Siemens power cell design allows for less maintenance and greater availability. And when combined with up to 90% savings on cable costs, the result is a significantly lower total cost of ownership over the drive’s lifecycle. No other drive offers the savings and reliability that the SINAMICS PERFECT HARMONY GH180 does, making it the ideal solution for low power applications
Apresentação que aborda de modo geral o transistor de junção bipolar, desde seu contexto histórico até a sua constante aplicação na atualidade tecnológica.
Referências: <www.eletronicafacil.net>; <www.niltoncbraga.com.br>
Apresentação que aborda de modo geral o transistor de junção bipolar, desde seu contexto histórico até a sua constante aplicação na atualidade tecnológica.
Referências: <www.eletronicafacil.net>; <www.niltoncbraga.com.br>
Cover: 1995-1996-1997-1998-1999-2000-2001-2002-2003-2004-2005 Chevy Blazer (4x4,4x2,manual,auto,2.8L,4.3L,4.3L vortec..)
You are buying a 1995-2005 Chevrolet Blazer Factory Service Workshop Manual.
This is the very same manual that your local GM dealer technician uses in repairing/servicing your vehicle.
This manual covers every service and repair imaginable, from oil changes to rebuilding the transmission.
Catálogo de aplicações de "tampas do distribuidor", "rotores","platinados", "condensadores", "bobinas" e "sistemas de ignição".
FONTE: BOSCH CATÁLOGO IGNIÇÃO SISTEMAS CONVENCIONAIS 2012/2013: http://vdm.com.br/v1/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/BOSCH-IGNICAO.pdf
Recomendo a Tabela com todas as cápsulas “avanço a vácuo do distribuidor” da volkswagen
FONTE: http://www.slideshare.net/Snipermineiro/tabela-com-todas-as-cpsulas-avano-a-vcuo-do-distribuidor-da-volkswagen/Snipermineiro/tabela-com-todas-as-cpsulas-avano-a-vcuo-do-distribuidor-da-volkswagen
High performance differential pressure transmitters feature a single crystal silicon resonant sensor and are suitable to measure liquid, gas, or steam flow as well as liquid level, density and
pressure. Standard output is a 4 to 20 mA DC signal corresponding to the measured differential pressure. Its highly accurate and stable sensor can also measure the static pressure which can be shown on the integral indicator or remotely monitored via BRAIN or HART communications.
New Class of MFCs with Embedded Flow DiagnosticsFlow-Tech, Inc.
Recent trends in multi-sensor measurements within a mass flow controller are reviewed, with a focus on controller self-diagnostics.
While the quality, reliability, accuracy, response and range of MFCs continues to improve year after year, the process is still at risk because meaningful real-time in situ data is limited or nonexistent.
Cover: 1995-1996-1997-1998-1999-2000-2001-2002-2003-2004-2005 Chevy Blazer (4x4,4x2,manual,auto,2.8L,4.3L,4.3L vortec..)
You are buying a 1995-2005 Chevrolet Blazer Factory Service Workshop Manual.
This is the very same manual that your local GM dealer technician uses in repairing/servicing your vehicle.
This manual covers every service and repair imaginable, from oil changes to rebuilding the transmission.
Catálogo de aplicações de "tampas do distribuidor", "rotores","platinados", "condensadores", "bobinas" e "sistemas de ignição".
FONTE: BOSCH CATÁLOGO IGNIÇÃO SISTEMAS CONVENCIONAIS 2012/2013: http://vdm.com.br/v1/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/BOSCH-IGNICAO.pdf
Recomendo a Tabela com todas as cápsulas “avanço a vácuo do distribuidor” da volkswagen
FONTE: http://www.slideshare.net/Snipermineiro/tabela-com-todas-as-cpsulas-avano-a-vcuo-do-distribuidor-da-volkswagen/Snipermineiro/tabela-com-todas-as-cpsulas-avano-a-vcuo-do-distribuidor-da-volkswagen
High performance differential pressure transmitters feature a single crystal silicon resonant sensor and are suitable to measure liquid, gas, or steam flow as well as liquid level, density and
pressure. Standard output is a 4 to 20 mA DC signal corresponding to the measured differential pressure. Its highly accurate and stable sensor can also measure the static pressure which can be shown on the integral indicator or remotely monitored via BRAIN or HART communications.
