This document describes the conception of a water level detector based on an electromagnetic force sensor. It consists of a glass cylindrical plunger suspended from an electromagnetic force sensor and partially submerged in a graduated cylinder filled with water. As the water level changes, the submerged portion of the plunger varies, causing a change in buoyant force that is measured by the sensor. The sensor converts this force into a voltage via an electronic circuit. The device was calibrated and shown to accurately measure water level changes of 1 cm in both rising and falling water levels. This provides a simple, low-cost method for measuring tide levels or other water level variations.
In this paper, a new sliding mode controller is proposed as the indirect control method and compared to a simple direct control method in order to control a buck converter in photovoltaic applications. The solar arrays are dependent power sources with nonlinear voltage-current characteristics under different environmental conditions. From this point of view, the DC/DC converter is particularly suitable for the application of the sliding mode control in photovoltaic application, because of its controllable states. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to the sun. This method has the advantage that it will guarantee the maximum output power possible by the array configuration. Problems and possible improvements will also be presented.
MAGNETOMETER
Outline
• Pinciples of operation of magnetometer.
• How Magnetometer works…???
• Cordinate Systems
• Types
• SQUID Magnetometer
• Applications
MAGNETOMETER – PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Hall Effect Magnetometer
Lorentz Force -
Benefits-
Solid-state
Low Temperature
Sensitivity
Highly Linear
Small
Cheap
Drawbacks-
Saturation limit
Calibration Issues
How Magnetometers Work..???
Coordinate Systems
TYPES OF MAGNETOMETER
SQUID MAGNETOMETER
APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETOMETER
1. They are used for navigational purposes.
2. They are used in anti-lock braking systems in vehicles.
3. Fluxgate magnetometers have been used in space missions for magnetic field measurements.
4. Magnetometers are used for mineral exploration; it is used to search world-class deposits of gold,silver, iron copper, etc.
5. They are used in many defence applications; UAVs, submarines, etc.
6. Magnetometers have found usages in smartphones which have applications that serve as compasses.
7. And many more..
THANK YOU.
In this paper, a new sliding mode controller is proposed as the indirect control method and compared to a simple direct control method in order to control a buck converter in photovoltaic applications. The solar arrays are dependent power sources with nonlinear voltage-current characteristics under different environmental conditions. From this point of view, the DC/DC converter is particularly suitable for the application of the sliding mode control in photovoltaic application, because of its controllable states. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to the sun. This method has the advantage that it will guarantee the maximum output power possible by the array configuration. Problems and possible improvements will also be presented.
MAGNETOMETER
Outline
• Pinciples of operation of magnetometer.
• How Magnetometer works…???
• Cordinate Systems
• Types
• SQUID Magnetometer
• Applications
MAGNETOMETER – PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Hall Effect Magnetometer
Lorentz Force -
Benefits-
Solid-state
Low Temperature
Sensitivity
Highly Linear
Small
Cheap
Drawbacks-
Saturation limit
Calibration Issues
How Magnetometers Work..???
Coordinate Systems
TYPES OF MAGNETOMETER
SQUID MAGNETOMETER
APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETOMETER
1. They are used for navigational purposes.
2. They are used in anti-lock braking systems in vehicles.
3. Fluxgate magnetometers have been used in space missions for magnetic field measurements.
4. Magnetometers are used for mineral exploration; it is used to search world-class deposits of gold,silver, iron copper, etc.
5. They are used in many defence applications; UAVs, submarines, etc.
6. Magnetometers have found usages in smartphones which have applications that serve as compasses.
7. And many more..
THANK YOU.
In this paper, a new sliding mode controller is proposed as the indirect control method and compared to a simple direct control method in order to control a buck converter in photovoltaic applications. The solar arrays are dependent power sources with nonlinear voltage-current characteristics under different environmental conditions. From this point of view, the DC/DC converter is particularly suitable for the application of the sliding mode control in photovoltaic application, because of its controllable states. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to the sun. This method has the advantage that it will guarantee the maximum output power possible by the array configuration. Problems and possible improvements will also be presented.
