International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
In this paper the harmonic stability is investigated for multi paralleled three-phase photovoltaic inverters connected to grid. The causes to harmonically stabilize/destabilize the multi-paralleled PV inverters when tied to the grid isanalysed by the impedance-based stability criterion (IBSC). In this paper stability of the system is investigated by varying the grid inductance with constant grid resistance and also by varying load impedance while maintaining grid inductance constant. Stability of the multiple three phase inverters tied to the grid with different grid impedance, inductance value inparticular are analyzed. Overall system is stable up to grid inductance of5mH even though there is change in load admittance. It is concluded that system stability depends only on grid impedance. It is verified with Matlab Simulations.
M.Tech Voltage Reference Thesis PresentationRohit Singh
The document summarizes the design and performance evaluation of sub-1V voltage reference generators at a 45nm CMOS technology node. It discusses two designs - one based on cancelling the temperature dependence of a CTAT current with a PTAT current, and the other based on utilizing the threshold voltage difference between high and low threshold voltage transistors. Both designs are analyzed theoretically and through simulation. The CTAT-PTAT design achieves a temperature coefficient of 19ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.93%/V. The VTH-based design has a temperature coefficient of 16ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.53%/V. Both designs demonstrate good power supply rejection ratios and meet the objectives of
Comparative Analysis of Linear Controllers used for Grid Connected PV System IJECEIAES
Requirement for electrical energy is increasing in a ramp function manner. To meet the steady increasing in energy demand it is required to find some alternate source of energy. Except the conventional source of energy one type of renewable energy i.e PV may be regarded as a clean source of energy to meet the energy demand. PV modules generating DC power cannot be directly connected to the electrical infrastructure as most of the grid infrastructure uses either 230volt or 120 volt. Therefore power electronic device most be connected (inverter) between PV and grid. In order to make a competitive market between the renewable generated power and conventional way of generating the power it is required to design a cost effective inverter, qualitative output which is pure sinusoidal and harmonics free. In this paper a comparative analysis among the various linear controllers are presented. Proposed Optimised PID Controller is Presented through MATLAB Simulink based environment.
This document investigates the performance of two-stage operational amplifiers at different CMOS technology nodes. Electrical characteristics like differential gain, bandwidth, slew rate, and power dissipation are evaluated for 16nm, 22nm, and 32nm processes. Temperature effects on characteristics are also analyzed for the 32nm node. Results show that performance generally decreases with scaling while power is reduced. Characteristics like gain, bandwidth, and slew rate are negatively impacted by increases in temperature. The document aims to understand how technology scaling and temperature variations affect conventional CMOS operational amplifier design.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of Compact P-Band Vector Reflectometer IJECEIAES
A compact and low cost portable vector reflectometer is designed for a reliable measurement of reflection coefficient, S . This reflectometer focuses on return loss measurement of frequency ranges from 450 MHz to 550 MHz. The detection of magnitude and phase is based on the utilization of surface mount Analog Devices AD8302 gain/phase detector. The data acquisition is controlled by using Arduino-Nano 3.0 microcontroller, with the use of two analog to digital converter (ADC) and a digital to analog converter (DAC). One port (Open, short and matched load) calibration technique is used to eliminate systematic errors prior to data acquisition. The evaluation of the reflectometer is done by comparing the result of the measurement to that of vector network analyzer. 11
Design of Ota-C Filter for Biomedical ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of an OTA-C filter for biomedical applications such as ECG signals. A fifth-order low pass Chebyshev filter with a cutoff frequency of 300Hz and power dissipation of 779nW was designed using a 0.18um CMOS process. Simulation results showed a gain of 22.5dB and CMRR of 93dB. The fully differential OTA-C filter provides higher common mode rejection and dynamic range compared to single-ended designs, while operating transistors in the sub-threshold region reduces power consumption. The proposed filter is suitable for low power portable biomedical applications.
This paper proposes fault location model for underground power cable using microcontroller. The aim of this project is to determine the di stance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers. This project uses the simple c oncept of ohm�s law.When any fault like short circuit occurs,voltage drop will vary depending on the length of fault in cable,since the current varies. A set of resistors are ther efore used to represen t the cable and a dc vol tage is fed at one end and the fault is detected by detecting the change in voltage using a analog to voltage converter and a microcontroller is used to make the necessary calculations so that the fault distance is displayed on the LCD display.
In this paper the harmonic stability is investigated for multi paralleled three-phase photovoltaic inverters connected to grid. The causes to harmonically stabilize/destabilize the multi-paralleled PV inverters when tied to the grid isanalysed by the impedance-based stability criterion (IBSC). In this paper stability of the system is investigated by varying the grid inductance with constant grid resistance and also by varying load impedance while maintaining grid inductance constant. Stability of the multiple three phase inverters tied to the grid with different grid impedance, inductance value inparticular are analyzed. Overall system is stable up to grid inductance of5mH even though there is change in load admittance. It is concluded that system stability depends only on grid impedance. It is verified with Matlab Simulations.
M.Tech Voltage Reference Thesis PresentationRohit Singh
The document summarizes the design and performance evaluation of sub-1V voltage reference generators at a 45nm CMOS technology node. It discusses two designs - one based on cancelling the temperature dependence of a CTAT current with a PTAT current, and the other based on utilizing the threshold voltage difference between high and low threshold voltage transistors. Both designs are analyzed theoretically and through simulation. The CTAT-PTAT design achieves a temperature coefficient of 19ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.93%/V. The VTH-based design has a temperature coefficient of 16ppm/C and line sensitivity of 0.53%/V. Both designs demonstrate good power supply rejection ratios and meet the objectives of
Comparative Analysis of Linear Controllers used for Grid Connected PV System IJECEIAES
Requirement for electrical energy is increasing in a ramp function manner. To meet the steady increasing in energy demand it is required to find some alternate source of energy. Except the conventional source of energy one type of renewable energy i.e PV may be regarded as a clean source of energy to meet the energy demand. PV modules generating DC power cannot be directly connected to the electrical infrastructure as most of the grid infrastructure uses either 230volt or 120 volt. Therefore power electronic device most be connected (inverter) between PV and grid. In order to make a competitive market between the renewable generated power and conventional way of generating the power it is required to design a cost effective inverter, qualitative output which is pure sinusoidal and harmonics free. In this paper a comparative analysis among the various linear controllers are presented. Proposed Optimised PID Controller is Presented through MATLAB Simulink based environment.
