This document provides an outline for a research paper on international water management. It discusses two case studies - the Danube River Basin and the Mekong River Basin - and proposes a thesis that the ability of riparian states to effectively manage shared water resources depends on both the environmental, political and socioeconomic context, and the degree to which three pillars of integrated water resource management are implemented: equitable participation, ecosystem protection, and stakeholder inclusion in decision making. It presents four arguments comparing management approaches between the two basins and concludes the Danube region has made more progress towards sustainability.
Presentation by Dr. Adrian Cashman of the Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES) at the 5th High Level Session Ministerial Forum of the Global Water Partnership-Caribbean (GWP-C).
Transboundary water sharing often causes conflicts but has generally not led to war. Developing integrated river basin management requires institutional frameworks, equitable allocation agreements, and decision support systems using shared data. The Netherlands aims to establish a global center for water law and governance to help resolve international water issues.
This document discusses issues, challenges, and opportunities for cooperation in transboundary waters between China and Africa. It notes that as developing countries facing water challenges, China and African countries share common interests in sustainably managing their transboundary rivers. Key points discussed include:
- China and Africa face common challenges like balancing development and conservation, and adapting to climate change.
- Transboundary water management experiences could be shared, such as China's expertise in irrigation, hydropower, and integrated river basin management.
- Cooperative research on topics like the impacts of climate change and dams on river ecosystems could help address regional issues.
- Establishing mechanisms for equitable benefit-sharing, regional development, and transboundary environmental compensation could
The document discusses integrated water resources management (IWRM) in Nepal. It begins by defining IWRM and outlining its key principles. It then describes Nepal's water resources and the various ways water is used. The document also discusses the challenges facing water management in Nepal and outlines the tools and approaches used in IWRM, including water assessments, impact assessments, and performance evaluation. It analyzes Nepal's policies and institutions related to IWRM and concludes that while IWRM principles have been adopted, developing effective local institutions remains a challenge.
This document introduces integrated water resources management (IWRM). It discusses the global water crisis, including that over 2 billion people suffer water shortages and 1.1 billion lack access to safe drinking water. IWRM is presented as a framework that takes a holistic, cross-sectoral approach to managing water resources at the river basin level through participatory decision-making. The key elements of IWRM include considering the interdependency between different water uses, treating water as both an economic and social good, and establishing decentralized management structures that rely on economic instruments and stakeholder participation. Adopting a water management framework based on IWRM principles can help analyze policies, guide water allocation decisions, and facilitate consideration of relationships
The document discusses integrated water resources management (IWRM) in Myanmar. It provides background on IWRM concepts and principles, and how they are being applied in Myanmar through efforts such as establishing river basin organizations, reforming water sector policies and laws, and integrating water management across levels and sectors to achieve sustainability, equity, and efficiency. Lessons from applying IWRM in other countries emphasize that the approach must be adapted to each local context and priorities, and involve stakeholders at all levels through participatory processes.
Integrated water resource management (IWRM) takes a holistic view of water management by considering all aspects of the water cycle and different water uses together rather than separately. IWRM aims to coordinate development and management of water resources, land, and other related resources to maximize economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising sustainability. Key principles of IWRM include participatory approaches involving stakeholders at all levels, recognizing women's role in water management, and balancing water's economic value with its social importance. While IWRM provides an integrated framework, it must be adapted to each local context and finding the right balance between sectoral and integrated approaches.
This document discusses water scarcity as a strategic issue requiring coordinated action from the UN. It provides background on UN-Water, the mechanism for coordinating UN actions on freshwater issues. The document then discusses the growing problem of water scarcity globally due to increasing demand, pollution, and climate change effects. It notes that by 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in areas of absolute water scarcity. The document emphasizes the need for integrated management of water resources and increased productivity of water use across sectors to address scarcity challenges.
Presentation by Dr. Adrian Cashman of the Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES) at the 5th High Level Session Ministerial Forum of the Global Water Partnership-Caribbean (GWP-C).
Transboundary water sharing often causes conflicts but has generally not led to war. Developing integrated river basin management requires institutional frameworks, equitable allocation agreements, and decision support systems using shared data. The Netherlands aims to establish a global center for water law and governance to help resolve international water issues.
This document discusses issues, challenges, and opportunities for cooperation in transboundary waters between China and Africa. It notes that as developing countries facing water challenges, China and African countries share common interests in sustainably managing their transboundary rivers. Key points discussed include:
- China and Africa face common challenges like balancing development and conservation, and adapting to climate change.
- Transboundary water management experiences could be shared, such as China's expertise in irrigation, hydropower, and integrated river basin management.
- Cooperative research on topics like the impacts of climate change and dams on river ecosystems could help address regional issues.
- Establishing mechanisms for equitable benefit-sharing, regional development, and transboundary environmental compensation could
The document discusses integrated water resources management (IWRM) in Nepal. It begins by defining IWRM and outlining its key principles. It then describes Nepal's water resources and the various ways water is used. The document also discusses the challenges facing water management in Nepal and outlines the tools and approaches used in IWRM, including water assessments, impact assessments, and performance evaluation. It analyzes Nepal's policies and institutions related to IWRM and concludes that while IWRM principles have been adopted, developing effective local institutions remains a challenge.
This document introduces integrated water resources management (IWRM). It discusses the global water crisis, including that over 2 billion people suffer water shortages and 1.1 billion lack access to safe drinking water. IWRM is presented as a framework that takes a holistic, cross-sectoral approach to managing water resources at the river basin level through participatory decision-making. The key elements of IWRM include considering the interdependency between different water uses, treating water as both an economic and social good, and establishing decentralized management structures that rely on economic instruments and stakeholder participation. Adopting a water management framework based on IWRM principles can help analyze policies, guide water allocation decisions, and facilitate consideration of relationships
The document discusses integrated water resources management (IWRM) in Myanmar. It provides background on IWRM concepts and principles, and how they are being applied in Myanmar through efforts such as establishing river basin organizations, reforming water sector policies and laws, and integrating water management across levels and sectors to achieve sustainability, equity, and efficiency. Lessons from applying IWRM in other countries emphasize that the approach must be adapted to each local context and priorities, and involve stakeholders at all levels through participatory processes.
Integrated water resource management (IWRM) takes a holistic view of water management by considering all aspects of the water cycle and different water uses together rather than separately. IWRM aims to coordinate development and management of water resources, land, and other related resources to maximize economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising sustainability. Key principles of IWRM include participatory approaches involving stakeholders at all levels, recognizing women's role in water management, and balancing water's economic value with its social importance. While IWRM provides an integrated framework, it must be adapted to each local context and finding the right balance between sectoral and integrated approaches.