New Class of MFCs with Embedded Flow DiagnosticsFlow-Tech, Inc.
Recent trends in multi-sensor measurements within a mass flow controller are reviewed, with a focus on controller self-diagnostics.
While the quality, reliability, accuracy, response and range of MFCs continues to improve year after year, the process is still at risk because meaningful real-time in situ data is limited or nonexistent.
Drager PointGard 2000 Series Gas Detection SystemFlow-Tech, Inc.
The Drager PointGard® 2000 series is a self-contained gas detection system for the continuous area monitoring of toxic or flammable gases in ambient air. PointGard® 2000’s rugged, water-resistant enclosure comes complete with a horn and strobes, a built-in power supply, and reliable DragerSensor®.
Fike is a globally recognized supplier of products and services that protect people and critical assets from dangers such as fire, explosion and over-pressurization. With over 60 years experience manufacturing products ranging from rupture discs and explosion protection systems, to fire suppression and fire alarm systems, Fike offers reliable solutions for customers around the world.
K-Patents refractometer determines the concentration of dissolved solids by making an optical measurement of a solution’s refractive index (nD). The refractometer measures the refractive index nD and the temperature of the process medium. The measurement is based on the refraction of light in the process medium, called critical angle of refraction, using a yellow LED light source with the same wavelength (580 nm) as the sodium D line (hence nD).
The concentration is calculated based on the refractive index and temperature, taking pre-defined process conditions into account. K-Patents refractometer can indicate different scales, for example Brix, liquid density or concentration by weight.
The cast stainless steel mounting bracket facilities the installation of Westlock Control's control valve monitors on any actuator with the standard NAMUR mounting patterns.
Eurotherm manufactures temperature sensors, process controllers, power controls, SSR, SCR, and thermowells for process temperature measurement and control. This product guide summarizes the company's US product offering.
CO2 Incubator is designed and manufactured using the accumulated expertise and knowledge that Esco has developed with over 35 years of world class equipment for laboratory usage. Designed with sample safety, energy efficiency and user-friendliness in mind, the system achieves precise parameter controls, highly effective contamination control and intuitive user interfaces all--supported by Esco's solution-based sales and service representatives worldwide.
Scenarios for Specifying an Uninterruptible Power Supply for Industrial Appli...Classic Controls, Inc.
For a number of years, some industries have used UPSs as a matter of course in applications requiring
uninterrupted process control. These include power-generation facilities, both fossil and nuclear, and petrochemical
plants and refineries.
Recently, other types of industrial companies (pulp and paper mills, steel mills, pharmaceutical manufacturing and
cogeneration facilities) have created a need for UPSs by incorporating DCSs into their plants to control their
processes. Additional control equipment, such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems,
energy management systems (EMSs), boiler-control and microprocessor-based instrumentation, give power
protection an even more important role in industry.
The Model 212 Heat Calculator is designed to measure the energy consumed in both heating and cooling (air conditioning) systems. The instrument is normally supplied complete with temperature probes and power supply, and will interface to a wide variety of flowmeters, including positive displacement and inferential water meters, magnetic flowmeters with pulse outputs, turbine flowmeters &
paddlewheel flowmeters.
The Model 212 measures the temperature in the feed and return flow lines and uses this information to calculate the density and enthalpy of water. By also measuring the volume of water flowing in the system, the Model 212 will then determine the energy used.
The T2750 PAC hardware provides high-performance control with cost-effective redundancy options in a versatile modular system. Powerful instruments, the control units, and the I/O system form the basis of a complete distributed control and recording environment. This environment is capable of continuous analog, logic, sequential control, batch management, secure data recording at point of measurement, and setpoint programming.