This document investigates the performance of two-stage operational amplifiers at different CMOS technology nodes. Electrical characteristics like differential gain, bandwidth, slew rate, and power dissipation are evaluated for 16nm, 22nm, and 32nm processes. Temperature effects on characteristics are also analyzed for the 32nm node. Results show that performance generally decreases with scaling while power is reduced. Characteristics like gain, bandwidth, and slew rate are negatively impacted by increases in temperature. The document aims to understand how technology scaling and temperature variations affect conventional CMOS operational amplifier design.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of Compact P-Band Vector Reflectometer IJECEIAES
A compact and low cost portable vector reflectometer is designed for a reliable measurement of reflection coefficient, S . This reflectometer focuses on return loss measurement of frequency ranges from 450 MHz to 550 MHz. The detection of magnitude and phase is based on the utilization of surface mount Analog Devices AD8302 gain/phase detector. The data acquisition is controlled by using Arduino-Nano 3.0 microcontroller, with the use of two analog to digital converter (ADC) and a digital to analog converter (DAC). One port (Open, short and matched load) calibration technique is used to eliminate systematic errors prior to data acquisition. The evaluation of the reflectometer is done by comparing the result of the measurement to that of vector network analyzer. 11
Design of Ota-C Filter for Biomedical ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of an OTA-C filter for biomedical applications such as ECG signals. A fifth-order low pass Chebyshev filter with a cutoff frequency of 300Hz and power dissipation of 779nW was designed using a 0.18um CMOS process. Simulation results showed a gain of 22.5dB and CMRR of 93dB. The fully differential OTA-C filter provides higher common mode rejection and dynamic range compared to single-ended designs, while operating transistors in the sub-threshold region reduces power consumption. The proposed filter is suitable for low power portable biomedical applications.
This paper proposes fault location model for underground power cable using microcontroller. The aim of this project is to determine the di stance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers. This project uses the simple c oncept of ohm�s law.When any fault like short circuit occurs,voltage drop will vary depending on the length of fault in cable,since the current varies. A set of resistors are ther efore used to represen t the cable and a dc vol tage is fed at one end and the fault is detected by detecting the change in voltage using a analog to voltage converter and a microcontroller is used to make the necessary calculations so that the fault distance is displayed on the LCD display.
The document discusses the concept of earthing in electric power system engineering. It defines earthing as connecting electrical equipment to the earth or ground for safety and proper system operation. There are two main types of earthing discussed: neutral or mains earthing, which connects the star point of power lines to ground; and equipment earthing, which grounds all non-current carrying metal parts. Solidly grounding the neutral point provides the best protection but causes high fault currents, while resistance or impedance earthing limits fault current but displaces voltages. The document recommends using chemical earthing rods for lower earth resistance and periodic inspection and testing of earthing systems to ensure safety.
This document describes a fifteen-level inverter developed to transmit photovoltaic power from a solar array to the electric grid. The fifteen-level inverter uses a cascaded H-bridge configuration with low voltage MOSFET switches to reduce switching losses and harmonic distortion. It consists of a dual-buck converter to generate two DC voltages as inputs, and a full-bridge inverter to convert the output to a fifteen-level AC voltage synchronized to the grid. Simulation results show the fifteen-level output waveform is close to sinusoidal, reducing harmonic distortion below 0.5% compared to conventional two-level inverters. A controller regulates the current injected into the grid to be in phase. The system aims to provide
The document describes implementing a wireless remote control using radio frequency modules interfaced with a microcontroller. It discusses:
1) Using asynchronous mode of the USART to interface an RF transmitter and receiver module with a microcontroller.
2) The hardware components of the RF transmitter and receiver modules including specifications and pin connections.
3) How to interface the transmitter module with a PIC microcontroller by initializing registers like TXSTA and SPBRG to set the baud rate and enable transmission.
4) How the transmitter transmits data by moving it to the TXREG and checking the TXIF flag to indicate when the next data can be sent.
5) How to interface the receiver module
This document summarizes research that analyzed the effect of temperature on the parameters of silicon solar cells. It was found that the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the solar cells decreases linearly as temperature increases from 20°C to 80°C. In contrast, the short circuit current (Isc) was found to increase only slightly with higher temperatures. The maximum efficiency of 18.5% was obtained at 20°C when Voc was 667.3mV and Isc was 37.56mA. Overall, the study demonstrated that higher temperatures negatively impact the Voc, fill factor, and efficiency of silicon solar cells.
The document summarizes the design and analysis of grounding grids for substations using various methods. It presents 4 case studies analyzing an existing 500kV substation grounding grid using IEEE 80-2000 and finite element methods in ETAP software. The case studies vary parameters like number of conductors, rods, and grid area to optimize the design to meet safety limits for touch and step voltages. While some cases improve issues like temperature rise, all cases show touch voltages exceeding limits, requiring further optimization of the grounding grid design.
This document presents the design and analysis of a microstrip patch antenna for triple band applications in digital communication systems. The antenna is designed to operate at 1.5 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.5 GHz bands. It consists of a rectangular patch fed by a microstrip line with two additional arms of different lengths acting as resonators. Simulation results show the antenna achieves impedance matching across bandwidths of 700 MHz, 800 MHz, and 1 GHz at the three frequencies. It has an omnidirectional radiation pattern and gain between 5-6 dBi. The compact triple band design reduces the antenna size by 67% compared to a conventional patch antenna.
The document describes a project report on three phase fault analysis with auto reset. It includes a block diagram of the project, descriptions of the hardware components used including transformers, voltage regulators, 555 timers, and relays. It also includes schematic and layout diagrams and details on testing the hardware. The system is designed to automatically disconnect the three phase power supply in the event of a fault, with the supply automatically resetting for temporary faults but remaining tripped for permanent faults.
Mini Project 1 - Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) ModulatorAIMST University
This document provides instructions for a student laboratory project to build an Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulator circuit. The objectives are to generate a 1 kHz square wave pulse and use it to modulate a 100 kHz carrier signal to produce an ASK modulated output. The circuit uses two Timer IC 555 chips - one configured as an astable multivibrator to generate the pulse signal, and the other as an astable multivibrator modulated by the pulse input to produce the ASK output. Students are asked to construct the circuit on a printed circuit board, test it, and write a laboratory report explaining the theory, design, testing, and results of the project.
DETECTION OF FAULT LOCATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)Journal For Research
Transmission lines are used to transmit electric power to distant large load centres. These lines are exposed to faults as a result of lightning, short circuits, faulty equipment’s, miss-operation, human errors, overload, and aging.To avoid this situation, and we need the exact location of fault occurrence. This problem ishandled by a set of resistors representing cable length in KMs and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at what distance and which phase is displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. Calculated values are sends to the receiving section with help of Zigbee. Measured values are updated in PC and monitored with help of .NET. RTC is used here to time and date reference, that when the event occurs.