This document discusses water scarcity as a strategic issue requiring coordinated action from the UN. It provides background on UN-Water, the mechanism for coordinating UN actions on freshwater issues. The document then discusses the growing problem of water scarcity globally due to increasing demand, pollution, and climate change effects. It notes that by 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in areas of absolute water scarcity. The document emphasizes the need for integrated management of water resources and increased productivity of water use across sectors to address scarcity challenges.
Network for Sustainable Hydropower Development for Mekong Region with the support of MRC-GIZ Cooperation Programme from the Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management of Khon Kaen University gave a presentation on Trans-Boundary Issue.
Two global transboundary water conventions: a catalyst for cooperation on sha...Iwl Pcu
Two global conventions, the UN Watercourses Convention and UNECE Water Convention, provide frameworks for transboundary water cooperation. While they have similarities in substantive norms like equitable utilization and no-harm, they also complement each other. The UNECE Convention has more detailed provisions and an implementation framework, while the UN Watercourses Convention has a broader scope. Together they provide stronger guidance and reinforce each other's principles. The conventions support cooperation through capacity building, data sharing, joint projects and raising awareness of international water law.
This document provides an overview of critical challenges facing sustainable water resource management including increasing costs of developing new water supplies, wasteful use of existing water, degradation of irrigated cropland, and groundwater depletion. It outlines a research agenda to understand how policies and institutions can help address these challenges through more effective water management, increased food production, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability. The goals are to understand the impacts of alternative policies on water, poverty, ecosystems, and food security and utilize this to help develop sustainable water management strategies.
The document introduces integrated water resources management (IWRM) as a framework for sustainable water management. It discusses that water is essential but there is a global water crisis due to increasing demand, pollution, and uncoordinated development. IWRM is presented as a solution that takes a holistic, cross-sectoral approach considering social, economic, and environmental interdependencies between different water uses. The key aspects of IWRM include decentralized management structures, greater economic incentives, and broader stakeholder participation.
The document discusses transboundary rivers between China and neighboring countries. It notes that China shares transboundary rivers with 13 countries and the water flowing from China represents over 30 times the amount flowing into China. It then outlines China's contributions to neighboring countries through development of hydropower resources on transboundary rivers while ensuring environmental protection. Effective cooperation mechanisms have been established with various countries. Prospects include continued cooperation and sharing of China's experiences to enhance regional water, energy and food security.
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a process that promotes coordinated management of water, land, and related resources to maximize economic and social welfare in an equitable and sustainable manner. IWRM principles adopted in Dublin in 1992 include: fresh water is finite; participation of users, planners, and policymakers; central role of women; and water has economic value. IWRM has three pillars: enabling policies and strategies; institutional framework; and management instruments for institutions.
This document discusses groundwater economics and management. It covers:
- Key sectors that use groundwater like agriculture, industry, and households.
- Drivers of the economic value of groundwater like scarcity, quality of alternative water sources, and reliability.
- Issues caused by overexploitation of groundwater like depletion, contamination, and ecosystem impacts.
- The need for integrated water management that considers social, economic, technical and environmental factors.
- Approaches for groundwater management including "top-down" governance, local participation, and demand management.
This document discusses groundwater economics and governance. It provides details on workshops held in Morocco and Lebanon to discuss challenges with groundwater management. Key topics covered include the economic value of groundwater, drivers of groundwater valuation, sectors that rely on groundwater, issues of overexploitation and depletion, and the need for integrated management approaches and good governance. Generic lessons are highlighted, such as the importance of both top-down and bottom-up management strategies and establishing rights for groundwater abstraction.
The document discusses integrated water resource management and its various components and challenges. It addresses managing water resources for multiple purposes across different agencies, regions, and disciplines. Integrated management considers natural water systems and promotes conservation, public health, and stakeholder involvement through a dynamic process. It emphasizes efficient agricultural water use and managing irrigation water for drinking. Conservation planning and least-cost planning are methods to balance supply and demand management.
The document discusses water scarcity issues facing the Middle East and North Africa region, noting that the region has only 4.5% of the world's population but produces half of the world's oil, yet receives only 2% of the world's rainfall. Rapid population growth is exacerbating water shortages in the region, as water withdrawals have tripled in the last 50 years and per capita water availability is projected to fall by half by 2050 under the pressures of climate change. This growing water crisis poses major challenges for national and regional food security, economic development, and political stability.
This document discusses the sustainable management of water resources. It notes that river basins integrate economic, social, and environmental systems across political boundaries, so water management decisions should reflect this integrative nature. When systems are not managed sustainably, such as in the Aral Sea region where unsustainable irrigation practices depleted the sea, severe environmental, health, and economic problems can result. Achieving sustainable water resources management requires taking a basin-scale, multidisciplinary approach that considers impacts across different levels and balances current and future needs.
This document discusses integrated watershed management. It begins by noting that water is a limited resource and that poor management could threaten access to water for many people. It then discusses various aspects of watershed management, including participatory approaches, strategies for sustainable groundwater use, the importance of tanks for irrigation, and recommended watershed activities. The key aspects covered are the importance of involving local communities, balancing water needs, and managing watersheds holistically.
Master Thesis_Improved Water Management in Rural Jordanian Communities Hostin...Hélène Robert
The document examines factors influencing participation in water management in rural Jordanian communities hosting Syrian refugees. Key findings include:
1. Trust is a major factor, with lack of trust in aid agencies, government, and data due to limited communication, favoritism, and doubts over reliability. Past examples of building trust involved working with community leaders.
2. There is a perceived lack of capacity at the grassroots level for professional and accountable management. However, mandates to work with local organizations may help transfer knowledge.
3. There is a preference for external consultants over local knowledge, despite frustration over costs. For large projects, participation may be limited, but informing and consulting communities on demand management seems viable.
Water Resources Management is a multidisciplinary field that covers the assessment, development, conservation, and control of water resources through policies and strategies. It also involves planning, designing, operating, maintaining and administering water resource systems, as well as studying water demand, hydrology, management techniques, simulation, forecasting, economics, social impacts, legislation, and protection of water resources.
CGIAR Research Program on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) attempts to help meet development potential in East Africa through research for development strategies in the Nile basin.
The 1st Regional Design Workshop for the Nile Basin will be held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from October 17-19, 2013.
