The document outlines the historical and political evolution of Uganda from the 1800s to recent times, highlighting key events such as colonial rule, independence in 1962, and the civil war resulting in the rise of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). It discusses the effects of political instability, human rights violations, and ongoing conflict in the northern regions, along with attempts at peace negotiations and the government's responses. Additionally, it addresses the socio-economic disparities and the need for recovery and development in the aftermath of the prolonged conflict.

1. By Arundathie Abeysinghe
Journalist/Lecturer
International Aviation Academy
Arundathie Abeysinghe
SriLankan Airlines
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2. Capital: Kampala
City is spread over a series of hills
1890: HQ of British colonial
administration
1962: Capital of independent Uganda
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Population: 1.2m
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3. Flag of Uganda
Flag of Lord’s Resistance Army
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4.  In 1800s, Boganda had a lot of power and it was ruled by King or
Kabaka
 Boganda was one of the richest and most sophisticated
kingdoms in Africa
 Up to 1890, British Colonial rule
 In 1962, Uganda gained independence from the British
 In 1966, leader of the ruling party – Uganda People’s Congress,
Milton Obote drafted a new Constitution for the country
 In 1971, Idi Amin toppled Obote’s government
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5. In 1986, due to the Civil War about a million people were
dead and about 600,000 were injured
The economy was virtually bankrupt
People wanted a change and they supported a new party
called the National Resistance Movement (NRM)
NRM seized power
In 2002, Museveni became the President
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6. Surge of rebel groups in response to government
Support from Khartoum, Sudan
In 2005, LRA established a base in Congo
In 1999, rebel units withdrew to bases in Sudan
In 2004, ongoing troubles in the north of the country
Children were kidnapped and forced to join rebels
The Government tried to disarm the Karimojong but they
wanted guns to defend their cattle from Kenyans and from
LRA rebels
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7.  30,000 children have been abducted and recruited to LRA by
brainwashing them
 30,000 people have been killed in direct action with the LRA
 About 100,000 died due to direct and indirect actions of the LRA
 Thousands have been maimed physically - lips, ears, mouths and
limbs being cut off since they were considered as traitors
 About 2 million people were displaced either voluntarily or
through government action into camps where life was simply hell
on earth
 Countless children died in combat
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8. Govt. of
Sudan
SPLA
LRA
Govt . of
Uganda
Tanzania
USA
UN
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9. Positions
Interests
Needs
P
Positions
Protection of a government from insurgents
Interests
Maintaining the monopoly of wealth and power of the
Southerners
Aid and recognition of the international community
Needs
Need to be the sole representative of the
People of Uganda
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10. Positions
Interests
Needs
Positions
Resisting government oppression against
Acholi people
Interests
Restoring northerners power in the
government
Survival of the key characters of the LRA
Needs
Significant power in the government
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11. Violation of
Human Rights
Fragmented
national politics
Increased
economic
decay
National
Insecurity
Legitimacy of the
Government
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Instability &
Political
Violence
Grievances against
Government
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12. Ugandan Government's commitments to Northern Uganda’s
recovery
Political instability and violence
Violent conflicts
UNs’ commitment to treating the conflict as both regional
and political
Background of mistrust & violence
Unwillingness to accept alternative political views
Return of IDPs (Internally Displaced People)
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13. NRA/
UN/
USA/
INGOs
Government
Religious leaders/
Elders/NGO’s
Diplomats/
Regional
states/Religious
groups
Acholi/Iteso/Alur/
Langi/Karamojong
communities and the
Bantu communities
Humanitarians
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14. History
Economic factors
Sociological factors
Political factors
Gender factors
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15.  Bond-LRA & Acholi, LRA and Sudanese Government NRA and
Ugandans
 Power-Socio-economical disparities, North-South Division,
banning of political opponents
 Patterns - Threatening Acholis to draw their support to LRA
 Looting and engaged in massacres to voice their grievances,
using ICC warrants to get LRA in to Peace talks, harassing Acholis
using NRA to withdraw their support to LRA
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16. Repetitive negative behavior to obtain
power
Unequal allocation of authority, ownership
or control
Unequal distribution of resources
Different ideologies, religions and political
views
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17. Imbalanced economic development
Division of socio-economic and political
powers
Lack of a multi-party political system
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18. Primary - LRA, NRA, Acholi Tribe
Secondary - Southern Ugandans, Sudanese
Governments, South Sudanese
Government, DRC,
Tertiary - UN, USA and International