The document describes experiments on generating and demodulating amplitude shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), and frequency shift keying (FSK) signals using MATLAB.
For ASK, binary data is used to modulate a carrier signal by varying its amplitude. Demodulation recovers the data using an envelope detector. For PSK, binary data modulates the phase of a carrier signal. Demodulation correlates the signal with a reference carrier. For FSK, binary data determines the frequency of the carrier signal. Demodulation correlates the signal with two reference carriers and compares the results.
The MATLAB program for each modulation scheme generates test signals, plots the results, and recovers the data
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
Digital Average Current Sharing Control for Low Voltage DC MicrogridsIRJET Journal
This paper proposes a decentralized control method called Digital Average Current Sharing (DACS) control for low voltage DC microgrids. Conventional droop controllers are not effective in achieving both low voltage regulation and proportional load sharing. DACS control overcomes this by utilizing a low-bandwidth communication between sources to determine the average current sharing. Each source controller shifts its droop characteristic along the voltage axis based on the average current value. Simulation results show the DACS control achieves better voltage regulation of less than 4.5% and current sharing errors of less than 4%, satisfying the key objectives of DC microgrids. In comparison to droop control, DACS control provides improved performance for proportional load sharing and voltage regulation in DC microgrids
underground cable fault location using aruino,gsm&gps Mohd Sohail
This document describes a project to locate underground cable faults using an Arduino, GSM, and GPS. The system applies a low DC voltage to the cable and measures the voltage drop to determine the location of any faults. When a fault is detected, an SMS message is sent with the GPS coordinates. Key components include an Arduino microcontroller, LCD display, GSM and GPS modules, resistors to represent cable lengths, and relays. The software is written in C/C++ and uploaded to the Arduino. The system provides low-cost fault detection for underground cables over long distances.
Arduino based underground cable fault detectionIsa Rachman
1. The document describes an Arduino-based system to detect the location of faults in underground cables. It measures the resistance between cables to detect short circuits and capacitance between wires to detect open circuits.
2. The proposed system uses Ohm's law to determine the location of short circuits by measuring changes in voltage across resistors representing different cable lengths.
3. The Arduino code measures the resistance across the cable, calculates the fault location based on the cable resistance per meter, and displays the results on an LCD screen.
This document discusses energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. It describes how sensor nodes consist of an RF transceiver, microcontroller, sensors, and memory. Radio transceivers are the largest energy consumer. The document measures energy usage for different components and transmitting data. It also discusses using lithium-ion batteries for their discharge characteristics and the ability to model remaining capacity. A measurement setup is used to test batteries at different temperatures and loads, developing a linear model to calculate residual energy as a function of temperature directly on sensor nodes.
Detection of fault location in underground cable using arduinoChirag Lakhani
This document describes a project to detect the location of faults in underground cables using an Arduino board. It discusses underground cables versus overhead cables, common types of underground cable faults, and methods for detecting faults including offline and online methods. It then introduces the circuit used, which works by measuring resistance changes along cable phases to determine the distance to a fault. Key components are described including relays, a relay driver, and the Arduino code to control components and display results.
A bridgeless bhb zvs pwm ac-ac converter for high-frequency induction heating...LeMeniz Infotech
A bridgeless bhb zvs pwm ac-ac converter for high-frequency induction heating applications
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A Novel Design of a Microstrip Microwave Power Amplifier for DCS Application ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a 1.80GHz class-A Microwave power amplifier (PA). The proposed power amplifier is designed with single-stage architecture. This power amplifier consists of a bipolar transistor and improved by Collector-Feedback Biasing fed with a single power supply. The aim of this work is to improve the performance of this amplifier by using simple stubs with 50Ω microstrip transmissions lines. The proposed PA is investigated and optimized by utilizing Advanced Design System (ADS) software. The simulation results show that the amplifier achieves a high power gain of 13dB, output power rise up to 21dBm and good impedances matching ;For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is below than - 46.39dB. Regarding the output reflection coefficient (S22) is below than -29.898dB, with an overall size of about 93 x 59mm². By the end; we find that this power amplifier offers an excellent performance for DCS applications.
This document summarizes techniques for locating faults in underground power cables. It discusses using a microcontroller to determine the distance of a fault from the base station in kilometers by applying a low DC voltage through resistors representing the cable and detecting voltage drops. Tracer and terminal methods for fault location are described. Using fiber optic distributed temperature sensors and neural networks for fault identification are also summarized. The document provides block diagrams of the proposed underground cable fault distance system conveyed over GSM and its components including the power supply, microcontroller, rectifier, voltage regulator, and relay.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on reducing overshoot voltage in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The presentation introduces conventional techniques like overshoot reduction and dummy load that reduce overshoot but lower efficiency. It then describes an active energy recycling technique that stores excess energy in an inductor and recycles it, but has stability issues due to the need for precise timing. Finally, it proposes a multiphase active energy recycling technique that uses multiple inductors in parallel phases to continuously store and recycle energy, improving efficiency without requiring precise timing.
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
This document summarizes a novel technique for characterizing photovoltaic (PV) modules using a pulse width modulator. The technique uses an electronic load circuit with power MOSFETs controlled by a pulse width modulation signal generated using LABVIEW. Experimental results from a 150W polycrystalline PV module showed high accuracy when compared to simulations performed using COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB. The technique provides accurate characterization with lower cost and simplicity compared to previous methods.
The document discusses the concept of earthing in electric power system engineering. It defines earthing as connecting electrical equipment to the earth or ground for safety and proper system operation. There are two main types of earthing discussed: neutral or mains earthing, which connects the star point of power lines to ground; and equipment earthing, which grounds all non-current carrying metal parts. Solidly grounding the neutral point provides the best protection but causes high fault currents, while resistance or impedance earthing limits fault current but displaces voltages. The document recommends using chemical earthing rods for lower earth resistance and periodic inspection and testing of earthing systems to ensure safety.
This document describes a fifteen-level inverter developed to transmit photovoltaic power from a solar array to the electric grid. The fifteen-level inverter uses a cascaded H-bridge configuration with low voltage MOSFET switches to reduce switching losses and harmonic distortion. It consists of a dual-buck converter to generate two DC voltages as inputs, and a full-bridge inverter to convert the output to a fifteen-level AC voltage synchronized to the grid. Simulation results show the fifteen-level output waveform is close to sinusoidal, reducing harmonic distortion below 0.5% compared to conventional two-level inverters. A controller regulates the current injected into the grid to be in phase. The system aims to provide
The document describes implementing a wireless remote control using radio frequency modules interfaced with a microcontroller. It discusses:
1) Using asynchronous mode of the USART to interface an RF transmitter and receiver module with a microcontroller.