Uniquely engineered load cells that are designed to maximize accuracy and minimize the effects of mixing, agitation and temperature changes in critical process weighing stages. Its signal conditioners and process control systems are designed to comply with the stringent requirements of the chemical, steel, food and pharmaceutical industries, and offer a wide variety of communication protocols used in complex production lines.
Industrial Wireless Network Components and EquipmentArjay Automation
A broad range of industrial wireless products delivers comprehensive solutions for reaching network devices, streamlining operations, improving productivity and safety, and reducing overall cost.
Moore Industries is proud to announce the new SFY Functional Safety Frequency-to-DC Transmitter with display including SIL 3 capability. The 2-wire (loop-powered) SFY is ideal for use in your Safety Instrumented System (SIS) in a wide range of process and factory automation monitoring applications and as part of the FS Functional Safety Series providing reliable and accurate monitoring of frequency or pulse signals in SIS. The SFY is approved for single use in SIS up to SIL 2 and in a redundant architecture (1oo2, 2oo3, etc.) up to SIL 3.
Laboratory animal cage washing has traditionally employed very hot rinse or wash water to assure the destruction of microbial agents which can cause disease in laboratory animals. This study shows an alternative that may conserve substantial amounts of energy and still provide suitable results.
Induction heating can improve your bottom line by decreasing weld failures, and decreasing setup and tear down times. The technology allows for accurate temp control, without heavy electrical service or complicated controls. The portability and ease of use will allow you to heat more welds faster.
Excellent paper on cavitation in control valves by Samson. Read this for a strong technical understanding of the cause and effects of cavitation and flashing on industrial control valves.
Cavitation shall be generally understood as the dynamic process of the formation and implosion of cavities in fluids.Cavitation occurs, for instance, when high flow velocities cause the local hydrostatic pressure to drop to a critical value which roughly corresponds to the vapor pressure of the fluid. This causes small bubbles filled with steam and gases to form. These bubbles finally collapse when they reach the high-pressure areas as they are carried along by the liquid flow. In the final phase of bubble implosion, high pressure peaks are generated inside the bubbles and in their immediate surroundings. These pressure peaks lead to mechanical vibrations, noise and material erosion of surfaces in walled areas. If cavitation is severe, the hydraulic valve coefficients as well as the fluid properties change.
The Unisteri HP is a unique, compact, multipurpose steam sterilizer with chamber volumes of 2.5 ft3, 5.6 ft3 and 8.47 ft3 (73, 160 and 254 liters). It is designed to effectively sterilize all instrumentation, materials, textiles, rubber and plastics that are heat resistant. It is also suitable for media cultivation and sterilization of solutions.
Simple Ways to Maximize the Efficiency of Your Process Control Application Wh...Ives Equipment
Integrated Drive Systems (IDS) for any industry.
No matter what industry you’re in, the price of your inputs is bound to fluctuate – usually trending in a direction that doesn’t favor profits. You can’t control the rising costs of raw materials and energy, but you can control how much you get out of them. The simplest way to do this is by maximizing the efficiency of your equipment.
Siemens catalog tong hop siemens micromaster driveDien Ha The
Siemens ,
Catalog Thiết Bị Điện Siemens , Catalog Thiết Tự Động
Catalog Phụ Kiện Siemens , Catalog Phụ Kiện,
Catalog Siemens , Catalog,
https://www.dienhathe.com,
Chi tiết các sản phẩm khác của Siemens tại https://dienhathe.com
Xem thêm các Catalog khác của Siemens tại https://dienhathe.info
Để nhận báo giá sản phẩm Siemens vui lòng gọi: 0907.764.966
A variable-frequency drive motor control solution (VFD) is a type of motor control drive used in electro drive systems to control AC drive motor speed control and torque by varying motor input frequency and, depending on techno, to control affiliated voltage or current inconsistency. Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) may also be known as 'AC Drives' (Adjustable-control-drives), 'AFDs' (adjustable-frequency drives), 'ASDs' (adjustable-speed drives), 'VSDs' (variable-speed drives), , 'micro drives', 'inverter drives' or, simply, 'drives', 'drive'.
