THIS IS POST GRADUATE THESIS IN Mekele University. for the fulfillment of MA in Social Anthropology-specialization in Environmental Anthropology. intensive field observation made to conduct this research.the finding shows the role of the Ethiopian army in biodiversity conservation as role model of the military.it also discuses the impact of conflict on natural environment,the relation between the military with the environment etc.
The presentation is about to present land management of the Ethiopian military with special focus on training centers. it discuses lands managed by the military could be alternative biodiversity conservation centers if policy recognition is given.
Conservation of forest ecosystems has gained a significant part of conventions, treaties and action plans for biodiversity conservation. One major reason is the fact that forests are in many parts of the world the most “wild”, impressive and complex terrestrial ecosystems. Another reason could be the knowledge that forests are decreasing worldwide. Yet, the most important reason is probably the fact that forest science is the most developed applied on the ground nature management scientific discipline.
Following the arguments presented in the previous chapter, the conservation of forest genetic diversity cannot be seen separately from the general use and management of forest resources. Each country and each region can have different approaches on the subject. The same happens with different parties of interest as well (sectors). Any forest genetic conservation effort should recognise these differences and adjust the measures designed with them.
Taking the available information in account, management techniques should be developed, aiming at the optimisation of achieving multiple targets. The preservation of genetic diversity and the evolutionary adaptability of forest species should be included in these targets, in order to secure the long term functioning of forest ecosystems and the production of goods and services for society. This “management-based” approach of biodiversity – and genetic diversity – conservation is more likely to become effective, since it can reconcile the targets of forest management for production and biodiversity conservation (Figure 2). Sustainable forest management can be organized, based on the need to secure the long-term persistence of forest ecosystems (Papageorgiou et al. 2003). As a result, multiple targets can be achieved.
Mediterranean forests are characterized by high complexity and biological richness at all levels. Genetic diversity of Mediterranean forest species has been found to be higher than the one of central and northern Europe. It is important for the maintenance of forest cover and the adaptation of forests under adverse conditions towards environmental change. Genetic diversity in the Mediterranean forests has been shaped by the climatic and the geographical history of the region. However, the most important factor influencing diversity is the presence of human in the region. The impact of forest management techniques and other human activities on genetic diversity is analyzed. Sustainable forest management in the Mediterranean should take this information in account and include measures for the maintenance of genetic diversity of forest species. This will then secure the long-term character of forestry in the region and the production of goods and services for the society.
Indigenous Knowledge Systems for Agriculture Bhuvana Rao
The presentation has been prepared under the course Advances in Agricultural extension as a presentation part of the course work.
The content considered in the study are collected from renowned works of scientists, professors, Ph.D student's of varied educational institutes in their projects, thesis works.
The presentation gives a glimpse of what is ITK? and how it is important in Agriculture? and other aspects related to the context.
Biodiversity action plan
A biodiversity action plan (BAP) is an internationally recognized program addressing threatened species and habitats and is designed to protect and restore biological systems. The original impetus for these plans derives from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). As of 2009, 191 countries have ratified the CBD, but only a fraction of these have developed substantive BAP documents.
The principal elements of a BAP typically include: (a) preparing inventories of biological information for selected species or habitats; (b) assessing the conservation status of species within specified ecosystems; (c) creation of targets for conservation and restoration; and (d) establishing budgets, timelines and institutional partnerships for implementing the BAP.
Summary
Pakistan spans a number of the world’s ecological regions with its latitudinal spread and immense variations in altitude. These regions include the coastal mangrove forests of the Arabian Sea as well as some of the highest mountains of the world, where the western Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges meet. This diversity encompasses a variety of habitats that support a rich biodiversity. A number of animals and plants have become endangered due to over-exploitation and loss of natural habitat. Rapid human population growth puts increasing pressure on the country’s natural resource base. Increased poverty has forced rural people to exploit biodiversity at unsustainable rates. Deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity and waterlogging have become major threats to Pakistan’s remaining biodiversity. The continuing loss of forest habitat, with its associated fauna and flora, will have serious implications for the nation’s other natural and agricultural ecosystems. Protected areas have been established for in-situ conservation of biodiversity.
A wide range of laws also exists relating to conservation of various components of biodiversity. The key to protecting the biological diversity of Pakistan is involving local communities and obtaining support from relevant institutions in sustainable use initiatives. The Government of Pakistan recognised the importance of these measures in the preparation of the National Conservation Strategy (1992) and in becoming a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994. The Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), endorsed by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) in 1999, calls for government agencies, local communities and NGOs to work together as partners in biodiversity conservation.