An Overview of Eritrea’s Water ResourcesIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: Water is central to national development that includes many challenges in the vital sectors such as food, energy, health and economic development. Cognizant of this fact, the government and people of Eritrea have been diligently working towards developing the water resources sector. Policies pertaining to water resources, food security, environment, and water and drought calamities mitigation were formulated and being put into effect. Remarkable achievements made on water conservation and safe and adequate water supply coverage by Eritrea can be considered as an important milestone. However, frequent assessment of water resources potentials at different levels of the country is an aspect that is fundamental to effective water resources development and management. Past literature on this subject showed that large scale studies have not been carried out and small scale studies were limited in scope towards the national perspective. Therefore, the above lacuna calls for investigating if the present water management practices are adequate to meet the challenges and the institutional framework is comprehensive to support the system. This paper attempts to review the country’s water resources status and education system. The review is primarily directed towards a feasibility study entitled “Establishment of National Water Technology Institute (NWTI)” conducted in 2013. The report included a summary of relevant documents from different sectors. Major contributions of this include reports of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment (MoLWE), the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), consultation of experts and visits to selected sites by the study team. Findings from this review emphasised on the need for some fundamental and pre-emptive changes to be introduced in the management of the national water systems as well as establishment of a well organized National Water Technology Institute to carry out training, research, outreach and consultancy works.
Indigenous Customs Relating to Water Rights and Use Under Conditions of the S...AkashSharma618775
The aims of this study include gathering and documenting the indigenous traditional norms and
knowledge of Al-Ghyoul water resources shares and distributions in selected Yemeni Region. It also studies,
analyzes, identifies common and variable practices and problems under the conditions of different
communities/regions. It also attempts to formulate appropriate actions to remedy threatening obstacles. The field
data collection for the study covered selected governorates where such traditional irrigation systems prevail like
Taiz, Bib, Hadhramaut, Shabwah. It used a descriptive approach through literature review, like documents and
reports, field observations, survey questionnaire, individual interviews with key informant (KII), and discussion
meetings with specialists, local officials, local leaders, and farmers. The study identifies some prevailing norms and
mores that characterize traditional Al-Ghyoul irrigations systems including the rules of water shares distribution,
rehabilitation and maintenance as well as conflict resolution. However, it observed some slight variation from one
location to another. Some of the inherited local customs have been changing due to the introduction of modern
technologies and socio-political changes, draught and climatic change. This in turn has negatively affected the
common indigenous irrigation practices. The study concluded with some recommendations for future
consideration.
In this presentation i tried to explain about power of blogging for small business, what blogging is.. how it could be beneficial for business, some real life example of businesses which are having their own blog and some little technical part which describe about hosting blog on wordpress.com and how you can post blog.
Network for Sustainable Hydropower Development for Mekong Region with the support of MRC-GIZ Cooperation Programme from the Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management of Khon Kaen University gave a presentation on Trans-Boundary Issue.
Two global transboundary water conventions: a catalyst for cooperation on sha...Iwl Pcu
Two global conventions, the UN Watercourses Convention and UNECE Water Convention, provide frameworks for transboundary water cooperation. While they have similarities in substantive norms like equitable utilization and no-harm, they also complement each other. The UNECE Convention has more detailed provisions and an implementation framework, while the UN Watercourses Convention has a broader scope. Together they provide stronger guidance and reinforce each other's principles. The conventions support cooperation through capacity building, data sharing, joint projects and raising awareness of international water law.
This document provides an overview of critical challenges facing sustainable water resource management including increasing costs of developing new water supplies, wasteful use of existing water, degradation of irrigated cropland, and groundwater depletion. It outlines a research agenda to understand how policies and institutions can help address these challenges through more effective water management, increased food production, poverty alleviation, and environmental sustainability. The goals are to understand the impacts of alternative policies on water, poverty, ecosystems, and food security and utilize this to help develop sustainable water management strategies.
The document introduces integrated water resources management (IWRM) as a framework for sustainable water management. It discusses that water is essential but there is a global water crisis due to increasing demand, pollution, and uncoordinated development. IWRM is presented as a solution that takes a holistic, cross-sectoral approach considering social, economic, and environmental interdependencies between different water uses. The key aspects of IWRM include decentralized management structures, greater economic incentives, and broader stakeholder participation.
The document discusses transboundary rivers between China and neighboring countries. It notes that China shares transboundary rivers with 13 countries and the water flowing from China represents over 30 times the amount flowing into China. It then outlines China's contributions to neighboring countries through development of hydropower resources on transboundary rivers while ensuring environmental protection. Effective cooperation mechanisms have been established with various countries. Prospects include continued cooperation and sharing of China's experiences to enhance regional water, energy and food security.
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a process that promotes coordinated management of water, land, and related resources to maximize economic and social welfare in an equitable and sustainable manner. IWRM principles adopted in Dublin in 1992 include: fresh water is finite; participation of users, planners, and policymakers; central role of women; and water has economic value. IWRM has three pillars: enabling policies and strategies; institutional framework; and management instruments for institutions.
This document discusses groundwater economics and management. It covers:
- Key sectors that use groundwater like agriculture, industry, and households.
- Drivers of the economic value of groundwater like scarcity, quality of alternative water sources, and reliability.
- Issues caused by overexploitation of groundwater like depletion, contamination, and ecosystem impacts.
- The need for integrated water management that considers social, economic, technical and environmental factors.
- Approaches for groundwater management including "top-down" governance, local participation, and demand management.
This document discusses groundwater economics and governance. It provides details on workshops held in Morocco and Lebanon to discuss challenges with groundwater management. Key topics covered include the economic value of groundwater, drivers of groundwater valuation, sectors that rely on groundwater, issues of overexploitation and depletion, and the need for integrated management approaches and good governance. Generic lessons are highlighted, such as the importance of both top-down and bottom-up management strategies and establishing rights for groundwater abstraction.
The document discusses integrated water resource management and its various components and challenges. It addresses managing water resources for multiple purposes across different agencies, regions, and disciplines. Integrated management considers natural water systems and promotes conservation, public health, and stakeholder involvement through a dynamic process. It emphasizes efficient agricultural water use and managing irrigation water for drinking. Conservation planning and least-cost planning are methods to balance supply and demand management.
The document discusses water scarcity issues facing the Middle East and North Africa region, noting that the region has only 4.5% of the world's population but produces half of the world's oil, yet receives only 2% of the world's rainfall. Rapid population growth is exacerbating water shortages in the region, as water withdrawals have tripled in the last 50 years and per capita water availability is projected to fall by half by 2050 under the pressures of climate change. This growing water crisis poses major challenges for national and regional food security, economic development, and political stability.