2) The hardware components of the RF transmitter and receiver modules including specifications and pin connections.
3) How to interface the transmitter module with a PIC microcontroller by initializing registers like TXSTA and SPBRG to set the baud rate and enable transmission.
4) How the transmitter transmits data by moving it to the TXREG and checking the TXIF flag to indicate when the next data can be sent.
5) How to interface the receiver module
This document summarizes research that analyzed the effect of temperature on the parameters of silicon solar cells. It was found that the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the solar cells decreases linearly as temperature increases from 20°C to 80°C. In contrast, the short circuit current (Isc) was found to increase only slightly with higher temperatures. The maximum efficiency of 18.5% was obtained at 20°C when Voc was 667.3mV and Isc was 37.56mA. Overall, the study demonstrated that higher temperatures negatively impact the Voc, fill factor, and efficiency of silicon solar cells.
The document summarizes the design and analysis of grounding grids for substations using various methods. It presents 4 case studies analyzing an existing 500kV substation grounding grid using IEEE 80-2000 and finite element methods in ETAP software. The case studies vary parameters like number of conductors, rods, and grid area to optimize the design to meet safety limits for touch and step voltages. While some cases improve issues like temperature rise, all cases show touch voltages exceeding limits, requiring further optimization of the grounding grid design.
This document presents the design and analysis of a microstrip patch antenna for triple band applications in digital communication systems. The antenna is designed to operate at 1.5 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.5 GHz bands. It consists of a rectangular patch fed by a microstrip line with two additional arms of different lengths acting as resonators. Simulation results show the antenna achieves impedance matching across bandwidths of 700 MHz, 800 MHz, and 1 GHz at the three frequencies. It has an omnidirectional radiation pattern and gain between 5-6 dBi. The compact triple band design reduces the antenna size by 67% compared to a conventional patch antenna.
The document describes a project report on three phase fault analysis with auto reset. It includes a block diagram of the project, descriptions of the hardware components used including transformers, voltage regulators, 555 timers, and relays. It also includes schematic and layout diagrams and details on testing the hardware. The system is designed to automatically disconnect the three phase power supply in the event of a fault, with the supply automatically resetting for temporary faults but remaining tripped for permanent faults.
Mini Project 1 - Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) ModulatorAIMST University
This document provides instructions for a student laboratory project to build an Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulator circuit. The objectives are to generate a 1 kHz square wave pulse and use it to modulate a 100 kHz carrier signal to produce an ASK modulated output. The circuit uses two Timer IC 555 chips - one configured as an astable multivibrator to generate the pulse signal, and the other as an astable multivibrator modulated by the pulse input to produce the ASK output. Students are asked to construct the circuit on a printed circuit board, test it, and write a laboratory report explaining the theory, design, testing, and results of the project.
DETECTION OF FAULT LOCATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)Journal For Research
Transmission lines are used to transmit electric power to distant large load centres. These lines are exposed to faults as a result of lightning, short circuits, faulty equipment’s, miss-operation, human errors, overload, and aging.To avoid this situation, and we need the exact location of fault occurrence. This problem ishandled by a set of resistors representing cable length in KMs and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at what distance and which phase is displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. Calculated values are sends to the receiving section with help of Zigbee. Measured values are updated in PC and monitored with help of .NET. RTC is used here to time and date reference, that when the event occurs.
The document describes experiments on generating and demodulating amplitude shift keying (ASK), phase shift keying (PSK), and frequency shift keying (FSK) signals using MATLAB.
For ASK, binary data is used to modulate a carrier signal by varying its amplitude. Demodulation recovers the data using an envelope detector. For PSK, binary data modulates the phase of a carrier signal. Demodulation correlates the signal with a reference carrier. For FSK, binary data determines the frequency of the carrier signal. Demodulation correlates the signal with two reference carriers and compares the results.
The MATLAB program for each modulation scheme generates test signals, plots the results, and recovers the data
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
Digital Average Current Sharing Control for Low Voltage DC MicrogridsIRJET Journal
This paper proposes a decentralized control method called Digital Average Current Sharing (DACS) control for low voltage DC microgrids. Conventional droop controllers are not effective in achieving both low voltage regulation and proportional load sharing. DACS control overcomes this by utilizing a low-bandwidth communication between sources to determine the average current sharing. Each source controller shifts its droop characteristic along the voltage axis based on the average current value. Simulation results show the DACS control achieves better voltage regulation of less than 4.5% and current sharing errors of less than 4%, satisfying the key objectives of DC microgrids. In comparison to droop control, DACS control provides improved performance for proportional load sharing and voltage regulation in DC microgrids
underground cable fault location using aruino,gsm&gps Mohd Sohail
This document describes a project to locate underground cable faults using an Arduino, GSM, and GPS. The system applies a low DC voltage to the cable and measures the voltage drop to determine the location of any faults. When a fault is detected, an SMS message is sent with the GPS coordinates. Key components include an Arduino microcontroller, LCD display, GSM and GPS modules, resistors to represent cable lengths, and relays. The software is written in C/C++ and uploaded to the Arduino. The system provides low-cost fault detection for underground cables over long distances.
Arduino based underground cable fault detectionIsa Rachman
1. The document describes an Arduino-based system to detect the location of faults in underground cables. It measures the resistance between cables to detect short circuits and capacitance between wires to detect open circuits.
2. The proposed system uses Ohm's law to determine the location of short circuits by measuring changes in voltage across resistors representing different cable lengths.
3. The Arduino code measures the resistance across the cable, calculates the fault location based on the cable resistance per meter, and displays the results on an LCD screen.
This document discusses energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. It describes how sensor nodes consist of an RF transceiver, microcontroller, sensors, and memory. Radio transceivers are the largest energy consumer. The document measures energy usage for different components and transmitting data. It also discusses using lithium-ion batteries for their discharge characteristics and the ability to model remaining capacity. A measurement setup is used to test batteries at different temperatures and loads, developing a linear model to calculate residual energy as a function of temperature directly on sensor nodes.
Detection of fault location in underground cable using arduinoChirag Lakhani
This document describes a project to detect the location of faults in underground cables using an Arduino board. It discusses underground cables versus overhead cables, common types of underground cable faults, and methods for detecting faults including offline and online methods. It then introduces the circuit used, which works by measuring resistance changes along cable phases to determine the distance to a fault. Key components are described including relays, a relay driver, and the Arduino code to control components and display results.