These are the most critical issues for biodiversity conservation in Pakistan:
The need for associated policy and institutional reforms and institutional strengthening; integration of biodiversity conservation measures into sectoral initiatives; better understanding of all aspects of biodiversity and effective means for ensuring their sustainable use; developing community-based biodiver
The presentation is about to present land management of the Ethiopian military with special focus on training centers. it discuses lands managed by the military could be alternative biodiversity conservation centers if policy recognition is given.
Conservation of forest ecosystems has gained a significant part of conventions, treaties and action plans for biodiversity conservation. One major reason is the fact that forests are in many parts of the world the most “wild”, impressive and complex terrestrial ecosystems. Another reason could be the knowledge that forests are decreasing worldwide. Yet, the most important reason is probably the fact that forest science is the most developed applied on the ground nature management scientific discipline.
Following the arguments presented in the previous chapter, the conservation of forest genetic diversity cannot be seen separately from the general use and management of forest resources. Each country and each region can have different approaches on the subject. The same happens with different parties of interest as well (sectors). Any forest genetic conservation effort should recognise these differences and adjust the measures designed with them.
Taking the available information in account, management techniques should be developed, aiming at the optimisation of achieving multiple targets. The preservation of genetic diversity and the evolutionary adaptability of forest species should be included in these targets, in order to secure the long term functioning of forest ecosystems and the production of goods and services for society. This “management-based” approach of biodiversity – and genetic diversity – conservation is more likely to become effective, since it can reconcile the targets of forest management for production and biodiversity conservation (Figure 2). Sustainable forest management can be organized, based on the need to secure the long-term persistence of forest ecosystems (Papageorgiou et al. 2003). As a result, multiple targets can be achieved.
Mediterranean forests are characterized by high complexity and biological richness at all levels. Genetic diversity of Mediterranean forest species has been found to be higher than the one of central and northern Europe. It is important for the maintenance of forest cover and the adaptation of forests under adverse conditions towards environmental change. Genetic diversity in the Mediterranean forests has been shaped by the climatic and the geographical history of the region. However, the most important factor influencing diversity is the presence of human in the region. The impact of forest management techniques and other human activities on genetic diversity is analyzed. Sustainable forest management in the Mediterranean should take this information in account and include measures for the maintenance of genetic diversity of forest species. This will then secure the long-term character of forestry in the region and the production of goods and services for the society.
Indigenous Knowledge Systems for Agriculture Bhuvana Rao
The presentation has been prepared under the course Advances in Agricultural extension as a presentation part of the course work.
The content considered in the study are collected from renowned works of scientists, professors, Ph.D student's of varied educational institutes in their projects, thesis works.
The presentation gives a glimpse of what is ITK? and how it is important in Agriculture? and other aspects related to the context.
Biodiversity action plan
A biodiversity action plan (BAP) is an internationally recognized program addressing threatened species and habitats and is designed to protect and restore biological systems. The original impetus for these plans derives from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). As of 2009, 191 countries have ratified the CBD, but only a fraction of these have developed substantive BAP documents.
The principal elements of a BAP typically include: (a) preparing inventories of biological information for selected species or habitats; (b) assessing the conservation status of species within specified ecosystems; (c) creation of targets for conservation and restoration; and (d) establishing budgets, timelines and institutional partnerships for implementing the BAP.
Summary
Pakistan spans a number of the world’s ecological regions with its latitudinal spread and immense variations in altitude. These regions include the coastal mangrove forests of the Arabian Sea as well as some of the highest mountains of the world, where the western Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges meet. This diversity encompasses a variety of habitats that support a rich biodiversity. A number of animals and plants have become endangered due to over-exploitation and loss of natural habitat. Rapid human population growth puts increasing pressure on the country’s natural resource base. Increased poverty has forced rural people to exploit biodiversity at unsustainable rates. Deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, salinity and waterlogging have become major threats to Pakistan’s remaining biodiversity. The continuing loss of forest habitat, with its associated fauna and flora, will have serious implications for the nation’s other natural and agricultural ecosystems. Protected areas have been established for in-situ conservation of biodiversity.
A wide range of laws also exists relating to conservation of various components of biodiversity. The key to protecting the biological diversity of Pakistan is involving local communities and obtaining support from relevant institutions in sustainable use initiatives. The Government of Pakistan recognised the importance of these measures in the preparation of the National Conservation Strategy (1992) and in becoming a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1994. The Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), endorsed by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) in 1999, calls for government agencies, local communities and NGOs to work together as partners in biodiversity conservation.