Impact of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Insertion on Short-circuit Ca...IJAPEJOURNAL
This research paper presents a study on phase to earth fault short-circuit calculation with fault resistance on a single transmission line 400 kV in eastern Algerian transmission networks at Algerian Company of Electricity and Gas (Sonelgaz Group) compensated by series Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) i.e. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) installed in midline. The facts are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reactive power, and damping of power system oscillations at high power transfer levels. The direct impacts of TCSC insertion on the total impedance, active power and reactive power a electrical transmission line and also parameters of short-circuit : symmetrical currents, line currents, symmetrical voltages and line voltages are carried out. More the effects of injected voltage by TCSC for three case studies are presented.
This article describes the operational principles, construction and other features of the four most basic transducers viz. Strain Gauge, Potentiometer, Load Cell and LVDT. Also this article describes the characteristic features of different material transduction properties.
Characteristics and stability threats of resonance caused by forced oscillati...Power System Operation
This paper studies the resonance interaction caused by
forcing oscillations occurring at frequencies near the
inter-area mode frequencies. The paper studies measured
incidents and analyses the resonance phenomenon with
simulations. The paper shows that observations, both
measured and simulated, are in line with the resonance
theory. The main issues that affect the resonance caused
by the forcing oscillations are investigated. According to
the results, in some power system states even relativ ely
small forcing oscillations in certain locations may create
a resonance with high amplitude oscillations and in this
way even cause instability. The resonance interaction
can be significant in systems where low damping limits
the transmission capacity (e.g. Nordic power system).
Thus, TSOs responsible for such systems should analyze
and mitigate the risk of forced oscillations.
An invention in which, due to the non-standard method of generation and unique design of the motor-generator, the electric motor and the generator modes are combined into one and are connected inseparably.
As a result, on applying the load, the interaction between the magnetic fields of the stator and the rotor creates a torque, which by its direction coincides with the torque generated by the external drive.
In other words, when the power consumption of the generator load is increased, the rotor of the motor-generator starts to accelerate and thus the power consumption of an external drive goes down.
YouTube-Video:
http://youtu.be/M92tbG2VOr4
http://youtu.be/bFXecIxEqR4
All details of the working principle can be found on our website at: generator-motor.info
Wind Turbine Generator Tied To Grid Using Inverter Techniques and Its DesignsIJSRD
This paper proposes a method of using small sizes WTG of 300W low capacity turbine in small grid channel with inverter techniques. Power can be fed directly to grid by improving durability and eliminating battery usage, using WTG inverter technique. The proposed wind tied with grid by PMG includes boost converter and three phase inverter. For tracking wind speed with variations of wind power MPPT method is used. Interleaving technique is adopted for different frequency variables to improve power capacity. Final result proves WTG helps in improving wind power application as shown in simulation result.
Design of MEMS capacitive accelerometer with different perforated proof- mass...IOSR Journals
This work represents a study of perforated proof mass of a micro fabricated accelerometer with
different perforation shapes, by application of load stress and displacement is measuredto know the deflection and
flexibility of the proof mass. Perforation shapes of proof mass of capacitive accelerometer affects the sensitivity and
other performance parameters of accelerometer.Eigen frequency analysis is done to know the stress and
displacement distribution on vibrating proof mass which are used to measure and compare the sensitivity and
mechanical strength of proof mass. As a result of this study it has been found that the proof mass with perforation
shape of nozzle/diffuser is the most efficient perforation shape to get better performance from an capacitive micro
fabricated accelerometers.
In this paper, a new sliding mode controller is proposed as the indirect control method and compared to a simple direct control method in order to control a buck converter in photovoltaic applications. The solar arrays are dependent power sources with nonlinear voltage-current characteristics under different environmental conditions. From this point of view, the DC/DC converter is particularly suitable for the application of the sliding mode control in photovoltaic application, because of its controllable states. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is able to remain aligned to the sun. This method has the advantage that it will guarantee the maximum output power possible by the array configuration. Problems and possible improvements will also be presented.
