Visible Oestrus), ANOESTRUS
o NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY
o STRESS

21. REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES
AGENTS (MICRO ORGANISMS) :
 BACTERIA
 VIRUSES
 FUNGI
 PROTOZOA
 MICOPLASMA

22. ANATOMICAL DEFECTS
CAUSED BY FACTORS :
 GENETICS
 CONGENITAL
 ACQUIRED

23. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFECT
THIS INCLUDES :
 HOT
 STUFFY
 OVER CROWDED
 DIRTY
 MUDDY
 HUMID
 NOISY
 WINDY

24. REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY
REPRODUCTIVE INDICES
 SERVICE PER CONCEPTION (S/C)
 CONCEPTION RATE (CR)
 CALVING RATE (CaR)
 CALVING INTERVAL (CI)
 DAY OPEN (DO)
 SERVICE PERIOD (SP)

25. Service per Conception
(S/C)
 Service per Conception (S/C) : the number of
mating or insemination or the number of straws
inseminated in a herd until pregnant. The ideal
rate is 65 – 70 %

26. Conception Rate
(CR)
Conception Rate (CR) : the number of
pregnant cows after first insemination.
The ideal rate is 65%.

27. Calving Rate
(CaR)
 Calving rate : the number of calving after
first insemination. The ideal rate is 65%.

28. Calving Interval
(CI)
 Calving interval : time interval between each
calving. The ideal time is one year.

29. Day Open
(DO)
 Day open (DO) : the period of time from
calving until first oestrus revealed. The
ideal time is between 21 and 42 days.

30. Service Period
(SP)
 Service period (SP) : the period of time
between calving and the next pregnant.
The ideal time is 3 months.

31. THE END
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
FOR YOUR ATTENTION