These are the most critical issues for biodiversity conservation in Pakistan:
The need for associated policy and institutional reforms and institutional strengthening; integration of biodiversity conservation measures into sectoral initiatives; better understanding of all aspects of biodiversity and effective means for ensuring their sustainable use; developing community-based biodiver
Indigenous and traditional knowledge for adaptation: Addressing gender and ot...Tariq A. Deen
The session will discuss best practices and approaches for strengthening gender considerations and the use of indigenous and traditional knowledge in adaptation which are part of the guiding principles for the formulation and implementation of NAPs. Others principles are: a continuous planning process at the national level with iterative updates and outputs; country-owned, country-driven; not prescriptive, but flexible and based on country needs; building on and not duplicating existing adaptation efforts; participatory and transparent; enhancing coherence of adaptation and development planning; supported by comprehensive monitoring and review; considering vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems; guided by best available science.
Case study: Community-based natural resource management: Case of Thai ethnic ...SPERI
This research paper will discuss the role of the community in natural resource management, particularly land and forest management and protection in Vietnam. The paper offers a discussion of environmental discourses that are related to the impacts of state land and forest management policies. Though ethnic communities in Vietnam have developed their knowledge and institutional systems in community natural resource management for a long time, communities were not recognized formally as one of the land users until 2003. Even then, though communities were identified as land users, few communities could attain land title. Those policies have had consequences with communities and their members facing shortages of land and forest. Nevertheless, those resources are essential for sustaining local people’s livelihoods, protecting forest, and keeping their cultural values.
The paper is organized in three main parts. The first summaries some key environmental discourses, especially ‘sustainable development’, and introduces concepts of culture, customary laws and community-based natural resource management. The second part deals with resource management and related legal framework in Vietnam. The third part illustrates the role of community in land and forest use and protection through a discussion of a Thai ethnic community in Vietnam
Official Outcome Statement of the 2014 Global Landscapes Forum, held at the sidelines of the UNFCCC COP20 in Lima, from 6-7 December.
More than 1,700 world leaders, policy makers, researchers and representatives from civil society, the private sector and media met in Lima to discuss the future of land use sectors in a new climate agreement. Nine key messages form the basis of their recommendations.
Author : Global Landscapes Forum Committee
Language: English
Year: 2014
Convention on bio diversity by kefyalew teferaKefyalew Tefera
this document is prepared in response to Assignment on Advances in Environmental Health Course for MPH in Environmental Health and contain current Ethiopian Biodiversity status taken from 5th report.
Preconditions for Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction and Prosperity for All t...Environmental Alert (EA)
This is a Joint Civil Society Position on the Environment and Natural Resources sector performance, published ahead of the annual joint sector review for the Water and Environment sector for the financial year 2008/09. It highlights the contributions of the Environment and Natural Resources Civil Society Organizations to the sector. Furthermore, it presents the challenges in the sector and associated recommendations for addressing them.
i am HAFIZ M WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc in science college Multan Pakistan
MSC university of education Lahore Pakistan
I love Pakistan and my teachers
Pacific Geographies (PG), ISSN (Print) 2196-1468 / (Online) 2199-9104, is the peer-reviewed semi-annual publication of the Association for Pacific Studies. From 1992-2012 it was labelled Pacific News (ISSN 1435-8360). It is published through the Department of Human Geography of Hamburg University, Germany.
It is an open access journal, all articles can be downloaded for free. There are no submission or APC charges. The authors retain copyright. Copyright & Licensing: CC BY-NC-ND.
The PG provides an interdisciplinary academic platform to discuss social, cultural, environmental and economic issues and developments in the Asia-Pacific region.
In order to uphold scientific standards, the PG is implementing a peer-review process. Articles marked as „scientific papers“ have been peer-reviewed by two external reviewers. Articles marked as „research notes“ have been peer-reviewed by one external reviewer and a member of the editorial board. All other articles have been reviewed by the editorial board. Scientific papers and research notes receive a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
The Association for Pacific Studies (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pazifische Studien e.V.,
APSA) was founded in 1987 at the Department of Geography of the University of Technology in Aachen. Activities include workshops, conferences, public lectures
and poster exhibitions. The book series Pazifik Forum was initiated in 1990. In 1992, it was complemented by the journal Pacific NEWS. APSA-Members receive the Pacific Geographies at no cost as a membership benefit.