Impact of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Insertion on Short-circuit Ca...IJAPEJOURNAL
This research paper presents a study on phase to earth fault short-circuit calculation with fault resistance on a single transmission line 400 kV in eastern Algerian transmission networks at Algerian Company of Electricity and Gas (Sonelgaz Group) compensated by series Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) i.e. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) installed in midline. The facts are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reactive power, and damping of power system oscillations at high power transfer levels. The direct impacts of TCSC insertion on the total impedance, active power and reactive power a electrical transmission line and also parameters of short-circuit : symmetrical currents, line currents, symmetrical voltages and line voltages are carried out. More the effects of injected voltage by TCSC for three case studies are presented.
This article describes the operational principles, construction and other features of the four most basic transducers viz. Strain Gauge, Potentiometer, Load Cell and LVDT. Also this article describes the characteristic features of different material transduction properties.
Characteristics and stability threats of resonance caused by forced oscillati...Power System Operation
This paper studies the resonance interaction caused by
forcing oscillations occurring at frequencies near the
inter-area mode frequencies. The paper studies measured
incidents and analyses the resonance phenomenon with
simulations. The paper shows that observations, both
measured and simulated, are in line with the resonance
theory. The main issues that affect the resonance caused
by the forcing oscillations are investigated. According to
the results, in some power system states even relativ ely
small forcing oscillations in certain locations may create
a resonance with high amplitude oscillations and in this
way even cause instability. The resonance interaction
can be significant in systems where low damping limits
the transmission capacity (e.g. Nordic power system).
Thus, TSOs responsible for such systems should analyze
and mitigate the risk of forced oscillations.
An invention in which, due to the non-standard method of generation and unique design of the motor-generator, the electric motor and the generator modes are combined into one and are connected inseparably.
As a result, on applying the load, the interaction between the magnetic fields of the stator and the rotor creates a torque, which by its direction coincides with the torque generated by the external drive.
In other words, when the power consumption of the generator load is increased, the rotor of the motor-generator starts to accelerate and thus the power consumption of an external drive goes down.
YouTube-Video:
http://youtu.be/M92tbG2VOr4
http://youtu.be/bFXecIxEqR4
All details of the working principle can be found on our website at: generator-motor.info
Wind Turbine Generator Tied To Grid Using Inverter Techniques and Its DesignsIJSRD
This paper proposes a method of using small sizes WTG of 300W low capacity turbine in small grid channel with inverter techniques. Power can be fed directly to grid by improving durability and eliminating battery usage, using WTG inverter technique. The proposed wind tied with grid by PMG includes boost converter and three phase inverter. For tracking wind speed with variations of wind power MPPT method is used. Interleaving technique is adopted for different frequency variables to improve power capacity. Final result proves WTG helps in improving wind power application as shown in simulation result.
Design of MEMS capacitive accelerometer with different perforated proof- mass...IOSR Journals
This work represents a study of perforated proof mass of a micro fabricated accelerometer with
different perforation shapes, by application of load stress and displacement is measuredto know the deflection and
flexibility of the proof mass. Perforation shapes of proof mass of capacitive accelerometer affects the sensitivity and
other performance parameters of accelerometer.Eigen frequency analysis is done to know the stress and
displacement distribution on vibrating proof mass which are used to measure and compare the sensitivity and
mechanical strength of proof mass. As a result of this study it has been found that the proof mass with perforation
shape of nozzle/diffuser is the most efficient perforation shape to get better performance from an capacitive micro
fabricated accelerometers.
This presentation addresses common questions asked to ensure your successful Postgres rollout. In addition, it shares best practices and lessons learned from Postgres implementations.
This presentation reviews:
- How to leverage EDB’s expert guidance to maximize results and achieve ROI with Postgres more quickly
- When to access EDB’s personalized training for assistance with implementations or ongoing management
- Who can help you with a detailed assessment or health check to optimize your environment
- What a successful Postgres journey looks like for you
Target Audience: This presentation is intended for IT leaders, Managers, and Directors. DBAs, Data Architects, Developers, DevOps, IT Operations responsible for supporting a Postgres environment. This presentation is equally suitable for organizations using community PostgreSQL as well as EDB’s Postgres Plus product family currently looking into Postgres or have already established a Postgres database.