Amtech, we have a proven expertise in customised motor control. Since 1987, we have designed and manufactured the highest and most accurate motion control solutions for an array of industries around the world.
Siemens ,
Catalog Thiết Bị Điện Siemens , Catalog Thiết Tự Động
Catalog Phụ Kiện Siemens , Catalog Phụ Kiện,
Catalog Siemens , Catalog,
https://www.dienhathe.com,
Chi tiết các sản phẩm khác của Siemens tại https://dienhathe.com
Xem thêm các Catalog khác của Siemens tại https://dienhathe.info
Để nhận báo giá sản phẩm Siemens vui lòng gọi: 0907.764.966
Interroll Material Handling Solutions For The Tire IndustryInterroll Group
Just as the quality of a Formula 1 race car’s tires determines
the final result, we at Interroll believe that for tire production and
handling operations the quality of every single component influences
your customers’ satisfaction, your operators’ safety and, ultimately,
your competitiveness.
We are a proud intralogistics partner of the
Alfa Romeo Racing F1 Team, eager to learn from the best.
Efficiency is what truly inspires us.
Ưu điểm của AC Servo Siemens Sinamics V90
HIỆU SUẤT TỐI ƯU
Tính năng Tuning một lần và cho phép tuning theo thời gian thực giúp tối ưu hóa hiệu suất của hệ thống.
Tần số xung ngõ vào cao lên đên 1MHz.
Encoder khác nhau giúp đáp ứng các yêu cầu ứng dụng khác nhau.
DỄ SỬ DỤNG
Kết nối đơn giản với hệ thống điều khiển
Điều chỉnh dể dàng và nhân bản thông số
Vận hành dễ dàng với SINAMICS V-ASSISTANT
Tích hợp dễ dàng qua PTI, PROFINET, USS, Modbus RTU
TIẾT KIỆM CHI PHÍ
Tích hợp: Pulse train positioning, internal positioning với traversing block hoặc Modbus
Tích hợp điện trở phanh trong tất cả các kích thước khung
Tích hợp holding brake switch (Frame size 400V)
HOẠT ĐỘNG TIN CẬY
Vòng bi motor chất lượng cao
Tiêu chuẩn cấp độ bảo vệ cho tất cả các loại motor IP65
Tích hợp tính năng bảo vệ Torque Off (STO)
The SUPERIOR Gas Chlorinator is considered the industry "workhorse" of gas chlorinators. Its efficient design, coupled with the long lasting materials, creates reliable water disinfection systems with a safety first, user friendly design that is cost effective to install and so easy to operate and maintain. The SUPERIORGas Chlorinator is the optimum choice for water disinfection, whether for drink ing water, sewage treatment, industrial processes, food processing, cooling water, or swimming pools.
SOR manufactures a complete line of thermocouple elements, Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) sensors, thermowells, industrial assemblies and specialty temperature sensors.
Effective water management is critical to both open-pit and sub-surface mining operations. Mine dewatering is an essential part of resource extraction, as it lowers the water table around the mine or quarry. Effectively managed dewatering processes typically employ continuous water level monitoring.
In-Situ Inc., manufacturer of reliable, top quality water monitoring equipment, adds to their already comprehensive line of portable and fixed installation water quality measurement instruments with the Aqua Troll 500. The instrument is a multiparameter sonde that can be used as a handheld device, with data transmitted to a smartphone running the Android data collection app. For fixed installations, the Aqua Troll can be integrated wirelessly into a telemetry system to deliver collected data to remote stations.