This document discusses the sustainable management of water resources. It notes that river basins integrate economic, social, and environmental systems across political boundaries, so water management decisions should reflect this integrative nature. When systems are not managed sustainably, such as in the Aral Sea region where unsustainable irrigation practices depleted the sea, severe environmental, health, and economic problems can result. Achieving sustainable water resources management requires taking a basin-scale, multidisciplinary approach that considers impacts across different levels and balances current and future needs.
This document discusses integrated watershed management. It begins by noting that water is a limited resource and that poor management could threaten access to water for many people. It then discusses various aspects of watershed management, including participatory approaches, strategies for sustainable groundwater use, the importance of tanks for irrigation, and recommended watershed activities. The key aspects covered are the importance of involving local communities, balancing water needs, and managing watersheds holistically.
Master Thesis_Improved Water Management in Rural Jordanian Communities Hostin...Hélène Robert
The document examines factors influencing participation in water management in rural Jordanian communities hosting Syrian refugees. Key findings include:
1. Trust is a major factor, with lack of trust in aid agencies, government, and data due to limited communication, favoritism, and doubts over reliability. Past examples of building trust involved working with community leaders.
2. There is a perceived lack of capacity at the grassroots level for professional and accountable management. However, mandates to work with local organizations may help transfer knowledge.
3. There is a preference for external consultants over local knowledge, despite frustration over costs. For large projects, participation may be limited, but informing and consulting communities on demand management seems viable.
Water Resources Management is a multidisciplinary field that covers the assessment, development, conservation, and control of water resources through policies and strategies. It also involves planning, designing, operating, maintaining and administering water resource systems, as well as studying water demand, hydrology, management techniques, simulation, forecasting, economics, social impacts, legislation, and protection of water resources.
CGIAR Research Program on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) attempts to help meet development potential in East Africa through research for development strategies in the Nile basin.
The 1st Regional Design Workshop for the Nile Basin will be held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from October 17-19, 2013.
An Overview of Eritrea’s Water ResourcesIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: Water is central to national development that includes many challenges in the vital sectors such as food, energy, health and economic development. Cognizant of this fact, the government and people of Eritrea have been diligently working towards developing the water resources sector. Policies pertaining to water resources, food security, environment, and water and drought calamities mitigation were formulated and being put into effect. Remarkable achievements made on water conservation and safe and adequate water supply coverage by Eritrea can be considered as an important milestone. However, frequent assessment of water resources potentials at different levels of the country is an aspect that is fundamental to effective water resources development and management. Past literature on this subject showed that large scale studies have not been carried out and small scale studies were limited in scope towards the national perspective. Therefore, the above lacuna calls for investigating if the present water management practices are adequate to meet the challenges and the institutional framework is comprehensive to support the system. This paper attempts to review the country’s water resources status and education system. The review is primarily directed towards a feasibility study entitled “Establishment of National Water Technology Institute (NWTI)” conducted in 2013. The report included a summary of relevant documents from different sectors. Major contributions of this include reports of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment (MoLWE), the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), consultation of experts and visits to selected sites by the study team. Findings from this review emphasised on the need for some fundamental and pre-emptive changes to be introduced in the management of the national water systems as well as establishment of a well organized National Water Technology Institute to carry out training, research, outreach and consultancy works.
Indigenous Customs Relating to Water Rights and Use Under Conditions of the S...AkashSharma618775
The aims of this study include gathering and documenting the indigenous traditional norms and
knowledge of Al-Ghyoul water resources shares and distributions in selected Yemeni Region. It also studies,
analyzes, identifies common and variable practices and problems under the conditions of different
communities/regions. It also attempts to formulate appropriate actions to remedy threatening obstacles. The field
data collection for the study covered selected governorates where such traditional irrigation systems prevail like
Taiz, Bib, Hadhramaut, Shabwah. It used a descriptive approach through literature review, like documents and
reports, field observations, survey questionnaire, individual interviews with key informant (KII), and discussion
meetings with specialists, local officials, local leaders, and farmers. The study identifies some prevailing norms and
mores that characterize traditional Al-Ghyoul irrigations systems including the rules of water shares distribution,
rehabilitation and maintenance as well as conflict resolution. However, it observed some slight variation from one
location to another. Some of the inherited local customs have been changing due to the introduction of modern
technologies and socio-political changes, draught and climatic change. This in turn has negatively affected the
common indigenous irrigation practices. The study concluded with some recommendations for future
consideration.
In this presentation i tried to explain about power of blogging for small business, what blogging is.. how it could be beneficial for business, some real life example of businesses which are having their own blog and some little technical part which describe about hosting blog on wordpress.com and how you can post blog.
El documento describe el VIH y el SIDA. Explica que el VIH-1 es la cepa más común y virulenta, mientras que el VIH-2 es menos contagioso y se encuentra principalmente en África occidental. También describe cómo el SIDA debilita el cuerpo al disminuir la energía y causar cambios físicos como la palidez, y cómo afecta la autoestima de una persona. No existe una cura, pero los tratamientos pueden controlar la enfermedad y mejorar la calidad de vida.
El documento describe un proyecto de arte barroco realizado por un grupo de estudiantes en París. Utilizaron materiales como cartón paja, palos de pincho, icopor y silicona para crear su obra, siguiendo un proceso no detallado. El arte barroco surgió en Francia inspirado en el Renacimiento italiano y se centró en el arte.
Este documento discute el marketing en redes sociales como Facebook y Twitter. Explica que Facebook es una de las redes sociales más utilizadas y ofrece consejos sobre cómo crear una página para una empresa en Facebook. También explica cómo funciona Twitter, sugiriendo que los tweets promocionen la empresa, respondan a otros y compartan contenido del blog. Además, da consejos sobre cómo conseguir seguidores en Twitter como ofrecer promociones y usarlo para atención al cliente.
This report provides an overview of the global pipeline for treatments of penile cancer. It details products in development from discovery through registration stages, including late and early clinical stage products. The report analyzes the pipeline based on factors like therapeutic class, administration route, and molecule type. It also profiles several late-stage pipeline products and provides company and drug descriptions. The report aims to help companies plan business strategies around the penile cancer therapeutic landscape.
Respetar a los demás en comentarios y mensajes en internet, compartir temas de interés común como noticias o curiosidades, y que los comentarios revelan aspectos de la personalidad y comportamiento en la sociedad.
O documento descreve um problema estatístico sobre o tempo de viagem de um candidato para uma prova. O tempo de viagem segue uma distribuição normal com média de 1 hora e 15 minutos e desvio-padrão de 5 minutos. Para chegar às 8 horas com 95% de certeza, o candidato deve sair de casa com 85 minutos de antecedência, ou 6 horas e 35 minutos.