Informativo Tributário Mensal com as principais alterações ocorridas na legislação tributária no mês de julho, destacando algumas decisões administrativas e judiciais relevantes, bem como relatando outros assuntos importantes.
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
Abstract The fabrication and characterization of PV modules are always done under standard test conditions (STC). However, The condition of operation are often far from thisstandard conditions. As a result, developing a characterization circuit is considered as a point of interest for researchers.This paper presents a new methodology in characterizing a PV module using an electronic load circuit. The circuit is implemented using a power MOSFET driven by a pulse width modulator (PWM) developed by LABVIEW. The system is tested and its results are validated by comparing it with simulation results performed by Comsol Multiphysics and Matlab. The system shows high accuracy with respect to the previous published work with lower cost and higher simplicity. Keywords: Photovoltaic, Characterization, Electronic load, and Pulse width modulation (PWM)…
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Runway Orientation Based on the Wind Rose Diagram.pptx
Conception of a water level detector (tide gauge) based on a electromagnetic sensor of force
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 164
CONCEPTION OF A WATER LEVEL DETECTOR (TIDE-GAUGE)
BASED ON A ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSOR OF FORCE
Zakaryae.Ezzouine1
, Abdelrhani.Nakheli2
1
LASMAR, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
2
Electrical Engineering Departments, ESTM, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
Abstract
The mechanism that we propose is a water level sensor (Tide-Gauge), using the Archimedes principle, according to which a body
immersed in a fluid in equilibrium, subjected to on behalf of this one a thrust which the intensity is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced. It is composed of an electromagnetic sensor forces of which is suspended a plunger cylindrical glass. The latter is
partially introduced into a measuring cylinder filled with water. The electromagnetic sensor of forces allows us to measure the
difference between the weight of the cylinder and the force due to the buoyancy exerted by the water on the submerged part of the
cylinder. When the water level in the test piece changes it is implied by a variation of the submerged portion of the cylinder, and
causes a variation of the buoyancy, as a consequence of variation of the force exerted on the sensor. The electromagnetic sensor
allows the conversion of this force into a voltage by the intermediate of an electronic circuit.
Key Words: Electromagnetic Sensor of Force, Water Level Detector, Tide-Gauge.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Knowing the sea level is an important information; it give us
an idea about global warming, the dilation of the oceans,
melting of glaciers, and allows tsunami prediction [1 – 4]. In
the observatories of tide, several types of tide gauges and
measurement techniques are used, tide scale, probe light,
tide to float, tide gauges to pressure sensors, tide ultrasonic
or electromagnetic waves microwave (radar),…etc [5]. The
tide that we propose relies on the laws of mechanics of
fluids, of the mechanical, and the fundamental laws of
electromagnetism.
This is a new conception that presents the advantages of a
simple structure, low cost and an acceptable precision of
observation.
2. PRINCIPALE OPERATION OF FUNCTION
TIDE GAUGE
project is concerned an instrument of measuring water level
(Tide-gauge), using Archimedes principle, according to
which once a body immersed in a fluid in a state of
equilibrium, it become subjected to a thrust which the
intensity of which is equal to the weight of the displaced
fluid. It is composed of an electromagnetic sensor of forces
from which is a glass plunger cylindrical is suspended; the
latter is partially introduced into a measuring cylinder filled
with water. The electromagnetic sensor of forces allows you
to measure the difference between the weight of the cylinder
and the force emanating from the buoyancy exerted by the
water on the submerged part of the cylinder.
Fig -1: Diagram of the function operation of the Tide Gauge
When the water level in the test piece varies; this is reflected
by a variation of the submerged portion of the cylinder, and
causes a variation of the buoyancy, or a variation of the
force exerted on the sensor. The electromagnetic sensor
allows the conversion of this force into a voltage, by the
intermediate of an electronic circuit [6-7].