MSA has extensive experience in monitoring hazardous gases in the workplace. In addition to selecting the right sensors and detection devices for the application, placement of the devices and instruments that monitor the presence of hazardous gases is key to providing an acceptable level of safety.
Kammer valves are designed to handle a wide range of service conditions: pressures from vacuum to 4000 bar and temperatures from minus 269 degrees C to plus 400 degrees C. Body materials include all common stainless steels, in addition to plastics and exotic alloys.
The full-featured 3700 Sampler collects sequential or composite samples based on time, flow rate, or storm conditions. It's a great choice if you don't need the sophisticated parameter monitoring and logging capabilities
The LaserFlow™ velocity sensor remotely measures flow in open channels with non-contact Laser Doppler Velocity technology and non-contact Ultrasonic Level technology. The sensor uses advanced technology to measure velocity with a laser beam at single or multiple points below the surface of the wastewater stream.
SOR® is a manufacturer of high-quality pressure and tempreature switches for industrial service. They serve a global market of oil and gas, chemical, petrochemical, and power industries through a network of independent sales representatives. Their products are suitable for a broad range of safety systems, control processes, and related applications.
The Level TROLL series of sensors are In-Situ’s premier water level data loggers, giving groundwater professionals higher data resolution, expanded memory and advanced logging modes for specialized applications. Designed specifically for aquifer characterization, the Level TROLL provides continuous monitoring of water level, water pressure, and temperature.
These units convert a 4-20mA process current input into two identical isolated 4-20mA output signals. Power is obtained from the output loop (sinks current).
For easy troubleshooting, each unit has LEDs and diagnostic test points. Power LEDs help identify output open loop conditions. The precision 10-ohm sense resistor enables monitoring of the output signal without disturbing field wiring.
Rotork Fairchild's all new PAX1 Series Linear Actuator can be used alone or it can be paired with a variety of Fairchild time proven pressure regulators, enabling remote control of the pneumatic pressure. Power is provided by 11-26 VDC and position is controlled by a 4-20mA signal or pulse clockwise or counterclockwise. The actuator is designed to lock in last place if power or signal are lost. The PAX1 is ideal when precise position control is required, and it has an optional analog feedback that transmits current position to the operator through an 4 to 20 mA Analog Feedback Signal. Adjustable motor speeds, customer set position limits and alarms are standard features.
The T7500 series is but one of several variants available from Rotork Instruments for converting electric control signals of C voltage or current to pneumatic output.
VALTEK control valves provide reliability, long life, parts interchangeability, ease of maintenance and prompt delivery. Valtek control products are known for handling severe services: cryogenic, superheated steam, volatile and corrosive fluids, erosion, high pressure drops, vibration, cavitation, flashing, and high noise levels.
Modular variable area flow meters are simple to install, accurate, and inexpensive. Modular design allows the addition of limits, alarms, communications, and transmitter capability in the field without shutting down the process.
The TIDALFLUX 2000 flow sensor with integrated and non-contact capacitive level measuring system provides accurate flow measurement in partially filled pipes.
TIDALFLUX is designed to measure reliably between 10% and 100% of the pipe cross section. The integrated level sensors in the liner are in no contact with the liquid and are therefore insensitive against fat and oil floating on the surface.
This application note from Brooks Instrument describes how to effectively establish differential pressure sensor purge lines on transmitters that may be measuring in a system where the media may restrict or clog the sensor lines and create error in the reading
Flowserve provides an introduction to cavitation with velocity profile, pressure profile, effects of cavitation, flashing, sound, and other aspects covered. The theory behind controlling cavitation and various methods employed in the company's valve products is also included.