This document is an exam paper for a GCSE history exam on international relations from 1919-2005 and a depth study on the USA from 1919-1941. The paper contains multiple choice and short answer questions requiring knowledge of events, treaties, organizations and leaders during these time periods. It provides instructions to candidates on how to fill out the answer booklet and allocates approximately 2 hours to complete the exam.
Becoming the Kind of Leader You Admire - The Endless Journey
The process of becoming a great leader is perpetual. It is an endless journey of self-discovery. There will be successes along the way, but no failure, only feedback from which you can choose to learn and grow. Sometimes the challenges you face will seem too enormous for you, but you will benefit more from the difficult parts of your travels than the easy roads. There will never be a convenient time for you to invest in developing yourself as a leader. You may be fortunate enough to have help – a mentor, coach or guide who provides valuable advice or support in your quest to become a great leader – but no one can give you what you deny yourself. And do not wait until you are given a position of leadership. Commit today to becoming the kind of leader you admire regardless of your role or title in your organization. This module will challenge you to set goals for your leadership development that extend far into the future, clearly imagining yourself as the leader you admire and then taking steps to become more like that leader every day. As you look back on your journey from the far future you will be amazed at your progress!
Kynan Witters Hicks, Global Perspectives Capstone, April 2014 -- Final DraftKynan Witters-Hicks
This document provides a capstone research paper on transboundary water sharing between riparian states. It begins with an introduction to the importance of rivers and the history of water management. It then presents a theoretical framework and case studies of the Danube River Basin and Mekong River Basin. For the Danube, the context includes strong European political integration and legal structures for management. However, challenges remain at local levels due to shifting responsibilities and funding issues. Overall, the degree of sustainability achieved depends on both contextual factors and implementation of integrated water resource management principles.
This document summarizes the key issues around allocating environmental water requirements for Lake Urmia in Iran using an ecohydrological approach. It discusses how declining water levels in the lake due to human and climatic factors have led to a national outcry. A multi-stakeholder process was established to allocate water among the three provinces sharing the lake basin. After 21 months of discussions, a water allocation decision was reached for the first time based on stakeholder involvement and transparency. However, technical uncertainties remained an issue during the process. Further analysis of ethical and cultural perspectives was recommended to better inform water allocation decisions.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module1_#1, Principles of IWRM and IRBM: Challenges for the Himal...ICIMOD
The document discusses integrated water resources management (IWRM) and integrated river basin management (IRBM) approaches. It emphasizes that water resources should be managed holistically by considering the interactions between water, land, ecosystems, and human activities across an entire river basin. The document also outlines several key principles of IWRM and IRBM, such as stakeholder participation, treating water as an economic good, and ensuring intergenerational equity when allocating water resources.
The document outlines the course content for CVS 445: Water Resources Engineering I, including an introduction to integrated water resources management and development, water interaction and balance, catchment-based planning and management, and the legal and institutional framework for IWRM in Kenya. It also provides definitions and discussions of key concepts such as water use, water users, priorities for water use, barriers to implementing IWRM, the Dublin principles of water management, and the implications of IWRM for various sectors.
The document discusses mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into sustainable national water resources development programs in Nigeria. It outlines challenges to water resources management in Nigeria including devastating erosion, perennial flooding, recurring droughts and increasing desertification. The national approach to reducing water resources management related disasters includes the National Water Policy and National Erosion and Flood Control Policy. Integrating disaster risk reduction concerns into integrated water resources management requires strengthening institutions and legal frameworks. The document recommends promoting integrated water resources management planning and developing national disaster prevention and response systems to institutionalize disaster risk reduction in water resources development.
The document summarizes the Water and Nature Initiative, which aims to improve watershed health and livelihoods by applying an ecosystem approach to river basin management. It discusses the initiative's goals, partners, projects in various basins, and tools to assess environmental flows and the economic value of ecosystems. The initiative applies these tools in partner regions and builds lessons on setting environmental flows, valuing ecosystem services, and using valuation to inform payments for ecosystem services and management decisions. Challenges include valuing non-use values and complex biophysical relationships between ecosystems and human activities.
Water risks are increasingly driving conflict and instability around the world. Solutions to water conflicts exist, but we need the political will to make them happen.
CBD Good Practice Guide Water-powerpoint-enjaninnab
This presentation provides an overview of drinking water, biodiversity and development. It discusses how access to drinking water is a global issue, especially for the poor, and how biodiversity underpins the water cycle to supply drinking water. The document outlines topics that will be covered, including ways of thinking about these issues, legal and management approaches, and resources. It is intended to help non-commercial use and modification of the materials presented.
This presentation provides an overview of drinking water, biodiversity, and development. It discusses how access to drinking water is a global issue, especially for the poor, and how biodiversity underpins the water cycle which sustains life. The document outlines several good practice approaches that can be used to manage drinking water and biodiversity in an integrated way, such as legal and regulatory tools, ecosystem approaches, and integrated water resource management. Case studies are also presented.
Introducing session 'Industry and other stakeholders partnerships' at 2014 UN-Water Annual International Zaragoza Conference. Preparing for World Water Day 2014: Partnerships for improving water and energy access, efficiency and sustainability. 13-16 January 2014
Lecture 2a Concepts of IWRM 2016 -2017.pptxAli Al-naqa
The document provides an overview of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), including:
- Defining IWRM as "a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems."
- Discussing the key principles of IWRM from the Dublin Statement and Rio Declaration, including treating water as an economic good, participatory approaches, and recognizing the finite nature of freshwater resources.
- Emphasizing the need for an integrated approach to water management given challenges of population growth, increasing demand, water pollution, and climate change impacts.
DSD-INT 2019 DANUBIUS-RI the Scientific Agenda-BradleyDeltares
Presentation by Chris Bradley (University of Birmingham, United Kingdom), at the DANUBIUS Modelling Workshop, during Delft Software Days - Edition 2019. Friday, 8 November 2019, Delft.
The Clean Water America Alliance has released Water Sustainability Principles for a National Policy Framework available at www.CWAA.US. The principles were developed through several 2010 national dialogues and refined further by a recent meeting of 50 water leaders representing water associations from drinking water, wastewater, stormwater, energy, research, and other interests. “Shrinking budgets and increasing demands are putting pressures on the water sector overall to embrace innovation, integration and collaboration like never before. Engaging Water Association leaders to discuss and revise the draft framework was a step toward unifying the voice for water,” explains Alliance President Ben Grumbles. “We will continue to take comments on the water sustainability principles and broaden the scope of its collaboration to all interested sectors and citizens from coast to coast.” The Clean Water America Alliance’s goal is to collaborate on a flexible framework that highlights the value of water and the need for specific and sustainable actions.