A bridgeless bhb zvs pwm ac-ac converter for high-frequency induction heating...LeMeniz Infotech
A bridgeless bhb zvs pwm ac-ac converter for high-frequency induction heating applications
Do Your Projects With Technology Experts...
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
A Novel Design of a Microstrip Microwave Power Amplifier for DCS Application ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a 1.80GHz class-A Microwave power amplifier (PA). The proposed power amplifier is designed with single-stage architecture. This power amplifier consists of a bipolar transistor and improved by Collector-Feedback Biasing fed with a single power supply. The aim of this work is to improve the performance of this amplifier by using simple stubs with 50Ω microstrip transmissions lines. The proposed PA is investigated and optimized by utilizing Advanced Design System (ADS) software. The simulation results show that the amplifier achieves a high power gain of 13dB, output power rise up to 21dBm and good impedances matching ;For the input reflection coefficient (S11) is below than - 46.39dB. Regarding the output reflection coefficient (S22) is below than -29.898dB, with an overall size of about 93 x 59mm². By the end; we find that this power amplifier offers an excellent performance for DCS applications.
This document summarizes techniques for locating faults in underground power cables. It discusses using a microcontroller to determine the distance of a fault from the base station in kilometers by applying a low DC voltage through resistors representing the cable and detecting voltage drops. Tracer and terminal methods for fault location are described. Using fiber optic distributed temperature sensors and neural networks for fault identification are also summarized. The document provides block diagrams of the proposed underground cable fault distance system conveyed over GSM and its components including the power supply, microcontroller, rectifier, voltage regulator, and relay.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on reducing overshoot voltage in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The presentation introduces conventional techniques like overshoot reduction and dummy load that reduce overshoot but lower efficiency. It then describes an active energy recycling technique that stores excess energy in an inductor and recycles it, but has stability issues due to the need for precise timing. Finally, it proposes a multiphase active energy recycling technique that uses multiple inductors in parallel phases to continuously store and recycle energy, improving efficiency without requiring precise timing.
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
This document summarizes a novel technique for characterizing photovoltaic (PV) modules using a pulse width modulator. The technique uses an electronic load circuit with power MOSFETs controlled by a pulse width modulation signal generated using LABVIEW. Experimental results from a 150W polycrystalline PV module showed high accuracy when compared to simulations performed using COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB. The technique provides accurate characterization with lower cost and simplicity compared to previous methods.
Voltage Profile Improvement using Switched Capacitors: Case of Single Wire Ea...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Most rural areas in Africa are characterized by scattered villages with a very low demand in electricity. Due to improper planning and lack of knowledge on low cost technologies, the cost of extending the grid to supply these area is very high relative to the returns. Rural electrification by means of extending the main grid and distributing power using a single wire with earth return (SWER) has shown to be the least expensive rural electrification method in remote area where loads are light and scattered.This paper presents a developed model of Single wire earth return distribution network and a voltage profile of the network using backward and forward sweep method load flow algorithm. And finally presents the analysis of the effect of shunt capacitors on the voltage profile of the network using Maximum power saving method for the sizing and placement of the capacitor.
Application of single phase matrix converter topology to an uninterruptible p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
A novel fuzzy logic control for a zero current switching-based buck converte...IJECEIAES
This research provides a new control technique for mitigating conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) in a buck converter designed for solar applications. Indeed, hard-switching direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converters, commonly used in industrial applications, pose a significant risk to the surrounding environment regarding electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Usually, the fast-switching phase induces abrupt changes in current and voltage, which adds to substantial electromagnetic interference in both conducted and radiated modes and excessive auditory noise. An architecture based on the duality of soft-switching topology and fuzzy logic control technology is developed to address these issues. On the one hand, resonant circuit topologies are used to induce switches to achieve soft switching conditions, which subsequently lessen the effects of EMI. On the other hand, the adoption of fuzzy logic control technology is interesting since it can reduce electrical stresses during switching. Furthermore, the simulation results show that zero current switching (ZCS) soft-switching closed-loop fuzzy logic converters outperform typical open-loop converters and softswitching closed-loop converters with proportional integral (PI) control in terms of EMC requirements.
1. The document describes an underground cable fault distance locator project that uses a microcontroller to determine the distance of faults in underground power cables.
2. The project uses a bank of resistors to represent an underground cable carrying power. When a fault occurs, the voltage drop across the cable varies depending on the fault location, allowing the distance to be calculated.
3. The microcontroller measures the voltage drop, performs calculations, and displays the fault distance on an LCD screen. It can also send the fault information via GSM to notify relevant parties.
This document summarizes research on multiphase flow instrumentation and measurement techniques being developed in Brazil. It describes three sensors: 1) A resonant cavity sensor that measures water cut using resonance frequency shifts; 2) An electrical capacitance tomograph that estimates phase fractions using capacitance measurements between electrode pairs; 3) A wire-mesh sensor that provides 2D phase distribution images using conductivity or capacitance measurements at wire crossings. Experiments show the techniques can accurately measure phase fractions in oil-water and air-water flows.
Total Harmonic Distortion Analysis of Multilevel Inverter Fed To Induction Mo...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the control of a multilevel inverter supplied by a Photovoltaic (PV) panel and a batteries
bank. It is well known that the power quality of multilevel inverter signals depends on their number of levels.
However, the question that arises is whether there is a limit beyond which it is not necessary to increase the
number of level. This question is addressed in this paper. Three, nine and fifteen-level converters are studied.
The harmonics content of the output signals are analyzed. A simplified Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
method for a multilevel inverter that supplied an induction motor is developed. The controller equations are such
that the SPWM pulses are generated automatically for any number of levels. The effectiveness of the propose
method is evaluated in simulation. Matlab®/ Simulink is used to implement the control algorithm and simulate
the system.
This document provides a laboratory manual for experiments in a Microwave and Digital Communication lab. It includes 12 experiments covering topics like the characteristics of reflex klystron tubes, Gunn diodes, directional couplers, standing wave ratio measurements, and digital modulation techniques including time division multiplexing, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and differential phase shift keying. The manual provides the objectives, theoretical background, experimental procedures, observations tables and questions for each experiment.
Sphere gaps can be used to measure high voltages up to 2500 kV. They work by measuring the sparkover voltage between two conductive spheres. The standard diameters for the spheres are between 6.25 cm to 200 cm. Various factors like humidity, temperature, and pressure can influence the sparkover voltage. Sphere gaps are accurate to within 3% for measurements if the spacing between the spheres is less than half the sphere diameter.