The APSA sees itself as one of the largest scientific networks in Germany for academics and practitioners with an interest in the Asia-Pacific region as well as academic exchange.
ETHIOPIAN STYLE DECORATIVE DESIGNS”: A NEW TECHNICAL GUIDE BOOK FOR ARTISANDessalegn Oulte
The Purpose of this work is to contribute new quality decorative designs to the Ethiopian hand craft industry in order to maintain their uniqueness and attractiveness in such a way that they would widely penetrate the international market. Preliminary pattern designs and motifs in this book can be used (with or without modification) for adorning pottery , traditional weaving, wood carving bamboo work, metal work, basketry, jewelry, leather work, silver smiths, goldsmiths, painting, rock carving, horn work, ,iconography, manuscript illumination, calligraphy, mural paintings, body painting /decoration, fashion design, architecture, wallpaper design, patterning, knitting, crochet work, sewing /embroidery, interior and exterior designs, painting, sculpture, ceramics, furniture, textile, basketry, and other so many hand craft industries.
The book is also intended to be reference material for educating and training art students and hand craft makers on the composition, behavior and use of lines, shapes and colors in making decorative patterns and motifs for hand crafts and other visual arts. Hence, it lays a solid foundation for systematic study, conception and documentation of decorative and visual arts implemented in hand craft industries.
All the works are inspired by the Ethiopian traditional designs used in different hand crafts, especially traditional SHEMA.
Indigenous and traditional knowledge for adaptation: Addressing gender and ot...Tariq A. Deen
The session will discuss best practices and approaches for strengthening gender considerations and the use of indigenous and traditional knowledge in adaptation which are part of the guiding principles for the formulation and implementation of NAPs. Others principles are: a continuous planning process at the national level with iterative updates and outputs; country-owned, country-driven; not prescriptive, but flexible and based on country needs; building on and not duplicating existing adaptation efforts; participatory and transparent; enhancing coherence of adaptation and development planning; supported by comprehensive monitoring and review; considering vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems; guided by best available science.
Case study: Community-based natural resource management: Case of Thai ethnic ...SPERI
This research paper will discuss the role of the community in natural resource management, particularly land and forest management and protection in Vietnam. The paper offers a discussion of environmental discourses that are related to the impacts of state land and forest management policies. Though ethnic communities in Vietnam have developed their knowledge and institutional systems in community natural resource management for a long time, communities were not recognized formally as one of the land users until 2003. Even then, though communities were identified as land users, few communities could attain land title. Those policies have had consequences with communities and their members facing shortages of land and forest. Nevertheless, those resources are essential for sustaining local people’s livelihoods, protecting forest, and keeping their cultural values.
The paper is organized in three main parts. The first summaries some key environmental discourses, especially ‘sustainable development’, and introduces concepts of culture, customary laws and community-based natural resource management. The second part deals with resource management and related legal framework in Vietnam. The third part illustrates the role of community in land and forest use and protection through a discussion of a Thai ethnic community in Vietnam
Official Outcome Statement of the 2014 Global Landscapes Forum, held at the sidelines of the UNFCCC COP20 in Lima, from 6-7 December.
More than 1,700 world leaders, policy makers, researchers and representatives from civil society, the private sector and media met in Lima to discuss the future of land use sectors in a new climate agreement. Nine key messages form the basis of their recommendations.
Author : Global Landscapes Forum Committee
Language: English
Year: 2014
Convention on bio diversity by kefyalew teferaKefyalew Tefera
this document is prepared in response to Assignment on Advances in Environmental Health Course for MPH in Environmental Health and contain current Ethiopian Biodiversity status taken from 5th report.
Preconditions for Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction and Prosperity for All t...Environmental Alert (EA)
This is a Joint Civil Society Position on the Environment and Natural Resources sector performance, published ahead of the annual joint sector review for the Water and Environment sector for the financial year 2008/09. It highlights the contributions of the Environment and Natural Resources Civil Society Organizations to the sector. Furthermore, it presents the challenges in the sector and associated recommendations for addressing them.
i am HAFIZ M WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc in science college Multan Pakistan
MSC university of education Lahore Pakistan
I love Pakistan and my teachers
Pacific Geographies (PG), ISSN (Print) 2196-1468 / (Online) 2199-9104, is the peer-reviewed semi-annual publication of the Association for Pacific Studies. From 1992-2012 it was labelled Pacific News (ISSN 1435-8360). It is published through the Department of Human Geography of Hamburg University, Germany.