A hand note on water resource management, specially in the context of Bangladesh. I prepared the note for the MS final exam on the course water resource management.
TWAP- Contributing to Indicator-Based Management of Transboundary Aquatic Sys...Iwl Pcu
This document discusses the Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (TWAP) which aims to conduct indicator-based assessments of transboundary aquatic systems to assist the GEF and other donors in prioritizing funding. It outlines TWAP's assessments of transboundary aquifers, lakes, rivers, large marine ecosystems, and open oceans. Core biophysical, socioeconomic, governance and data management indicators are identified for each system. Statistical analysis techniques are demonstrated to discriminate groups of transboundary bodies and identify priorities based on global comparisons.
WLE – Presentation for Discussion with Donors and Partners – June 2013CGIAR
This document summarizes the work of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) led by IWMI. It discusses the challenges facing global food production related to food security, resource exploitation, and climate change. The WLE program seeks a paradigm shift to sustainable intensification that prioritizes people and nature. It outlines targeted interventions in irrigated and rainfed farming systems, resource recovery and reuse, and river basins. Key goals are improving productivity, incomes, and resilience through equitable access to natural resources and ecosystem services. Game changing research questions and solutions are presented for various focal regions.
Please Read and then contact me mapesanestory@yahoo.com/ kabaganga@gmail.com/ mapesanestory@outlook.com or +255752997756/+255684248202 For more readings
This document discusses wetland resources, management, and case studies on ecosystem services, wise use, and conservation. It summarizes the key ecosystem services provided by urban wetlands like stormwater storage, flood retention, water quality improvement, and habitat. The document also outlines a framework for the wise use of wetlands, including integrating wetlands into catchment management and developing management plans through multi-stakeholder platforms. Case studies from India, including the East Kolkata Wetlands, are presented to illustrate approaches to wetland conservation and generating livelihoods through ecosystem services.
This document discusses evolving the integrated water resources management (IWRM) paradigm by reassessing underlying policy assumptions. It presents a regional outlook on water challenges in the Western Asia-North Africa region and efforts to implement IWRM. It recommends redefining the scope and scale of IWRM, incorporating concepts like virtual water, and linking IWRM with other policies through an integrated socio-technical and institutional framework to address water scarcity in the region.
Integrated water resources management (IWRM) takes a holistic approach to managing water resources and considers all aspects of the water cycle and all water uses. It aims to balance social welfare, economic efficiency, and environmental sustainability. IWRM involves coordinated management of water, land, and related resources across sectors and scales. Key principles include participatory decision making, recognizing women's roles, and valuing water economically and socially. While IWRM provides a flexible framework, implementing it requires balancing integration across levels and sectors without getting mired in complexity.
1. International Water Management,
The Preservation of Ecosystems, and
Human Well-Being
Global Perspectives Capstone
Kynan Witters Hicks
Courtesy of James F. Scott
2. Outline
• Motivation
• Water: International Issue
• Research Question
• Thesis
• Methods
• Ways of Knowing
• Case Studies
• Arguments and Evidence
• Proof of Thesis
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
4. It matters to us
Ecosystems Services
Direct:
- Drinking water
- Irrigation for agriculture
- Hydroelectric power generation
- Recreation
- Spiritual value
Indirect:
- Nutrient transportation and cycling
- Habitat for flora and fauna (fish)
- Climate control
Motivation
5. Alarming Facts
1. Degraded Ecosystems Services
Approximately 60% of ecosystem services
examined are degraded or used unsustainably
- United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
2. Valued Ecosystem Services
Value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes
average $33 trillion per year
- Nature
Motivation
6. Conflict
Insecurity and Instability
"water challenges - shortages, poor water quality,
floods, - will likely increase the risk of instability and
state failure, [and] exacerbate regional tensions....“
- U.S. Intelligence Council, 2012
Motivation
7. Three-part challenge
1. Conserve freshwater resources and
ecosystems
2. Provide for human well-being
3. Mitigate conflicts over water
Motivation
8. Crossing Political Boundaries
“The regions that have been shaped by this geography -- beyond nations -- will
have to respond to this threat collectively or regionally.”
- Sebastian Conrad and Presenjit Duara
Water: International Issue
9. Holistic International Management
1. 1966 Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of
International Rivers
- International Law Association in Helsinki, Finland
2. 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Non-Navigational Uses of the International
Watercourses.
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)
Water: International Issue
10. Research Question
How can riparian nation-states sharing an
international watercourse manage for
sustainability across diverse geographical regions
and political and socio-economic contexts in order
to effectively provide for the welfare of people and
the protection of ecosystems?
Research Question
11. Thesis
The extent to which riparian nation-states sharing an
international watercourse are able to effectively provide for
the welfare of people and the protection of ecosystems
depends upon:
(1) the environmental, political, and socio-economic
contexts in which they are placed
(2) the degree to which they implement three pillars of
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) for
successful transboundary water sharing: participate
actively and equitable, protect and preserve freshwater
ecosystems, and include stakeholders in decision-making
Thesis
13. Context Variables
• Political
- Political integration and democratic decision-making in regional
institutions, policy, and legislation
- Individualism vs. cooperation among nation-states in decision-making
- Water management structure
- Water management in practice
• Socio-economic
- Social and economic trends
- Public norms and values
- Stakeholder representation in policy
- Stakeholder representation in practice
• Natural (Environmental)
- Pollution from industrial, agricultural, and urban waste
- Disruption of rivers’ natural hydrological flows
- Destruction of wetlands, natural habitats, and/or fish populations
Methods
14. Ways of Knowing
Braided Approach:
• Interpretivism
• Annales
• Critical Inquiry
Ways of Knowing
17. Danube River Basin
• Pollution during the Cold War
• Formation of the European Union, 1951
• Water Framework Directive (WFD), 2000
• International Commission for the Protection of the Danube
River (ICDPR)
• Increase in democratic decision-making, government
transparency, encouragement of public participation in
planning
Case Studies
19. Mekong River Basin
• 2nd wave of regionalism
• Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) & Mekong River
Commission (MRC)
• Regional pressure to develop rapidly
• 85% of population live in rural areas, many having
water related occupations
• Rapid occupational change in rural areas
Case Studies
20. Argument # 1
Danube Region
• Extensive
Hydromorphological
alterations (dams,
channels, etc.)