This document describes using active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) for controlling a single-stage photovoltaic system connected to the electrical grid. It compares ADRC to the conventional perturb and observe (P&O) control method. ADRC combined with incremental conductance (ADRC-IC) is used for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. ADRC is also used to control the inverter to regulate the DC bus voltage and ensure unity power factor injection into the grid. The system aims to maximize power extraction from the PV array and regulate power injection into the grid with low harmonics.
Design and Simulation of PV Based Two-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter IJMER
In this paper, simulation of PV based two phase interleaved boost converter has been
discussed. Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) serves several applications which require boost in output
voltage such as fuel cells, photovoltaic cells and batteries etc., because it has several advantages over
conventional DC-DC converters. The configuration of IBC comprises parallel combination of a number
of boost converters with same phase shift and switching frequency. This paper deals with the design of
two-phase IBC for a five level cascaded multilevel inverter (MLI). The source for each bridge of the MLI
has been modelled as PV. The simulation has been carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
An intrinsic problem with neutral point clamped (NPC) multilevel inverters (MLI) is unbalance of capacitor voltage. There are many mitigation techniques well established in the literature to balance the neutral point voltage for 3-level inverter. These techniques employ either Carrier based pulse width modulation (CBPWM), Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) or hybrid of both the PWM techniques. Balancing becomes complicated as the level of the inverter increases due to addition of capacitor junctions. The imbalance in capacitor voltages may cause uneven voltage distribution among switching devices and sometimes may cause failure. It also increases harmonic content in its output waveform. This paper develops new modulation scheme for balancing capacitor voltages for Five-level inverter .The scheme is a hybrid PWM which is a combination of both CBPWM and SVPWM techniques. As per this scheme CBPWM is applied to meet the load demand and at the zero crossings of the reference signal, CBPWM is blocked and for one carrier cycle. During this SVPWM is applied with appropriate switching state selection to neutralize the imbalance in capacitor voltage.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
A battery-less energy harvesting interface circuit to extract electrical energy from vibration has been proposed in this paper for low power applications. The voltage doubler integrated with DC – DC boost converter circuits were designed and simulated using MultiSIM software. The circuit was then fabricated onto a printed circuit board (PCB), using standard fabrication process. The Cockcroft Walton doubler was chosen to be implemented in this study by utilizing diode-capacitor topologies with additional RC low pass filter. The DC – DC boost converter has been designed using a CMOS step -up DC – DC switching regulators, which are suitable for low input voltage system. The achievement of this interface circuit was able to boost up the maximum voltage of 5 V for input voltage of 800 mV.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (α-β) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the load’s disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
V03301230132
1. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue. 3
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Underground Water Prospecting In Rural Settings
E. C. Mabunda, Beng, Msc
Department of Electrical Engineering University of Zimbabwe, P. O. MP 167, Mt Pleasant,Harare ZIMBABWE
Abstract
This paper presentsthe design of a portable water table detector. The device can be used to identify
where the water table is likely to be found. The heart of the design is on the microcontroller. The ground probes
require high voltage and this is generated from a 12 volt battery using a 555 timer arranged as an a-stable multi-
vibrator. The use of a battery is to make the device usable even at remote places where electrical power is not
available. A suggested code in assemble language for the microcontroller is given as guide. However a high
level language can also be implemented, to achieve the same results. The use of the microcontroller
(µprocessor) makes it feasible to produce a device that is cost effective for both urban and rural dwellers. The
main activity of this design is centred on the development of the code (software program), design of a special
power supply and the interfacing external hardware for the detector.
Key Words: Water table detector, electrode interface, PIC microcontroller, Geological strata, resistivity
measurement, Analogue to Digital conversion.
1. Introduction
There are various types of water detectors available in the market, but most of these have been
designed for countries thatare very developed, hence they tend to be costly and more sophisticated for an
ordinary user. This design results in a product that is cost effective in that it uses an inbuilt power supply based
on the battery and virtually no moving parts that may require constant maintenance. The system constitutes a
software program, control circuits and probe electrodes, as well as the power supply that is incorporated into the
system. The device should be able to measure the depth from ground surface to the underground water, and
should be easy to operate.The main focus of this paper is to generate motivation and interest in the design and
production of devices that are simple to use and suitable for developing technologies.
2. System Overview
Figs 1 and fig 2 shows the setup of the water table detector. The system incorporates four electrodes,
two of which are used to pass current through the ground and the other two are used to measure voltage across
the specimen ground. Also there is need for signal conditioning to enable proper electrode interface to the
microcontroller. Fig 1 illustrates the concept while fig 2 shows how the detector can be used.
Fig.1. Underground water table detector block diagram
Fig.2. Deployment and usage of the Water table detector
Display
PIC 16F877A
Microcontroller
Current
measurement
Voltage
measurement
Power supply
system
2. Underground Water Prospecting In Rural Settings
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To measure resistivity of subsurface formation, four electrodes are required. A current [I] is introduced between
one pair of electrodes called current electrodes. The current electrodes can be identified as A and B or +I and –I
to denote source and sink.The potential difference measured as a result of current flow is measured with another
pair of electrodes called potential electrodes. These potential electrodes may be represented as M and N, and V
will represent the resultant potential difference.
Resistivity = K (
𝑉
𝐼
) where K is a geometrical constant
K = ([AB]/2) -([MN]/2)2
.
𝜋
2
[MN]/2
Where AB = distance between current electrodes
MN = distance between potential electrodes
The changes in the resistivity of geological strata may be measured by a method known as vertical electrical
sounding. In the field, a series of resistivity measurements are made at various electrode spacing entered at a
common point. Sampling depth is increased by increasing electrode spacing.The M and N electrode array is
held fixed while the A and B current electrodes are moved outwardly by constant length. This movement is
relative to the increase in depth of measurement as the current electrodes are moved further apart. The depth
measured is AB/2. When the current electrodes are moved further apart, the potential recorded from the M and
N electrodes will change as the current passes through different subsurface structures.The relationship V = IR
(Ohm’s law) holds for simple circuits as well as earth materials. However, resistance is not a material constant;
instead, resistivity is an intrinsic property of the medium describing the resistance of the flow of current in that
medium. In general resistivity is defined as a unit change in resistance scaled by the ratio of a unit cross –
sectional area and a unit length of the material through which the current is passing.Earth’s resistivity can range
over nine orders of magnitude from 1 to 108
ohm/m. Table 1 shows the common resistivity of different ground
earth types.