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL
DEVICE
The experimental device that we propose for the
measurement of the level of water is composed, of a sensor
of electromagnetic forces from which is suspended a
plunger cylindrical glass which is partially introduced into a
graduated cylinder, and a system for filling and draining the
water in the measuring cylinder Fig -2. This system allows
us to adjust the water level to heights well determined in the
graduated cylinder, and as a result allows you variate the
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 165
portion of the cylinder immersed in water. The contribution
of the electrical energy to the sensor of forces, is assured by
a stabilized power supply ±15.The output of the sensor is
connected to a circuit of packaging, through the connecting
wires, the circuit output of packaging of the sensor is
connected to a voltmeter of table to digital display that
allows the reading of the voltage.
Fig -2: Diagram of the device for measuring water level by
an electromagnetic sensor of forces.
4. OPERATING PRINCIPALE OF THE SENSOR
FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES
The sensor of forces that we propose consists of a spring
R , two flat coils of 30 coils each, and of 2 cm radius, a
flat coil is mounted on a support around a hole (transmitting
coil), it is supplied by a sinusoidal signal from a Low
Frequency Generator .The second coil receiving platform
BM is wound on an insulating cylinder of 2cm radius and
5.3 cm height, The latter is suspended by a hook at the lower
end of a spring whose upper end is fixed on a support
through a hook Fig -3.
Fig -3: The sensor for electromagnetic forces
The spring assembly, cylinder and port are well aligned
vertically in a manner that the cylinder passes through the
hole virtually without friction. The two receiving coils and
issuing are linked to the conditioning circuit through the
wires of connections. A hook is fixed on the lower part of
the cylinder and is used to suspend the masses. The two
coils are still parallel, remote X one of the other, X being the
variable distance between coils.
The power supply to the fixed coil by issuing from the
sinusoidal voltage of a given frequency and an amplitude of
a given outcome of the Low Frequency Generator, produces
a sinusoidal current in the latter and creates a magnetic
induction variable along its axis. The coil receiving mobile
is the headquarters of an electromotive induced force
variable and measurable [8-9]:
dt
d
e
(1)
The maximum value of this Electrometric Force induced
depends on the distance x between the two coils, and the
flux Φ is proportional to the magnetic induction B, whose
variation, as a function of x, is given by the following
relationship :
2/322
2
0
)(*2
***
)(
XR
RIN
xB
(2)
With I the current flowing through the coils, R their radius,
N their number of spire, and x the distance between the two
coils. For x = 0, the previous formula becomes simple, and
thus:
R
IN
B
2
**
)0( 0
(3)
5. CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCES
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE SENSOR
The proposed sensor is characterized by a drift (original):
When one puts the sensor in function, there is a slow drift,
and after approximately 2 hours of operation, this drift is
canceled, and the voltage output of the sensor is stabilized at
a constant.
The sensor response, V (m), is not linear, but it obeys to a
polynomial relationship. The immediate consequence of this
non-linearity is a variable sensitivity, which involves the
distance x between the two coils. The accuracy of this
sensor depends, obviously, on the specific elements of the
experimental device (coils, friction, distance inter coil,
number of coils, spring, and circuit of signal conditioning),
and the quality of the measuring device used.
5.1. Determination of the mechanical characteristic
of the spring K
The curve of the Determination of the mechanical
characteristic of the spring K is obtained by hooking the
masses of precision ranging from 0g to 30g by steps of 5g
and by reading the displacement X of corresponding spring,
using a graduated ruler as scale, (Table.1 above):
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 166
Table -1 : Table of the characteristic of the spring
M (g) X(mm)
0 0
5 0.75
10 1.5
15 2.25
20 3
25 3.75
30 4.5
M: The Weight
X: The displacement of the spring by
Chart -1: The mechanical characteristic of the spring K.
From the curve:
X
M
K
(4)
m
N
mm
g
K 667.6
75.0
5
5.2. Calibration the Sensor of forces
The characteristic curve of the sensor, V=f(m), is obtained
by hooking the masses of precision ranging from 0g to 30g
by steps of 2.5g (table.1 above), and by raising the
corresponding voltage, using a voltmeter with a precision
0.1 mV.
Table -2:The calibration curve of the sensor of
electromagnetic forces.
M (g) V(mv)
0 49.5
2.5 51.9
5 54.6
7.5 57.9
10 61.5
12.5 66.0
15 71.1
17.5 77.1
20 83.5
22.5 91.8
25 101.1
27.5 111.7
30 122.6
Where M is the Weight and V is The Voltage.