Community
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19. • LRA
• Fear of government power
• Hatred towards government, felt cheated by the
government
• Government of Uganda - Superiority over
northerners, vengeance, not willing for a political
solution, skeptical of international proposals
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20. Government of Uganda
Using military attacks instead of a political solution,
killing/massacres, curtailing freedom of expression and
association in the name of “the war against terrorism”
Supporting monopoly of power and wealth of southerners
Discrimination of Acholi
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21. LRA
Killing, attacking the villages,
abduction of children, ensuring
survival of the key characters of the
LRA
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22.  Conflict Management - Betty Bigombe Peace Talks (1993-1994),
Juba Peace Talks – (2006-2008) - Ceasefire, Cessation of hostilities
 Conflict Resolution - Discuss grievances, needs, IDP’s problem,
issuing of ICC (International Criminal Court) warrants
 Conflict Transformation - “Peace, Recovery and Development
Plan for North Uganda”
 Setting up of special courts linking National Justice and Traditional
Mechanism, Agreement on DDR, agreeing to request a deferral of
arrest warrants under several conditions
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23. Local efforts to dialogue between Museveni and the
LRA have consistently failed
In early 2000, President Museveni signed a blanket
amnesty
At the same time, the U.S listed the LRA on its list
of terrorist organizations
Museveni and the government diverted funds from
ministries to the military
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24.  Put pressure on LRA Leadership to re-enter
Peace Negotiations
 Government should promote equal treatment
for all tribes and expand the development
projects to northern and eastern areas as well
 Encourage UN Peace Keepers to force Sudanese
Government to stop helping LRA
 Introduce national propaganda to end the
North-South Division in Uganda
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25. Military Solution – Post-Conflict resolutions
Major Rehabilitation Projects
IDPs
Child Soldiers
Rape Victims
War Victims
Former LRA Carder
 Find a Permanent Solution to the Root Causes to
Prevent re-emergence





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26. 1500 - Bito dynasties of Buganda, Bunyoro and Ankole
founded by Nilotic-speaking immigrants from present-day
southeastern Sudan
1700 - Buganda begins to expand at the expense of Bunyoro
1800 - Buganda controls territory bordering Lake Victoria
from the Victoria Nile to the Kagera River
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27. 1840s - Muslim traders from the Indian Ocean coast
exchange firearms, cloth and beads for the ivory and slaves
of Buganda
1862 - British explorer John Hanning Speke becomes the first
European to visit Buganda
1875 - Bugandan King Mutesa I allows Christian missionaries
to enter his realm
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28. 1877 - Members of the British Missionary Society
arrive in Buganda
1879 - Members of the French Roman Catholic
White Fathers arrive
1890 - Britain and Germany sign treaty giving Britain
rights to what was to become Uganda
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29. 1892 - Imperial British East Africa Company agent Frederick
Lugard extends the company's control to southern Uganda
and helps the Protestant missionaries to prevail over their
Catholic counterparts in Buganda
1894 - Uganda becomes a British protectorate
1900 - Britain signs agreement with Buganda giving it
autonomy and turning it into a constitutional monarchy
controlled mainly by Protestant chiefs
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30. 1902 - Eastern province of Uganda
transferred to Kenya
1904 - Commercial cultivation of cotton
begins
1921 - Uganda given a legislative council, but
its first African member not admitted till 1945
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31. 1958 - Uganda given internal self-government
1962 - Uganda becomes independent with Milton Obote as
prime minister
1963 - Uganda becomes a republic with Buganda's King
Mutesa as president
1966 - Milton Obote ends Buganda's autonomy and
promotes himself to the presidency
1967 - New constitution vests considerable power in the
president
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32. 1971 - Milton Obote toppled in coup led by Army chief Idi
Amin
1972 - Amin orders Asians who were not Ugandan citizens
- around 60,000 people - to leave the country
1972-73 - Uganda engages in border clashes with
Tanzania
1976 - Idi Amin declares himself president for life and
claims parts of Kenya
1978 - Uganda invades Tanzania with a view to annexing
Kagera region
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33. 1979 - Tanzania invades Uganda, unifying the various anti-
Amin forces under the Uganda National Liberation Front and
forcing Amin to flee the country; Yusufu Lule installed as
president -quickly replaced by Godfrey Binaisa
1980 - Binaisa overthrown by the army
Milton Obote becomes president after elections
1985 - Obote deposed in military coup - replaced by Tito
Okello
1986 - National Resistance Army rebels take Kampala and
install Yoweri Museveni as president
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34. 1993 - Museveni restores traditional kings, but without
political power
1995 - New constitution legalizes political parties but
maintains the ban on political activity
1996 - Museveni returned to office in Uganda's first direct
presidential election
1997 - Ugandan troops help depose Mobutu Sese Seko of