• Extensive pollution
Mekong Region
• Growing number of
Hydromorphological
alterations (dams,
channels, etc.)
• Mild pollution
Both regions face human-caused environmental challenges that
are currently degrading and destroying freshwater ecosystems
and, consequently, threatening human well-being
Arguments and Evidence
21. Arguments and Evidence
Figure illustrates places along the length of the Danube River in which the DRB is at
risk, possibly at risk, or not at risk from hydrological alterations, hazardous
substances, nutrient pollution, and organic pollution. The country abbreviations are
as follows: DE - Germany, AT - Austria, SK - Slovak Republic, HU - Hungary, HR -
Croatia, RS - the Republic of Serbia, RO - Romania, - BG - Bulgaria
Source: International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR), " Danube River Basin Strategy for Public Participation in River Basin
Management Planning 2003-2009," 6.
22. Arguments and Evidence
Figure shows the cumulative active storage of dams and reservoirs that have been
constructed in 6 countries It is predicted that the total storage capacity of
reservoirs will significantly increase from about 52km3 to over 100km3 in 2022.
Source: Alebel Abebe Belay, Shah Md. Atiqul Haq, and Vuong Quoc Chien, "The Challenges of Integrated Management of Mekong River Basin in
Terms of People's Livelihood," Journal of Water Resources & Protection 2, no. 1 (January 2010): 61.
23. Argument # 2
Danube Region
• WFD provides legal and policy
structure
• ICDPR provides institutional
structure
• Literature finds basin nations
applying/working to apply
water resource management
based on internationally
recognized principles
Mekong Region
• Absence of legal and policy
structure
• GMS and MRC provide
institutional structure
• Literature finds water
management for ecosystem
protection and social well-
being largely non-existent
The establishment of legal, policy and institutional structures at
the international level are critically important for sustainable
management
Arguments and Evidence
24. Argument # 3
Danube Region
• Decentralization of
management
• Political will to participate in
IWRM
• Challenges exist: lack of
finance, rapidly shifting
responsibilities, etc.
Mekong Region
• Centralized management
• Strong political interest in
large-scale infrastructural
development
• Small scale examples of IWRM
projects
Decentralization of water management and political will to
participate in IWRM influences the ability of national and local
agents to practice sustainable management
Arguments and Evidence
25. Argument # 4
Danube Region
• High and very high Human
Development Index (HDI)
• Increases in democratic decision-
making, government
accountability, and transparency
• Greater encouragement of public
participation in planning
• Increase sensitivity and activism
toward environmental problems
Mekong Region
• Low and very low HDI levels
• Lack of democratic decision-
making, transparency and
government accountability
• Widespread poverty
• Majority of people largely
disempowered to participate in
planning/ decision-making
High levels of individual freedom and democracy and low levels
of poverty facilitate stakeholder inclusion in planning/decision-
making and sustainable water management
Arguments and Evidence
26. Proof of Thesis
• Strong legal, policy, and institutional
structures
• Decentralization of management
• Increases in democracy, transparency
The extent to which riparian nation-states sharing an international
watercourse are able to effectively provide for the welfare of people and the
protection of ecosystems depends upon (1) the environmental, political, and
socio-economic contexts in which they are placed and (2) the degree to which
they implement three pillars of Integrated Water Resource Management
(IWRM) for successful transboundary water sharing: participate actively and
equitable, protect and preserve ecosystems, and include stakeholders in
decision-making.
• Relatively active participation in IWRM
• Greater inclusion of stakeholders in
planning/ decision-making
• Environmental protection projects
Proof of Thesis
Danube Region
Progress toward sustainable management
27. Proof of Thesis
• Absence of legal and policy structures
• Weak institutional structures
• Centralization of management
• Widespread poverty, low levels of
democracy and transparency
The extent to which riparian nation-states sharing an international
watercourse are able to effectively provide for the welfare of people and the
protection of ecosystems depends upon (1) the environmental, political, and
socio-economic contexts in which they are placed and (2) the degree to which
they implement three pillars of Integrated Water Resource Management
(IWRM) for successful transboundary water sharing: participate actively and
equitable, protect and preserve ecosystems, and include stakeholders in
decision-making.
• Relatively inactive participation in
IWRM
• Exclusion of stakeholders in planning/
decision-making
• Lack of environmental protection
Mekong Region
Unsustainable management
Proof of Thesis
29. Bibliography
Beach, Heather L., J. Joseph Hewitt, and Edy Kaufman. Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Resolution Theory, Practice, and Annotated References. Tokyo;
New York: United Nations University Press, 2000. PDF e-book.
Belay, Alebel Abebe, Shah Md. Atiqul Haq, and Vuong Quoc Chien. "The Challenges of Integrated Management of Mekong River Basin in Terms of
People's Livelihood." Journal of Water Resource & Protection 2, no. 1 (January 2010): 61-68.
Conrad, Sebastian, and Presenjit Duara. Viewing Regionalisms from East Asia. Washington D.C.: American Historical Association, 2013.
Costanza et al., “The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital,”Nature, 15 May 1997, pp. 253-60.
Cunningham, Mary Ann. "Eastern European Pollution." In Environmental Encyclopedia, 485-88. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Detroit: Gale,
2011.
Dinan, Desmond. Even Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration. 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005.
Hensengerth, Oliver. "Transboundary River Cooperation and the Regional Public Good: The Case of the Mekong River." Contemporary Southeast Asia 31, no.
2 (August 2009): 326-49.
International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR). "About Us" ICDPR. Last modified 2014. Accessed February 17, 2014.
http://www.icpdr.org/main/icpdr/about-us.
International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICDPR. "Danube River Basin District Management Plan," (2009).
Kaika, Maria. "The Water Framework Directive: A New Directive for a Changing Social, Political and Economic European Framework." European
Planning Studies 11, no. 3 (2003): 299-316.
Kreamer, David K. "The Past, Present, and Future of Water Conflict and International Security." Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education 149,
no. 1 (December 2012): 87-95.
Krongkaew, Medhi. "The development of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): real promise or false hope?" Journal of Asian Economics 15 (2004): 977-98.
Loures, Flavia, Dr. Alistair Rieu-Clarke, and Marie-Laure Vercambre. Everything you need to know about the UN Watercourses Convention. World Wildlife
Fund. 2010.
Mekong River Commission. State of the Basin Report 2010. N.p.: n.p., 2010.
O'Regan, Dermot, Caroline Sullivan, and John Bromley. Local governance in Integrated Water Resources Management in the Danube Basin: a working paper.