It is an open access journal, all articles can be downloaded for free. There are no submission or APC charges. The authors retain copyright. Copyright & Licensing: CC BY-NC-ND.
The PG provides an interdisciplinary academic platform to discuss social, cultural, environmental and economic issues and developments in the Asia-Pacific region.
In order to uphold scientific standards, the PG is implementing a peer-review process. Articles marked as „scientific papers“ have been peer-reviewed by two external reviewers. Articles marked as „research notes“ have been peer-reviewed by one external reviewer and a member of the editorial board. All other articles have been reviewed by the editorial board. Scientific papers and research notes receive a Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
The Association for Pacific Studies (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pazifische Studien e.V.,
APSA) was founded in 1987 at the Department of Geography of the University of Technology in Aachen. Activities include workshops, conferences, public lectures
and poster exhibitions. The book series Pazifik Forum was initiated in 1990. In 1992, it was complemented by the journal Pacific NEWS. APSA-Members receive the Pacific Geographies at no cost as a membership benefit.
The APSA sees itself as one of the largest scientific networks in Germany for academics and practitioners with an interest in the Asia-Pacific region as well as academic exchange.
ETHIOPIAN STYLE DECORATIVE DESIGNS”: A NEW TECHNICAL GUIDE BOOK FOR ARTISANDessalegn Oulte
The Purpose of this work is to contribute new quality decorative designs to the Ethiopian hand craft industry in order to maintain their uniqueness and attractiveness in such a way that they would widely penetrate the international market. Preliminary pattern designs and motifs in this book can be used (with or without modification) for adorning pottery , traditional weaving, wood carving bamboo work, metal work, basketry, jewelry, leather work, silver smiths, goldsmiths, painting, rock carving, horn work, ,iconography, manuscript illumination, calligraphy, mural paintings, body painting /decoration, fashion design, architecture, wallpaper design, patterning, knitting, crochet work, sewing /embroidery, interior and exterior designs, painting, sculpture, ceramics, furniture, textile, basketry, and other so many hand craft industries.
The book is also intended to be reference material for educating and training art students and hand craft makers on the composition, behavior and use of lines, shapes and colors in making decorative patterns and motifs for hand crafts and other visual arts. Hence, it lays a solid foundation for systematic study, conception and documentation of decorative and visual arts implemented in hand craft industries.
All the works are inspired by the Ethiopian traditional designs used in different hand crafts, especially traditional SHEMA.
This is a small presentation on developing others in the army. Most of the slides are self explanatory and they have really good information. This PowerPoint is for a 10 -15 minutes presentation give or take on how you like presenting.
Presentation on Green Marketing and eco-friendly products|Can marketing reall...Kartik Mehta
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of green marketing strategies on consumer purchasing patterns in Mauritius. The present research also explores the possibility of introducing greener patterns of consumption into contemporary lifestyles in the current context where green products are increasingly available.
Design/methodology/approach
– This paper reviews the theory of green marketing to identify how customers are persuaded to purchase greener products. It also reports the empirical results of a consumer survey on green marketing strategies by the questionnaire method. The survey questionnaires were administered to 150 respondents visiting various hypermarkets and supermarkets. The questionnaires were processed and analysed with the statistical programme SPSS, using descriptive, correlation and factor analysis.
Findings
– The findings provide some interesting clues regarding customers’ perceptions on environmental concerns and green products. Further findings suggest that most consumers have expressed a great interest in the protection of the environment and they are strongly concerned about the environment and its degradation. Hence, business executives should host workshops and seminars so as to educate customers on environmental protection and environmental‐friendly products. Results also indicated an overall positive correlation between effective green marketing strategies and customers’ purchasing patterns for green products. Therefore, there is a powerful urge for companies to promote green branding, eco‐labelling and green packaging strategies in order to encourage a greener pattern of consumption among consumers in Mauritius.
Practical implications
– The paper suggests a stepping approach to consumer purchasing patterns for greener products could be exploited more within consumer groups that have strong environmental concerns and beliefs in Mauritius. The results also offer precious knowledge on the effectiveness of green marketing strategies which can assist both private and public enterprises in developing and designing appealing green products that will be favoured by customers.
Originality/value
– Although green marketing has been an important research topic for several decades, hardly any research has been focused on the impact of green marketing strategies on consumer purchasing patterns in the context of developing countries. This paper has analysed the strength of environmental concerns and beliefs and has provided some insights on green marketing strategies and the various managerial implications have been fully addressed in order to favour the consumption of greener products in Mauritius.