Designed to provide thorough, continuous monitoring of many hazardous gases, the indoor/outdoor Ultima X Series Gas Monitors offer excellent performance and MSA quality craftsmanship. DuraSource™ Technology offers extended sensor life, while HART provides convenient setup, calibration and diagnostics. HART also allows for existing component install and wiring to be used. A single circuit board increases reliability, while our patented sensor disconnect-underpower feature allows all sensors to be replaced in hazardous areas without area declassification. The units are crafted from either stainless steel or polycarbonate, and the interchangeable smart sensors eliminate the need for reconfiguration. Our scrolling LCD screen display sensor reading and gas type, while the calibration process includes date stamping and the ability to calibrate locally or remotely.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. Uptime. All the time.
Siemens SINAMICS PERFECT HARMONY GH180 drives
usa.siemens.com/perfectharmony
Answers for industry.
2. 2
And because reliability is a paramount concern for today’s
manufacturers, Siemens equipped the SINAMICS Perfect
Harmony drive with 50+ patented technologies proven to
increase the dependability of critical processes. The drive’s
modularity provides a scalable solution that achieves
near-100 percent reliability and 99.99 percent availability,
resulting in a significantly reduced total cost of ownership
over the drive’s lifecycle. A series cell configuration even
allows the drive to withstand failures that would overwhelm
conventional drives and shut down the plant process.
As the demand for power and raw materials continues to
grow, U.S. manufacturers are faced with an increasing
number of operational challenges. For some, it’s the remote
location of their plants; others have harsh environments to
consider. But although operating conditions are never
perfect, your process has to be — because in today’s
competitive market, downtime is not an option. That’s
why there’s SINAMICS PERFECT HARMONY.
Every element of a SINAMICS Perfect Harmony GH180 drive
is engineered to maximize productivity and protect your
process in a way that other drives can’t. Designed in both
liquid-cooled and compact air-cooled configurations,
SINAMICS Perfect Harmony medium voltage variable
frequency drives (VFDs) deliver superior versatility, efficiency
and process availability for the most demanding applications.
The perfect solution
for imperfect conditions.
3. The SINAMICS Perfect Harmony medium voltage VFD draws
on more than 50 years of industry experience and more than
17 years of testing and refinement to deliver unsurpassed
reliability for critical applications. Its proven performance in
demanding processes has led it to become the only drive
today approved for nuclear applications.
Industry demands increasingly require flexible, scalable
drive solutions that are not only safe and efficient, but also
application-specific. That’s why the SINAMICS drive
family — the world’s largest line of precision-engineered
drives — offers a full portfolio of integrated solutions that
can reduce power costs by 20 to 70 percent while increasing
your productivity and sharpening your competitive edge.
From kiln drives and vertical ball mills to mud pumps and
extruders, any application can be paired or retrofitted with a
SINAMICS Perfect Harmony drive to optimize process
improvement. It’s the No. 1 selling drive in the world —
with more than 10,000 drives sold — because it’s the
most trusted.
The #1 selling
drive in the world
SINAMICS PERFECT
HARMONY is:
• Highly reliable
Provides fault tolerance via
cell redundancy and Advanced
Cell Bypass
• Energy-efficient
Increases process control to improve
throughput and reduce energy waste
• Line-friendly
Achieves a near-unity power factor
by eliminating harmonic voltage
and current distortion
• Motor-friendly
Eliminates harmonic heating
and insulation stress
• Load-friendly
Eliminates significant torque
pulsations
• Process-focused
Prevents system shutdown by
proactively warning the operator
of any issues
3
4. Reliability backed by proven technology
Mine achieves output predictability
with SINAMICS Perfect Harmony
From variable output to high torque demands at startup, mines
face a number of unique challenges that require specialized
solutions. That’s why, when a major copper and molybdenum
mine was looking to optimize the ball mill application in its
multimillion-dollar expansion, it turned to Siemens.
The mine chose SINAMICS Perfect Harmony VFDs based
on their reliability and ability to:
• Apply enough starting torque with a loaded ball mill
• Operate the motor over the required speed range
without introducing harmonics
• Ensure the application’s uptime and availability with
Advanced Cell Bypass
SINAMICS Perfect Harmony achieved continuous uptime in the
vertical ball mill application, resulting in a high profit margin.
