Climate and geography have significantly impacted African society. The continent has extensive deserts like the Sahara which cover most of the land area. Environmental challenges like desertification and lack of arable land have caused groups like the Bantu to migrate within Africa over thousands of years in search of resources. The geography, which includes the Great Rift Valley and grassy savannas, has also influenced where human settlements could be sustained through farming and herding. More recently, European colonialism disrupted many African societies and drew boundaries without regard for ethnic groups, contributing to ongoing conflicts over land and resources.

2. How does climate and geography affect African society? http://www.phschool.com/atschool/worldhistory/audio_guided_tours/WH07A01702.swf

3. Geography 2nd largest continent in the world 1/5th of the Earth surface Shortest coastline in the world How: plateau on coastline Waterfalls rapids

4. Environmental Challenges Deserts cover most of the continent Sahara Desert Big as United States Larger each year Edge of desert called the Sahel Kalahari Desert arid plateau region Receives rainfall Grazing and a little agriculture are possible in certain areas.

5. Effects of Geography Long-term climate change will influence the social and agriculture throughout the region- 5,000 BC Through desertification the rich grassland turned into an barren desert Drove humans and animals to more arid areas Some go towards lake Chad and other towards the Nile

6. Namib Desert

7. Africa’s Savanna Most live in the savanna Cover 40% of the continent Alternate hot with rainy Topsoil very thin as a result Support agriculture

8. Great Rift Valley 3,000 miles long Elevation ranges from 1,300 to 1,830 Surrounded by lakes Lake Victoria largest lake in Africa Suitable to sustain human life Farming water First humans came from this area of the world

9. Humans Adopt to Environment Earliest Africans were nomadic hunters and gathers Followed a food supply Travel in a small band of relatives Learned to domestic and raise animals for food Impact: Growing own food allowed a group of people settle in one location Leads to healthier life style Increase birth rate Increase art Jewelry Pottery Governing bodies will develop

10. Bantu Migration Group of people located in the savanna of Africa Shared a common language cultural characteristics Were farmers and herders Slash and burn farming technique caused them to move Push-pull factors will cause Bantu to migrate Climate Food land Forced to migrate south Why: population increased no more land therefore migrated south to more land Culture diffusion will take place Iron smelting Effects of migration Drove other groups off land New culture created

11. Migration Patterns

12. Scramble for Africa

13. England’s Colonization

14. Why Africa??? Industrial Revolution will cause the need for colonies Why: raw materials New markets Tin Copper Diamonds timber Control a piece of land that has raw material the colonial power gets it for free Imperialism will start for the scramble of raw materials

15. List the motives behind European domination of Africa.

17. Independence Nationalism and Pan-Africanism will plant the seeds for liberation of Africa Unifying Africans will end the colonial rule in Africa Some colonies will gain independence easily while others will fight a long war for independence

18. South Africa and Apartheid Blacks made up 75% of total population No political, economic or social equality Could not vote Gov’t set aside 13 % of the land for 75% population Whites controlled the best lands Segregated school, public facilities and neighborhoods

19. South Africa Colonial of Great Britain Non-whites had few educational and economic opportunities 1948 apartheid was passed by the minority white African National Congress (ANC) will fight against apartheid Illegal political organization 1931 Great Britain will give South Africa its independence and the ANC is outlawed

20. Nelson Mandela Born 1918 Joined ANC 1960 Wanted to set up military wing of the ANC Arrested in 1962- 5 years jail with hard labor 1963 put on trial for plotting to overthrow the government Sentenced to life imprisonment

21. F.W. de Klerk Goal was to transform South Africa and end isolationism How: end apartheid Legalize ANC Let Mandela out of jail Revise apartheid laws Wrote new constitution Held free elections April 1994

22. End of Apartheid Nelson Mandela first black president of South Africa ANC won 63% of the vote in the national assembly 252 out of 400 seats

23. Rwanda Two ethnic groups Majority Hutu farmers Minority Tutsis Land owners/aristocrats Two groups follow the same traditions and language Belgians were the colonial ruler of Rwanda Belgians considered the Tutsis to be superior Why: were rich and educated Belgians left and Hutu took power Tutsi refugees were forming the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) Aim was to overthrow Habyarimana and return to their homeland

24. Problem April – June 2006 80,000 Tutsis and Hutu were killed Mostly Tutsis Why: President Juvenal Habyarimana’splane, a Hutu, was shot down Shot down by an Tutsis rebel group

25. Mass Murder Opposition was murdered by the Hutu Tutsi and moderate Hutu Hutu civilians were involved Hutu military officials promised land, money and food UN did nothing France, Belgium and US were criticized for doing nothing to the Hutu regime Worst genocide of the 1990s

26. After Math A multi-ethnic government was set up, with a Hutu, Pasteur Bizimungu as president and Mr Kagame as his deputy FAILED: Bizimungu was charged with inciting ethnic violence Kagame became president Invaded the Republic og Congo Why: to get rid of the Tutsis who fled to the Congo

27. Somalia Independence from Great Britain 1960 2009 Population 9.8 million Official religion- Islam 37.8% literate Presently: NO working government 1991 Safe haven for Islamic militants Regions controlled by warlords Economy OK Why: export livestock Accounts from 50% of exports

28. 1992 Worst drought in their history Killed 300,000 people US troops went in to protect the delivery of food in December US will pull put when a warlord drag US soldiers bodies through the street UN troops will take over relief efforts

29. 2006 Worst outbreak of violence in 10 years Islamist militias, Somali Islamic Courts Council (SICC), seized control of the capital, Mogadishu Ethiopia felt threatened by the group so ground troops were sent in A week later most of the Islamists forced to flee the country Ethiopia announced that its troops would remain in the

30. Somalia Pirates Threat to international shipping since 1990s 2008, received $150 million in ransom 2008 UN Security Council told nations to apply force when necessary Take ship get back to Somalia strong hold and ransom the ship cargo to owner Why: Young men are drawn to piracy in order to provide for their families

31. Darfur, Sudan

32. Conflict Conflict land access to water raiding of cattle Why: drought Increased need for water and grazing desertification Sahara getting bigger modern weapons

34. The People 2.7 million have fled their homes 200,000 have fled to Chad 300,000 people have died African Union has 7,000 peace keepers UN Security Council has passed resolutions Have not worked

35. Problems of Africa Problem 1: Political New African leaders were inexperienced Government can’t fix problems so the military comes in Military dictatorships will rule the countries Problem 2: Ethnic Violence National boundaries were redrawn after colonial powers left The boundaries drawn by the colonial ruler took into no consideration different ethnic backgrounds

36. Problems of Africa Problem 3: Economic Depend on a signal cash crop or mineral to export Ghana- cocoa Nigeria- oil When the world market price for a signal cash crop falls the whole economy of the country suffers Nigeria and Oil Oil in 1975 accounted for 75% of Nigeria’s export 1980s oil prices dropped effecting Nigeria economy Faltering economy the military takes over

37. Problems of Africa Problem 4: Environment Had to over plant to grow food for population Over planting an area caused that area’s topsoil to be blown away by winds This resulted in desertification Problem 5: Disease 1995 deadly Ebola virus spread in Zaire Government had to close boarders to halt the spread of the disease 1970 and 1980s the spread of aids spread quickly through regions of Africa