N.p.: LoGo Water, 2007.
Solomon, Steven. Water: The Epic Struggle For Wealth, Power, and Civilization. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 2010.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Edited by R. Biggs and R. J. Scholes. Pretoria, South Africa:
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 2004.
Bibliography
Editor's Notes
Pause
Researchers are calling the 21st century the “age of water scarcity”
Human activities since the industrial revolution have started to exhaust our freshwater resources and degrade our freshwater ecosystems
This is currently one of the defining issues of our time and will be in the the future if not addressed appropriately
Freshwater provides a variety of direct and indirect services that we depend on to survive
There are some very alarming facts about our worlds freshwater resources and ecosystems
They are being degraded
We don’t realize how much they are valued. It is hard put a dollar value on ecosystem services but one study estimated they are valued at an average of $33 trillion
Similarly, it is predicted that water scarcity will increase tensions and the potential for conflict in the future
I see our current challenge for managing water as coming in three parts:
Conserve freshwater resources and ecosystems
Provide for human well-being
Mitigate conflicts over water
However, this becomes challenging because the majority of the world’s freshwater reserves are stored in rivers and lakes that cross political boundaries. This is a map of the Danube River in central and eastern Europe, which touches 19 different countries
Fortunately, there have been international organizations that also seen a need for international management frameworks that manage international waterways holisitically and at the basin-level, instead of at the nation-state level.
Two of the most prominent international water management frameworks accepted by the majority of the international community are listed above.
They embody a set of best-practices for water management called IWRM. The goal of IWRM is to adhere to the three primary pillars of sustainability: economic prosperity, social equity, and environmental sustainability.
I wanted to see how riparian nation-states (nation-states sharing an international water basin)…
Can manage for sustainability across diverse geographical regions and political and socio-economic contexts…
In order to provide for the welfare of people and protection of ecosystems…
In order to answer this research questions, my thesis comes in two parts. I will break it down.
The extent to which riparian nation-states can manage for sustainability depends upon…
the environmental, political, and socio-economic contexts in which they are placed
the degree to which they implement three pillars of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) for successful transboundary water sharing: participate actively and equitable, protect and preserve freshwater ecosystems, and include stakeholders in decision-making
In order to test my thesis, I identified two different sets of independent variables that influence a nation-states ability to manage for sustainability.
So, if the goal is to management for the welfare of people and the protection of ecosystems (my dependent variable)
Then, the implementation of best- management principles of IWRM (that I talked about in my thesis) and the presence of certain natural, socio-economic, and political context variables influence this outcome
It was kind of hard to see on the last slide, but here are my context variables. While I don’t have time to talk about all of them, I will touch on a few of them as I go on.
Before I get into my case studies, I want to talk about the “ways of knowing” that I used for my study. “Ways of Knowing” shape how we assign meaning to what we study. I use a braided approach, which just means that I use a mixture of “Ways of Knowing”
Interpretivism – I recognize that the management of water is situated within distinct cultural context, and is going to be different in each geographical region.
Annales - The Annales were a group of historians that looked at history with a variety of different disciplinary lenses. I will be looking at my cases studies through environmental, political, and socio-economic lenses.
Critical Inquiry – The idea that knowledge must be connected to action, and in this presentation I am challenging current models of international water management in order to preserve freshwater ecosystems, provide for human well-being, and mitigate conflict over water
I picked two case studies very intentionally because…
From the research I had already done, I predicted that the Danube case study would be a positive example of sustainable management
And the Mekong case study to be a more negative example of sustainable management
Like I said before, the Danube river basin touch 19 different countries, and is a river of critical importance to the countries that share its waters
Pollution during the Cold War
- During the Cold War, the Soviet Union drew extensively from the resources of heavy industry, which were very polluting to the environment and the river. It is predicted by some that the Danube River will never fully recover from this pollution.
Formation of the European Union, 1951
- The formation of the European Union in 1951 is critically important for international water management in the Danube Region because it encourages political and economic integration and promotes cooperation over international water management.
Water Framework Directive
- The WFD is a legal framework for water management in the European Union that stipulates that water must be managed at the basin-level with regard to environmental and ecosystemic considerations and encourages IWRM
Increase in democratic decision-making, government transparency, encouragement of public participation in planning
- there have been increases in central and eastern Europe after the Cold War, which has had a positive influence on international water management
International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICDPR)
- ICDPR is the primary international organization that responsible for putting the policies of the WFD into practice
The Mekong River basin touches 6 countries, and is considered one of the most biodiverse rivers in the world, second to the Amazon River. It provides an abundance of services to the region and it is important that its ecosystems and biodiversity be preserved.
2nd wave of regionalism
- After the Cold War, countries in the Mekong Region that were once a part of Soviet and NATO alliances began to form new political and economic coalitions with themselves
Greater Mekong Subregion & Mekong River Commission – the primary international water management organizations
- promote the development of large-scale infrastructure projects on waterways in order to spurr economic trade, growth
- claims to promote the use of IWRM, protection of ecosystems, but its efforts are largely mitigated partly due
Regional pressure to develop rapidly
- The economies of Mekong countries have be steadily growing after the end of the Cold War, which is largely driven by some of the more economically powerful countries in the region like China and Thailand. Therefore, countries are not as focused on projects that protect ecosystems
85% of population live in rural areas, many having water related occupations in agriculture and the fishing industry
Rapid occupational change in rural areas
- one in every six households have had to change occupation because of declining productivity and services of the Mekong River's ecosystems.
Pollution in the Danube Region is considered the most critical problem to ecosystems and human well-being
Fewer hydromorphological alterations in the Mekong Region but there are already studies that show that major dams in China are having affects on fish populations and the river’s annual flood cycles which people depend on for survival in the lower basin.
Literature finds that basin nations are applying water resource management based on international recognized principles of IWRM coordinated by the ICDPR
The capital of Austria, Vienna, is an example of this and is regarded as an "Environmental Model City" in the DRB because it has coordinated with local government, NGOs, business and industry, and the public to comply with both global and regional regulations regarding water resources policy and management.
- high standards for water pollution control
Political will to participate in IWRM – the literature that I have looked at suggests that countries and communities both inside the European Union and outside of the European Union are willing to put principles of IWRM into practice
Human Development Index – average achievements in health, knowledge, and Income
Greater encouragement of public participation in planning – The ICDPR provides a forum in which select stakeholders and the general public can provide feedback on water management practices and projects and discuss relevant issues
Eurobaramoter
Human Development Index – average achievements in health, knowledge, and income
Human Development Index – average achievements in health, knowledge, and income