TEDx Manchester: AI & The Future of WorkVolker Hirsch
TEDx Manchester talk on artificial intelligence (AI) and how the ascent of AI and robotics impacts our future work environments.
The video of the talk is now also available here: https://youtu.be/dRw4d2Si8LA
Lessons learned from government initiatives to implement community rights in ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anne M Larson and Iliana Monterroro at the Workshop on Securing Community Rights, Forest Protection and Climate Mitigation at Scale.
Topics discussed include the history, context and lessons for tenure reform.
Learn more about the event here: http://www.rightsandresources.org/en/event/securing-collective-land-rights-forest-protection-and-climate-mitigation-at-scale-status-opportunities-and-priorities/
Forest Landscape Restoration in Eastern Africa: Progress and gaps in engaging...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Habtemariam Kassa, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the 7th Conference of the ASEAN Working Group on Social Forestry (AWG-SF) in Chiang Mai (Thailand), June 12-16, 2017.
Lessons learned from government initiatives to implement community rights in ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anne Larson at the Workshop on Securing Community Rights, Forest Protection and Climate Mitigation at Scale in Oslo. It provides the history and context of community rights initiatives, and suggests lessons from experiences in Brazil and China.
Vulnerabilities of forests and forest dependent people
Peter Minang, FTA, ICRAF
Social and environmental justice as a trigger of robust ambitious climate action and prosperous future for all
Chilean pavilion, COP 25, Madrid, 7th December 2019
Role of Customary Law and Communities in Natural Resource Management in Post-...CAPRi
Presented at the CAPRi International Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management. June 28th to July 1st, 2010, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
http://www.capri.cgiar.org/wks_0610.asp
Comparative analysis of indigenous peoples’ rights in Central Africa d’Afriqu...CIFOR-ICRAF
Cléto Ndikumagenge and Phil René Oyono
Presentation for the conference on
Taking stock of smallholders and community forestry
Montpellier France
March 24-26, 2010
Biodiversity Issues and the Learning Processes, Martha R.NgaloweraESD UNU-IAS
This presentation was part of the 7th African RCE Meeting, 2-4 August 2017 in Lusaka, Zambia “RCE Initiatives: Milestones for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals”.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Conflict,environment and the Military in Ethiopia
1. ENVIRONMENT, CONFLICT AND THE MILITARY IN
ETHIOPIA: CASE STUDY OF TOLEY
MILITARY TRAINING CENTRE, OROMYA REGIONAL
STATE, JIMA ZONE, ETHIOPIA
BY: DESSALEGN DACHE
MEKEL UNIVERSITY
ADVISOR: DR. JAMES N. BONDLA
CO-ADVISOR: DR. L. N. DASH
MEKELE –ETHIOPIA
May 2013
2. Background of the Study
Ethiopia is a country of :
• Geographic , Genetic And Biological Diversity
• One of domestication and diversification centers
Its Environmental challenges are
• Rapid Deforestation
• Environmental degradation
• extinction of both plant and animal species
Factors
• Increasing human and animal population
• Over grazing and cutting trees over centuries
• Social conflicts and political unrest
• Government policies
Currently, a number of environmental policies and regulations enacted
;challenged by :
• Dis-functioning of environmental units
• Lack of environmental awareness among federal agencies
• lack of guidelines for the functioning of environmental units
3. Statement of the Problem
• Environmental degradation causing natural hazards
(desertification, drought, famine; flood and health
problems),
• Renewable natural resources , seriously degraded and
affecting life quality of the people
• Situation desires policy oriented, organized and
coordinated action from all parties
• Rationales for INRM in the military :
- assigned responsibility of FDRE Policy to the military
- Values natural resources for the military
- Sustainable use of natural resources
- Civil defense mission of the military
- Conflict Management mission of the military
4. Research Questions
• What are the environmental and NRM policies of Ethiopia during
deferent regimes with especial reference to the military as
institutional framework?
• How natural resources were historically linked with violent conflicts
and how violent conflicts affected natural resource base of
Ethiopia?
• What challenges and opportunities characterize the military in the
integration of biodiversity conservation and/or natural resource
management to its main mission?
• How the military perceives and understand integrating natural
resource management and biodiversity conservation to its mission?
• How relevant environmental policies of FDRE concerning natural
resource management and biodiversity conservation are integrated
and implemented in the military?