Table.1
Material value Resistivity range Typical
Igneous and Metamorphic rocks 102
– 108
104
Sedimentary 10 – 108
103
Ground Water 1 – 10 5
Pure water 103
Common soilresistivity
3. Soilresistivity Processing Circuit
The computation of the resistivity and the subsequent water table results are performed in the
microcontroller type PIC 16F877A. The choice of this particular type has been motivated by the fact that it is
readily available and reasonably priced. This microcontroller is relatively simply to program; its instructions set
has only 35 mnemonics yet performing very powerful operations.
3.1. Measuring resistivity at a depth of 20 meters.
The PIC 16F877A is used to perform the following computations under the control of the program
code.The current electrode spacing in this case is 40 meters and the voltage electrode spacing is set at 4 meters,
so that:
AB = 40 m
MN = 4m
Plugging these figures into the previously mentioned formula we get:
Resistivity = (40/2)2
– (4/2)2
.
𝜋
2
.𝑉/𝐼
(4/2)
= 202
– 4 .
𝜋
2
V/I
2
= 198
𝜋
2
.V/I
Taking π to be 22/7 we have 310V/I.
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The condition for presence of the water table is that the value of the resistivity should lie in the range of 1 to 10
ohms per meter. Therefore the PIC is programmed to compute the following inequality and display a positive or
negative result.
1Ω/m < 310V/I < 10Ω/m
= I < 310V < 10I
The denary number 310 when converted to binary is found to exceed 8 bits in size but the PIC microcontroller
registershave got a maximum capacity of 8 bit numbers only. One way to alleviate this is to scale down by 2 so
that the inequality becomes:
𝐼
2
< 155V < 5I
To obtain
𝐼
2
at the input of the system two resistors in parallel are used as shown in fig 3. This procedure will
make the new inequality to be I’ < 155V < 10I’ where I’ is
𝐼
2
3.2. Measuring resistivity at a depth of 40meters
The procedure for measuring resistivity at the depth of 40 meters is the same as for 20 save for the
current electrode spacing which is now 80m but the voltage electrode spacing remains at 4m. In this case AB =
80m.Resistivity becomes 1254V/I and the condition for presence of water remains the same i.e. between 1 and
10 Ω/m. The resulting inequality 1Ω/m < 1254V/I < 10Ω need to be scaled down to fit into the original range of
I’ < 155V < 10I’ by switching in resistances at the input. Fig. 3 show the implementation circuit diagram of the
detector.
Fig.3.Circuit to measure resistivity
The instrumentation amplifier number 1 samples the value of voltage across the 1.2 kΩ resistors. This gives a
value of voltage that is directly proportional to the current passing through the resistor which is also half the
current passing through the circuit. The current I/2 is the one used for computing the resistivity by the
microcontroller. Instrumentation amplifier 2 measures the underground voltage value. The two values, current
passing through the circuit and the voltage across the underground are used to calculate resistivity of the
underground structure. Since the groundwater resistivity as shown in table 1 is in the rage of 1 to 10 ohms/m a
positive result would be found out if the resistivity of the underground structure lies in this
range.Microcontroller receives input voltage and current from which it calculates the resistivity and compares it
with known range and gives an output signal to show the presence or absence of the water table. When the
device is turned ON, one LED will light at any given moment. As long as the depth of measurement does not
contain the water table it means that the red LED will be lighting. The lighting of these LEDs is done in
software by the PIC microcontroller.
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Fig 4 shows the detailed pin out diagram of the 16F877A microcontroller. The microcontroller makes use of an
external clock which, for the purposes of this design uses a 4 MHz crystal oscillator connected to pins 9 and 10.
Each instruction cycle takes 1µs to be executed.
Fig.4. PIC 16F877A microcontroller pin out diagram
3.3 Analogue to Digital conversion
The PIC microcontroller is capable of converting an analogue signal to a digital one. It performs this
for one signal at a time. Before the analogue to digital conversion is done there are registers that need to be
initialized. These are ADCON0 and ADCON1registers.
3.4 ADCON0 register
The pins for ADCON0 are configured as shown below. This register controls the operation of the
analogue to digital module.
Bit 7-6
ADCS1:ADCS0: A/D conversions Clock select bits
00 = FOSC/2
01 = FOSC/8
10 = FOSC/32
11 = FRC (Clock derived from internal A/D module)
Bit 5-3 CHS2:CHS0: Analogue Select bits
000 = channel 0 (RA0/AN0
001 = channel 1 (RA1/AN1)
010 = channel 2 (RA2/AN2)
011 = channel 3 (RA3/AN3)
100 = channel 4 (RA4/AN4)
101 = channel 5 (RA5/AN5)
110 = channel 6 (RA6/AN6)
111 = channel 7 (RA7/AN7)
Bit 2 GO/DONE: A/D Conversion status bit
If ADON = 1
1 = A/D Conversion in progress (setting the bit starts the A/D conversion)
0 = A/D Conversion not in progress (this bit is automatically cleared by hardware when A/D
conversion is complete.
Bit 1 Unimplemented: read as 0
Bit 0 ADON: A/D on bit
1 = A/D converter module is operating
0 = A/D converter module is shut off and consume no operating current.
R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 U/O R/W-0
ADC1 ADCS0 CHS2 CHS1 CHS0 GO/DONE --------- ADON
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3.5 ADCON1 Register
This register initializes the control for analogue to digital conversion. The pins for ADCON1 register
are configured as shown in the diagram below. The most significant bit selects the analogue to digital
conversion format for reading the result. The next four bits are for Port configuration.
Bit 7 ADFM: A/D Result Format Select bit
1 = Right justified. Six (6) most significant bits of ADRESH are read as ‘0’ 0 =
Left justified six (6) least significant bits of ADRESL are read as ‘0’
Bit 6 ADCS2: A/D Conversion clock select bit
The steps followed when doing the analogue to digital conversion are as follows:
Configure the A/D module
- Configure pins / voltage reference and digital input output (ADCON1)
- Select A/D input channel (ADCON0)
- Select A/D conversion clock (ADCON0)
- Turn on A/D module (ADCON0)
Configure the A/D interrupt if desired
Wait the required acquisition time
Start the conversion by setting the GO/DONE bit
Wait for the A/D conversion to complete by either polling the GO/DONE (low) bit or with interrupt enable
you wait for the A/D interrupt.
Read A/D result register pair (ADRESH: ADRESL).
The next page show shows the flow chart of the processes the microcontroller go through to achieve the
measurement of the resistivity at 20m depth.