Zaire - replaced by Laurent Kabila
1998 - Ugandan troops intervene in the Democratic
Republic of Congo to overthrow Kabila
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35. 2002 March - Sudan, Uganda sign agreement aimed at
containing Ugandan rebel group - Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)
2002 October - Army evacuates more than 400,000
civilians caught up in fight against LRA’s brutal attacks on
villages
2002 December - Peace deal signed with Uganda National
Rescue Front (UNRF) after more than 5 years of negotiations
2003 May - Uganda pulls out troops from eastern DR Congo
Over 10,000 DR Congo civilians seek asylum in Uganda
2004 February - LRA rebels slaughter more than 200IDPs
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36. 2004 December - Government and LRA rebels hold face-to-
face talks - no breakthrough to end the insurgency
2005 April - Uganda rejects accusations made by DR Congo
at the International Court in The Hague
Multi-party politics
2005 July - Parliament approves a constitutional
amendment which scraps presidential term limits
Voters in a referendum back a return to multi-party
politics
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37. 2005 October - International Criminal Court issues arrest
warrants for five LRA commanders, including leader Joseph Kony
2005 November - Main opposition leader Kizza Besigye is
imprisoned after returning from exile after a trial in a military
court
2005 December - International Court in the Hague rules that
Uganda must compensate DR Congo for rights abuses and the
plundering of resources in the five years leading to 2003
2006 February - President Museveni wins multi-party elections
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38. 2006 August - The government and the LRA sign a truce
aimed at ending their long-running conflict
 2006 November - Government rejects a United Nations
report accusing the army of using indiscriminate and
excessive force in its campaign to disarm tribal warriors in
the lawless northeastern region of Karamoja
Somalia role
2007 March - Ugandan peacekeepers deploy in Somalia as
part of an African Union mission to help stabilize the
country
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39.  2007 April - Protests over a rain forest explode into racial violence
in Kampala
 2007 August - Uganda and DR Congo agree to try defusing a
border dispute
 2007 September - State of emergency imposed after severe floods
cause widespread devastation
 2008 February - Government and the LRA sign for ceasefire at
talks in Juba, Sudan
 2008 November – LRA leader, Joseph Kony, fails to turn up to sign
a peace agreement. Ugandan, South Sudanese and DR Congo
armies launch offensive against LRA bases
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40. 2009 January – LRA appeals for ceasefire
2009 March - Ugandan army begins to withdraw from DR
Congo, where it had pursued LRA rebels
2009 October - Somali Islamists threaten to target
Uganda and Burundi after action by African peacekeepers in
Somalia kills several civilians
2009 December - Parliament votes to ban female
circumcision
Anyone convicted of the practice will face 10 years in jail or a
life sentence if a victim dies
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41. 2010 January - President Museveni distances himself from
the anti-homosexuality Bill
2010 June - Public prosecutor opens corruption
investigation against Vice-President Gilbert Bukenya,
Foreign Minister Sam Kutesa and several other ministers
and officials over the alleged theft of $25m
2010 June-August - Operation Rwenzori against ADFNALU rebels striving for an Islamic state in Uganda
prompts 90,000 to flee in North Kivu province of
neighboring DR Congo
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42. 2010 July - Two bomb attacks on people watching World
Cup finals at a restaurant and a rugby club in Kampala kill
at least 74 people
Somali Islamist group Al-Shabab says it was behind the
blasts
2010 August - National Resistance Movement primary
elections for parliamentary and local candidates suspended
amid irregularities, violence
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43. 2010 October - UN report into killing of Hutus in DR
Congo between 1993 and 2003
2010 October - Constitutional Court quashes treason
charges against opposition leader Kizza Besigye
2011 February - Museveni wins his fourth presidential
election
2011 April - Kizza Besigye arrested several times over
''walk-to-work'' protests against rising prices
2011 July - US deploys special forces personnel to help
Uganda combat LRA rebels
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44. 2011 September - Court orders release of LRA commander
Thomas Kwoyelo
2012 May - Ugandan Army captures senior LRA
commander Caesar Achellam in a clash in the Central
African Republic
Tens of thousands of refugees cross into Uganda, fleeing
fighting in DR Congo
2012 July - UN accuses Uganda of sending troops into DR
Congo to fight alongside the M23 rebel movement, a charge
Uganda denies
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45. 2012 November - Uganda announces its intention to withdraw
from UN-backed international peacekeeping missions
2013 February - Eleven countries, including Uganda, sign a
UN-mediated agreement pledging not to interfere in DR Congo
2013 March - Uganda is grouped among the worst offenders in
the illegal ivory trade at a meeting of CITES, the body
regulating wildlife trade
2013 May - Government temporarily shuts two newspapers
after they published a letter suggesting President
Museveni was grooming his son for power
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46. Thank you!
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