Chart -2: Sensor response V = f(m)
We used a polynomial fit of order 5 which is characterized
by a standard deviation commensurate with the
experimental sensor accuracy. The polynomial fit of the
mass as a function of the voltage (m= f(V)) shown below
will be most useful for determining the mass of any
unknown by knowing its corresponding voltage delivered
by the sensor. The corresponding polynomial adjustment is
given by:
i
ii
vam
5
0
(5)
Chart -3: The calibration curve of the sensor of
electromagnetic forces
The polynomial adjustment of the mass as a function of the
voltage corresponding to the experimental accuracy of our
sensor is as follows:
m (g) = A + B1 V + B2 V2
+ B3 V3
+B4 V4
+ B5 V5
(6)
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 167
With:
A 49,55611; 1B 0,7211; 2B 0,0766 ;
3B 0,00482; 4B 2,41327E-4 ; 5B 3,40754 E-6
2
r = 1 and 0,25513
iB : Coefficients of the characteristic polynomial.
2
r : Correlation coefficient.
: Residual sum of squares.
The electromagnetic sensor of forces proposed is
characterized by its extended of measure 0g to 30g, which
depends on the mechanical characteristics of the spring. A
cycle of hysteresis appears when exceeding a certain critical
elongation, and there is emergence of a deformation
retentive. The choice of a good spring perfectly elastic is
important. The range of use of the sensor is limited between
0g and 30g in which all measures are reversible. The
sensitivity of the sensor offers depends on the distance x
inter-coils, but it is almost invariable and of fixed distance.
The accuracy of the sensor depends on the specific elements
of the experimental device (coils, friction, distance inter
coil, number of coils, spring, and circuit of signal
conditioning [10]), and the quality of the measuring device
used. We have used a digital voltmeter of a precision of 0.1
mV.
Fig -4: Conditioning circuit
6. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES USED
6.1. Principle of measurement
We denote by L , the density of water expressed in g/cm3,
SM the mass of the plunger cylindrical in (grams), S his
density ( LS ), V it’s immersed volume in (cm 3)
which is also equal to the volume of the fluid displaced,
g the intensity of the gravity field [11-12-13].
The intensity AP of the thrust of Archimedes and the force
F applied to the sensor are data by:
gVP LA ** , (7)
And
AS PgMF * , (8)
(6)
Fig -5: Diagram for the measurement principle
The measurement of F gives directly the value of volume
V cylinder partially immersed in the water:
hSV * (9)
The section S of the cylinder being constant, it can be
deduced that h represents the height of the submerged
portion of the cylinder, and therefore the level of water in
the measuring cylinder.
The force F is measured using the electromagnetic sensor of
forces whose the extended measurement is 30g, and which
was calibrated by using weights of accuracy and the results
of which are presented on the table with the calibration
curve Chart -3.
6.2. Measures and Experimental Results
Our experimental device is equipped with a mechanism of
filling and draining of the graduated measuring cylinder. We
have begun by the filling of the test piece up to a maximum
level, and we proceeded to the decrease of the level by
constant step of 1 cm, the water level in passing by different
heights. And at each height, we have raised the voltage
delivered by the sensor of electromagnetic forces using a
voltmeter. We have achieved the reverse operation also by
completing the test piece gradually by step of 1cm; the
results of measures during the lowering and raising of the
waters are cited below.
6.3. Measurement of the rise in water level
Table of measures of the output voltage of Tide Gauge Data
and the level of water
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 168
Table -4: Measurement table of water rising
Water level in (Cm) Voltage in (mv)
0 44,5
1 45,3
2 46,4
3 48,5
4 50,6
5 53,6
6 57,2
7 63,7
8 71,4
9 81,4
10 89,7
11 99,2
12 107,5
13 116,9
Chart -5: Graph of the rise in water level
6.4. Measurement of the decrease of water level
Table of measures of the output voltage of Tide Gauge Data
and the level of water:
Table -3: Measurement table of water descent
Water level in (Cm) Voltage in (mv)
13 116,9
12 107,5
11 99,2
10 89,7
9 81,4
8 71,4
7 63,7
6 57,2
5 53,6
4 50,6
3 48,5
2 46,4
1 45,3
0 44,5
Chart -4: Graph of the descent in water level
The Comparison between graphical representation of the
rising and lowering of waters, shows that the variations are
reversible and that at each level of water corresponds to a
voltage .