R/W-0 R/W-0 U/O U/O R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0
ADFM ADCS2 -------- -------- PCFG3 PCGF2 PCGF1 PCFG0
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Fig 5 Flow chart for measuring the resistivity at 20m depth
START
Is this value greater
than I
Is this value
greater than V
added to itself 155
times
Convert the input values of voltage and current
from analogue to digital
Add value of voltage to itself 155 times
Compare this value with the value of current I
yes
no
Add the value of I to itself 10 times
Compare this value with the value of V added
to itself 155 times
yes
no
Light the green LED Light the red LED
END
START
Is this value < I
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4. Codefor20 M Depth Resistivity
The listing below (listing 1) is the suggested code that controls the operation of microcontroller in the
calculation of the resistivity hence the depth of the underground water table.
Listing 1
Org 0x00
RP0 equ 5
RP1 equ 6
Vic 1 equ 20h
Vic 2 equ 21h
Vic 3 equ 22h
DEC equ 23h
DEC1 equ 24h
ANS1 equ 25h
ANS2 equ 26h
Vic4 equ 27h
Vic 5 equ 28h
Vic6 equ 29h
Init equ 2Ah
C equ 2Bh
RLED equ 2Bh
DEC2 equ 2Ch
GLED equ 2Dh
Cham equ 2Eh
STATUS equ 03h
INTCON equ 8Bh
ADCONO equ 1Fh
ADCON1 equ 9Fh
PORTA equ 05h
PORTB equ 06h
ADRESL equ 9Eh
PIR1 equ 0Ch
Org 0x00
Goto Main
BCF STATUS,RPO
MOVLW 0x80 ; all analogue input code
MOVWF ADCON1
MOVLW 0x3F
MOVWF PORTA
BCF STATUS,RPO ; reset to bank 0
CLRF PORTB
Volrcon CALL SelAN0
CALL AtoD
CALL Volt
Return
Currcon CALL SelAN1
CALL AtoD
CALL Curr
return
SelAN0 MOVLW b’01000001’
MOVWF ADCON0
Return
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AtoD BSF ADCON0, 3
Z BTFSS PIR1, 6
goto Z
return
Volt MOVF ADRESL, W
MOVWF vic1
MOVWF vic2
SelAN1 MOVLW b’01001001’
MOVWF ADCON0
return
Curr MOVF ASRESL, W
MOVWF vic4
MOVWF vic5
MOVWF vic6
return
Cham Banksel ADCON1
CLRF ADCON1
MOVLW b’01000001’
Banksel ADCON0
BCF INTCON, 7
return
main
CALL Cham
CALL Voltcon
CALL Currcon
MOVLW 0xFF
MOVWF DEC
MOVFW vic1
x ADDWF vic2, 0
DECFSZ DEC
GOTO x
MOVWF vic3
MOVLW b’00111000’
MOVWF DEC1
MOVFW vic3
y ADDWF vic2,0
DECFSZ DEC1
GOTO y
MOVWF ANS1
MOVFW vic4
SUBWFANS1,1 ;ANS1-vic4
BTFSC STATUS,C
GOT RLED
MOVLW b’00001010’
MOVWF DEC2
MOVFW vic5
A ADDWF vic6,0
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DECFSZ DEC2
GOTO A
MOVWF ANS2
SUBWFANS1,0
BTFSC STATUS,C
GOTO GLED
GOTO RLED
END
5. High Voltage Power Supply
In order to make the device truly portable the necessary 220 volt supply must be generated from the
12volt battery. The power supply schematic is shown in fig. 6. To keep the cost of the device low readily
available components that are not highly specialized have been chosen. The NE555 timer has been used to
generate a high frequency that derives Q1 and Q2 which in turn derives the transformer Tr1. The output voltage
is then available across terminals 3and4 of Tr. 1.
4 8 Tr1
1k 3
Q12N2907
10K
10k 2 220V
6 12vbat
C1 1nF Q2
1 MPS6521
Fig.6 High voltage power supply
With the timing components given the NE 555 timer generates a square wave at a frequency, 68 kHz. The
output pin 3 of the timer is fed onto the transistors. A high output which is 2/3 of the supply voltage causes
transistor Q2 to conduct while transistor Q1 is not conducting. This is because Q2 is active high transistor. A
low at the base of Q1 ensures conduction of this transistor.The 68 kHz value was chosen to minimize the size of
the transformer as well as conserving power consumption from the battery making the device truly portable.
6. Conclusion
The design of a water table detector as shown here provides for an alternative way of constructing and
production of a cheap and effective underground water table detector that is affordable, portable and can be
useful in rural settings. This has been achieved by use of compact components such as the microcontroller, the
NE555 timer and a high efficient transformer. The design is centred on three major components i.e. the PIC
microcontroller, NE 555 and the program code. Further refinements in terms of packaging can make this device
truly portable. The design objective is to provide for a simple and portable underground water detector that can
be used by less sophisticated persons and this paper has successfully presented a possible solution to this end.
Improvements to this device could be in making high voltage power supply that is more robust, by use of
specialized components. However in so doing care must be exercised to avoid over pricing of the end device.
References
[1] 2D and 3D Subsurface Resistivity Imaging using a constrained Least – Squares Algorithm April
14/17/1999, by UniversitatPolitecnica de Catalunya.
[2] Corrosion-doctors.org http://corrosion-doctors.org/Corrosion-Kinetics/Ohmic-drop-soil.htmaccessed
12/07/10
[3] Ground Resistance Testers: http://www.aemc.com/technfo/appnotes/Ground_Resistance_Testers/App-
Ground-SoilResistivity.pdf 12/07/10
[4] Wileywater.com: http;//www.wileywater.com/Controbutors/Sample_2.htm
NE555
3
4
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[5] Ground Water: Volume 14 issue 1 page 6 – 10 published online 6 July 2006
[6] Groundwater NMR in conductive water: Geophysics Vol. 61 no. 4 July – August 1996.
[7] Groundwater NMR: Geophysics Vol. 62 No 1 January – February 1997
[8] Geophysical Research letters Vol. 18 No. 6 pages 1127 – 1130 June 1991
[9] Ground Measuring Techniques: by Elvis R Sverko February 11, 1999, http://www.electro-
specialities.com/techhnical/downloads/Grol accessed 16/07/10
[10] Soil resistance Measurement: http://www.eijkelkamp.com/Portals/2/Eijkelkamp/Presentatior accessed
16/07/10
Accessed 10/07/10
[11] Application of surface Geophysics to Ground-water investigations by A. A. R Zohdy, G. P. Eaton ans
D.R. Mobey Book 2 published by Science for a changing world.