5. Objectives of the Study
1. To understand and analyze environmental policy of Ethiopia
during deferent regimes with especial reference to violent
conflicts and the military which is a federal executive organ.
2. To understand and analyze the current institutional
arrangements and activities of military training centers in
protection, conservation and management of natural
resources with special reference to TMTC.
3. To understand the perception of the military personnel on
environmental degradation and integrated natural
resource management in TMTC.
4. To assess the awareness of the military personnel on
environmental challenges.
5. To understand the role of different stakeholders particularly
regional state and federal state agencies in conserving and
protecting natural resources and biodiversity of military
lands.
6. Significant of the Study
INRM is New approach to the military;It :
• Contributes Empirical analysis on the perception and
institutional arrangements
• Contributes New knowledge for Ethiopia’s NRM and
biodiversity conservation
• Motivate scholars for further investigation in the theme
• Contributes functional information to NRM and biodiversity
conservation policies of the military
• Contributes for implementation of environmental policy of
FDRE
Scope of the Study
• Special focus on TMTC
• Historical perspectives on NRM, conflict and the military
during different regimes is analyzed
• Activities of the whole military through sampling is assessed
7. Limitations of the Study
• Financial , material and time constraint limited the
study to a single site
• Finding literature about the Ethiopian military on the
theme was difficult
• Imbalance in Composition of participants (more NCOs)
Research Methodology
- Ethnographic approach
- Both qualitative and quantitative data
- Primary and secondary data sources were reviewed
Research Design
- Descriptive case study was conducted in TMTC
8. Sampling Techniques and Procedure
• Stratified random sampling
• 10 Platoons from a total of 48 selected
randomly
• Questioner was distributed for all members of
randomly selected platoons.
9. Methods of Data Collection
• Survey of Respondents
• Participant Observation (25 days inside and
outside TMTC)
• Key Informants Interview
• Focus Group Discussion
• Case Histories
• Secondary Sources of Information
Description of the Study Area
• TMTC :
• located in Oromya Regional State, Jima
Zone, Chora Botera district, and Tolay sub district
10. CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Natural Resource, Conflict and the Military
• 40% of the wars were associated with natural
resources
- Contribute to outbreak of conflict
- Finance and sustain conflicts
- undermine peacemaking process
The mechanisms :
• Environmental degradation
• Abundance of natural resources
• Ecological transformation
11. The Impacts of Conflict on Natural Resources
• Direct impacts: polluting and hazardous substances in
to natural environment and destruct physical eco
system
• Indirect Impacts : are resulted from rehabilitation
activities arranged to local population who displaced of
war and conflict
• Institutional Impacts: Poor management, lack of
investment, break down of positive environmental
practices
How to minimize the impacts
• Integration of environmental considerations into all
aspects of military operational planning, training, and
execution
12. Requirements of INRM
• Collaboration with federal, state and local
community, sectors
• Environmental awareness and education for
military personnel
• Legislation
• Management plan
• Public involvement to provide impute about
issues
• Funding
• Serious commitment of the military
• Institutional arrangements
• Technical knowledge of resources
(www.dodbiodiversity.org, 2008)
13. CHAPTER III: GEOGRAPHY, NATURAL
RESOURCE, CONFLICTS AND MILITARY IN ETHIOPIA:
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
14. Summary
1. Natural resources contributed to outbreak of external and
internal conflicts
• conflict, Natural resources relationship manifested through
Cultural of Ethiopia:
-National Anthems
- Leaders Discourses
• Conflicts in turn impacted Natural resources base in a
number of ways
- Diverted resources to military expenditure
- Damaged natural environment as fighting continued
- Produced further environmental degradation
- Destruction of forests and pollution of air and water bodies
during Ethio-Italian war
15. 2. Government policies contributed for both conflict and
environmental degradation
Internal Colonization and Modern State Formation in Ethiopia
Manlike II military expansion to S&SE in1880s
• Scarcity and abundance as driving forces of the conquest
- Disrupted managerial and administrative structure
- lifted power of local ethnic communities over natural
resources
- brought emergence of two classes : tenant and land lord
(P.Wood, 1993)
- brought about Land ownership by ruling class, Orthodox
Church and military personnel
16. Imperial Period
Government policy of the empirical regime was responsible
for environmental degradation in the northern highlands of
Ethiopia led to social degradation and finally to conflict in the
form of revolution that toppled the emperor in 1974(Lanz 1996
pp 158)
17. Dergue Regime
The policy:
• Abolishment in private ownership of natural resources
• Nationalization of natural resources
• Abolishment in Private ownership natural resources
• Prohibition of tenancy and transfer of land