7. CONCLUSIONS
We have come up with a device to measure the level of
water in a measuring cylinder using an electromagnetic
sensor of forces to which we have attacked a cylindrical
plunger. The reading of tensions in function of the water
level shows that the variations are monotonous. These
results obtained in the laboratory are derived from
measurements made in almost-ideal conditions, in which the
fluid is in hydrostatic balance, and the application of the
principle of static fluids is verified. During the operation of
the level sensor in the waters of sea, we can expect a
behavior that sets itself of the ideal operation because of the
hydrostatic balance of sea water which is not always
achieved since there are some spills during the blast high
and low. To approach the operation observed at the
laboratory, the installation of the tide gauge data must be
protected from waves, and predict a construction to stabilize
the waters in order to consider a quasi hydrostatic
equilibrium. By taking into consideration certain
precautions, the mechanism that we propose can serve as an
instrument for measuring water level (Tide-Gauge) that is
robust and reliable for the knowledge of the variations of the
average level of the sea which represents an important
contribution to the understanding of climate change, and to
follow the time evolution of the rise and descent of sea
water with precision.
Improvements can be made to this device to increase its
performance, by associating an acquisition card for a digital
data processing by computer, as well as the transmission of
the results in real time.
REFERENCES
[1]. N. Pouvreau, Thèse de Doctorat de L’Univérsité de la
ROCHELLE, géophysique «Trois cents ans de
mesures marégraphiques en France: outils, méthodes et
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 169
tendances des composantes du niveau de la mer au port
de Brest ».Version 1-16jan2009.
[2]. Beranrd Simon La Marée - La marée océanique et
côtière. Editeur Institut océanographique, 2008, 434pp.
[3]. Woodworth P. L., D. L. Blackman (2004). Evidence
for systematic changes in extreme high waters since
the Mid-1970s. Journal of Climate, vol. 17, n°6, pp.
1190-1197
[4]. S. DESMARE, N. WEBER, «Les nouveaux produits
de courants de marée et services proposés par le
SHOM». XIIIèmes Journées Nationales Génie Côtier –
Génie Civil. DOI:10.5150/jngcgc.2014.008
.Dunkerque, 2-4 juillet 2014.disponible en ligne :
http://www.paralia.fr
[5]. R.creach, Chief of PE RONIM ,Guide Mesures
marégraphiques Version : 2.1 disponible sur :
http://agora.shom.fr/docQual/2008/GU/GU2008-056
[6]. O. Kursua, A. Kruusingb, M. Pudasb, T. Rahkonen,
Piezoelectric bimorph charge mode force sensor Timo
Rahkonena, article science direct, 2009
[7]. Sensor One AE-801 Micro Force Sensor,
http://sensorone.com/AE801 Home.
[8]. P.Poulichet Etude des capteurs magnétiques
(www.incertitudes.fr/robot/capteurs-magnetique.pdf).
[9]. D.Cordier- Cours de physique, électromagnétisme,
1.Electrostatique et magnétostatique - Editions
Dunod.22 juillet 2004.
[10]. National Semiconductor, Application note 31: Op amp
circuit collection,http://www.national.com/an/AN/AN-
31.pdf, September, 2002.
[11]. A.NAKHELI, Thèse de Doctorat Surfusion,
Cristallisation et vitrification des Systèmes eau-
propanediol 1, 2 à basse température N0: 279-92,
1992, pages: 11-60.
[12]. WO2013105840 A1 Densimeter,
PCT/MA2012/000015 Abdelrhani Nakheli & Seddik
Bri.
[13]. J.-L. Le Goer, J. Avril, Capteurs à jauge
extensométrique, Techniques de l’ingénieur, pp. 01,
2000