The mine has since installed the drive on three other
applications. They expect the new drives to deliver an equally
high level of uptime and throughput.
SINAMICS PERFECT HARMONY GH180 VFDs are the only
drives available today with Advanced Cell Bypass, a
technology that allows the drive to maintain consistent
power even in the event of a cell fault. Should a disturbance
occur, integrated Process-Tolerant Protection Strategy
(ProToPS™) technology provides a hierarchical system of
warnings that give your operator ample time to evaluate the
issue and respond appropriately to avoid system shutdown.
When starting multiple motors and transferring them across
the line, closed-loop synchronous transfer protects against
unnecessary wear and tear.
Siemens optimized the SINAMICS Perfect Harmony GH180
drives’ fully integrated VFD systems for easy access to all
components, so drive maintenance is simplified and
downtime is limited. Each drive includes an integrated
isolation transformer, power electronics, controls and a
cooling system that can tolerate ambient temperatures from
-40° C to +50° C. Designed for longevity, the drive cabinets
are constructed to meet the most stringent industrial
requirements and withstand the harshest weather
conditions.
5 5
N
5 5
N
95˚
132.5˚ 132.5˚
Shown here is the output of a
15-cell drive with two failed
cells in phase A. Although 87%
of the cells are still functional,
without Advanced Cell Bypass
the output voltage becomes
imbalanced.
In this figure, Advanced Cell
Bypass isolates the two failed
cells in phase A and adjusts the
phase angles accordingly. As a
result, the drive is able to produce
a balanced output at 80% of the
original voltage.
4
5. Synchronous Transfer
Synchronous transfer is used to soft-start multiple motors in
a series and efficiently transfer them across the line without
stressing the power grid. This closed-transfer approach not
only increases energy efficiency — it also helps protect
motors and equipment from excessive torque transients.
Process-Tolerant Protection Strategy (ProToPS™)
With a proven record of 99.99 percent process uptime,
ProToPS™ protects your process from faulty sensors or data.
Unlike typical systems that simply trip the drive and
automatically shut down the system due to a malfunction,
ProToPS™ offers a proactive control strategy for applications
where failure avoidance is critical.
Environmental Tolerance
Only SINAMICS Perfect Harmony drives are engineered to
operate reliably in environments with ambient temperatures
ranging from -40° C to +50° C. No other drive can tolerate
such a broad range of extreme conditions. An optional PDC
allows the drive to withstand even the harshest outdoor
conditions, from tropical environments to ocean platforms.
Motor
voltage
Ch 1
Ch 3
Ch 1 3.60 V4.00 V
5.00 V
5.00 V
4.00 V
Ch 4 Zoom: 0.5x Vert 1.0x Horz
M 100 msCh 2
Ch 4
Stop: 500 S/s 4 Acqs
T[ ]
Drive
current
Fault cell
bypassed and
motor torque
produced less
than 450 mse
after fault
Cell fault
Siemens system boosts well
safety and productivity
Explosion hazards and gas flow fluctuations can make it
difficult for oil and gas producers to achieve maximum
process reliability. When an international producer needed to
replace three 35-year-old compressors, Siemens was the only
bidder to offer an explosion-proof integrated drive system.
The system Siemens delivered surpassed the original
operating and efficiency guarantees, and the integrated
SINAMICS Perfect Harmony drives provided quiet, reliable
operation with the clean output necessary for an explosion-
proof application. The well is expected to soon return to the
productivity and efficiency levels of earlier days.
“It was a team effort,” said the equipment engineer at the oil
and gas company. “I’ve been around the block for many
years, and this is the only company that builds motors to
custom specifications. They delivered what they promised.”
The benefits of built-in reliability
Advanced Cell Bypass
In less than a quarter of a second, the SINAMICS Perfect
Harmony GH180 drive can bypass multiple failed cells to
maintain a balanced output voltage. With one cell in bypass,
the drive still produces sufficient voltage to allow the
process to continue uninterrupted, and the quality of the
voltage and the waveform remain virtually unchanged.