• Top-down decision making process natural resources
Outcomes of the policy
• peasants opting for not to invest in agricultural production
• Everything comes under the control of the State
• Nobilities and military land lords had lost their lands
• land lords revolted and raised arm against the regime
• protracted armed conflict intensified during the military regime
• completely militarization of the nation
• Enormous human and natural resource cost
18. FDRE
Current issues
• Forests, endangered species, sensitive
ecosystems, etc. are not strictly protected
• Deforestation, overgrazing, soil
erosion, desertification and poor management of
natural resources
Ethio –Eritrea Conflict As A Case Of Natural
Resource War
Low Intensive Conflicts over arable
land, pasture, water points and forest resources
in Oromya , Somali and Gambela and SNNR
Regional States
- Natural resource conflicts are often aligned with
ethnicity and migration
19. Environmental Activities of FDRE Military
• Civil Defense Activities (80.88%)
• Environmental Management ( 97.64 %)
• Pro Development Activities (89.49 %)
• Humanitarian Activities (36.76%)
• Participation in Conflict Resolution
The military uses natural resources for:
• Training and education Protection /deterrence
• Shelter Weaponry
• Subsistence Economic gain
• Social services
- Recreation
- Symbolism
24. Military-Local Community
Relationship
• Closely co working with local
administration, community and local NGOs
• Give-and-take relationships between the
community and the military
• The military received respect, confidence and
trust from local community
25. Environmental Challenges and NRM in TMTC
• Depletion of Natural Resources (deforestation)
• Encroachment
• Deterioration of existing Infrastructures
• Soil Erosion
• Lack of Full Integration of Environmental Concerns
• Poor Land Management System
• Impacts of increasing Human and livestock population
around the site
• Low Environmental Awareness among the
Community
• Ill coordination and Involvement of Stakeholders
• Pollution of the Environment
27. CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Natural resources contributed the outbreak of conflict
and war ; and they have been victims of war and conflicts
2. Degradation of natural resources and government policies
have been contributed for armed social conflicts;
3. Military is serving the environment and natural
resources for a lot of usable and non usable services for
its mission accomplishment; calls for more integration of
environmental policies;
4. Natural resources managed by military, (especially in
training centers) deserve INRM ,because located in most
biologically rich regions, they are poorly managed
5. Natural resources in military sites being Challenged by
ENVTL threats such as fragmentation and reduction of
training lands , deforestation, soil erosion, Pollution
, biodiversity lose, habitat destruction;
28. 6. Factors for environmental challenges of military sites are
encroachment, activities of military, rapid
urbanization, population increase, poor site management
,low involvement of stakeholders, low public awareness
and disintegration of NRM;
7. Military sites can be extension of sanctuaries of
biodiversity because many wild animals and indigenous
and planted tree species are relatively better conserved
and protected ,due to military sites are protected for
safety and security reasons;
8. The military can be reliable partner of biodiversity
conservation , because it is actively engaged in plantation
and conservation and received recognition , trust and
confidence of local communities;
9. Disintegration of NRM and/or ENVTL policy in the military
manifested through absence of Legal frame
work, responsible organ, operational guidance, managerial
plan, resources allocation ( budget and skilled man
power), Training curricula for NRM, involvement of key
stakeholders.
29. Recommendations
• Integrate NRM to military mission for better management of the
environment and natural resources in the context of frequent
conflicts;
• Integrate environmental policy, natural resource management and
international environmental laws to the curricula of military training
and media to promote the awareness of military ;
• Establish strong institutional set up, enact internal environmental
policy and operational guidance on NRM for the military, provide
legal frame work to guide and coordinate different stockholders on
INRM;
• Establish workable EMS to sustain bench marking multiple efforts of
the military ,
• Empower responsible military or civilian organ to improve the
status of poorly managed military lands and other natural
resources.
30. • Focus on military occupied lands to minimize impacts;
highlight on arid and semi-arid lands ,mountains, river basins
and eroded lands around and inside military establishments;
maintain balance between plantation ,caretaking and
protection of previously planted trees and natural vegetation;
• Consider merits of military establishments especially training
centers for national biodiversity conservation efforts
• Invest in environmental management to support recovery and
development to avoid local conflicts over natural resources
• Coordinate with relevant local, regional and federal state
organs to provide comprehensive, long lasting solutions for
disputes and confusion over ownership of military
establishments
• Conduct further research on the area