5
6. Based on the world’s most comprehensive range of drive
products, Siemens Integrated Drive Systems (IDS) address
the increasingly complex challenges of drive technology by
providing a single source for your entire drive system — drive,
motor, gearbox and couplings. This not only simplifies
specification, purchase, implementation, operation and
maintenance, but also increases your drive system’s overall
reliability with integrated design efficiencies.
Each component is engineered for optimal compatibility and
performance, and upon delivery the IDS is installed directly
onto the equipment — saving you a significant amount of
time in project startup. Every aspect of the IDS is designed to
your specifications, including custom service contracts and
extended warranty options that reinforce the lifetime
reliability of your system.
Fully integrated
solutions
Traditional drives often require up to five
additional components: harmonic filter,
power factor corrector, transformer, power
converter and motor filter. But the SINAMICS
PERFECT HARMONY drive is far from
traditional.
The only major components required by its
integrated system are a topology isolation
transformer and a power converter. It
doesn’t even need external power factor
correction capacitors to exceed 0.95 power
factor at normal operating speeds. The
drive’s all-in-one design allows for quick and
easy drive installations, thereby reducing
costs and process downtime while
increasing project flexibility.
Different
by design
6
7. 7
Advantages of an
Integrated Drive System:
Reliability
• Improved operating times
• Faster supply of new and
replacement components
• Condition monitoring
• CAPEX security
Productivity
• Higher throughput
• Reduced engineering effort
• High degree of flexibility
• Shorter time to market
Efficiency
• More energy-efficient
• Simplified maintenance
• Better environmental protection
• Reduced OPEX
8. 8
The SINAMICS PERFECT HARMONY drive meets the most
stringent harmonic requirements for voltage and current
distortion to protect other online equipment from harmonic
disturbance. Even at low speeds, the drive operates
smoothly, without inducing any significant torque
pulsations — thus eliminating the need for costly couplings.
Clean Power Input
SINAMICS Perfect Harmony drives meet the most stringent
IEEE 519-1992 requirements for voltage and current
harmonic distortion. An integrated sinusoidal converter not
only eliminates the need for harmonic filters, power factor
correction capacitors or extra bus capacity; it also protects
other online equipment from harmonic disturbances.
High-Quality Output
No drive offers a higher-quality waveform output than the
SINAMICS Perfect Harmony. Its design accommodates any
standard motor without requiring additional output or dv / dt
filters — which can reduce efficiency and reliability — and it
provides the lowest peak voltage to the motor windings to
help extend motor life.
Power that
protects
your process
Clean Power Input
Power Quality Output
Output waveforms at 100% speed
Output waveforms at 50% speed
18-pulse, multilevel PWM
Motor current
Motor voltage
Motor current
Motor voltage
Source current
Source voltage
9. integrated into the drive itself helps further
limit downtime by allowing you to safely
monitor drive speeds and stop a drive
without disconnecting the power.
Any VFD will improve control over your
process, but only SINAMICS Perfect Harmony
drives will optimize the control you have.
With 50+ patented technologies proven to
increase reliability and reduce energy
consumption, SINAMICS Perfect Harmony is
designed to boost productivity while
lowering your total cost of ownership.
Improve your process, your production and
your bottom line with SINAMICS Perfect
Harmony.
Precision-engineered drive technology is
what established Siemens as a world-class
leader in reliability, but it takes an
unwavering dedication to safety and
lifecycle support to maintain this distinction.
SINAMICS Perfect Harmony drives are
designed for a 20-year lifetime, and Siemens
offers the support to match — before,
during and after installation.
From quoting and commissioning to field
service and live call center assistance,
experienced medium voltage drive
technicians are available around the clock to
personally ensure your drive’s continued
reliability. Fast-response safety technology
When uptime is everything,
everything has to be perfect.
9