The document summarizes the results of performance and scalability tests conducted by EANTC on Comverse's Data Management and Monetization Policy Manager. The tests showed that a single chassis of the DMM Policy Manager could support over 31.5 million simultaneously active subscribers and process more than 200,000 policy transactions per second. It also demonstrated support for various 3GPP interfaces including Gx, Rx, and Sy. Additional tests confirmed the linear scalability of the solution as more blades were added.
This paper is about the implementation of performance monitoring and resource availability solution in transport stratum of Next Generation Network (NGN) over Enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) framework. Continuous monitoring of performance is done to ensure consistent Quality of Service (QoS) to the users. Monitoring of network parameters such as delay, delay variation, path unavailability, packet loss ratio is done in the transport stratum of next generation network architecture. Resource and Admission
Control Functions (RACF) will interact with Management functions for performance measurement of NGN transport control traffic and transport services and allocate resources to the customers whose QoS requirements are satisfied. The above functionalities are mapped into NGN business elements, defined by eTOM framework.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
This paper is about the implementation of performance monitoring and resource availability solution in transport stratum of Next Generation Network (NGN) over Enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) framework. Continuous monitoring of performance is done to ensure consistent Quality of Service (QoS) to the users. Monitoring of network parameters such as delay, delay variation, path unavailability, packet loss ratio is done in the transport stratum of next generation network architecture. Resource and Admission
Control Functions (RACF) will interact with Management functions for performance measurement of NGN transport control traffic and transport services and allocate resources to the customers whose QoS requirements are satisfied. The above functionalities are mapped into NGN business elements, defined by eTOM framework.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
OCS DCCA- Credit pooling and multiplier concepts - Call flow explanation v1.0Biju M R
This is business call flow explanation on the multi credit control flow mentioned in the call flow IX of DCCA 4006 RFC specification from IETF. This explanation provided within the presentation does not claim to be the only standard way of achieving the resource pooling but only intends to act as a reference for people who are working on OCS and Ral time charging system.
EFFICIENT ADAPTATION OF FUZZY CONTROLLER FOR SMOOTH SENDING RATE TO AVOID CON...ijcsit
ABSTRACT
This paper prefers a fuzzy-logic-based sending rate adaption scheme named FSR(Fuzzy Sending Rate) intending to improve the evenness of TCPFriendly Multicast Congestion Control (TFMCC). To mitigate fluctuation of sending rate for TFMCC sender, FSR intends, five actions and link utilization for tuning sending rate and uses a fuzzy controller to determine which operation should be reaped according to the feedback information from CLR (current limiting receiver). Asymmetrical membership functions and biased fuzzy inference rules make FSR as friendly to TCP flows as TFMCC. Simulation results show that FSR has exceptional smoothness and fine TCP Friendliness.
Policy and Charging Control - LTE / HSPA / EPC ‘knowledge nuggets’4G-Seminar
Advanced LTE, HSPA and EPC Cellular Systems Training - Public Seminars by Red Banana Wireless, register today at: http://4G-Seminar.com or contact us directly: info@4G-Seminar.com.
Una amplia explicación sobre los conocimientos previos que el educando de educación básica debe tener al comenzar el desarrollos de sus habilidades abstractas en matemáticas
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
OCS DCCA- Credit pooling and multiplier concepts - Call flow explanation v1.0Biju M R
This is business call flow explanation on the multi credit control flow mentioned in the call flow IX of DCCA 4006 RFC specification from IETF. This explanation provided within the presentation does not claim to be the only standard way of achieving the resource pooling but only intends to act as a reference for people who are working on OCS and Ral time charging system.
EFFICIENT ADAPTATION OF FUZZY CONTROLLER FOR SMOOTH SENDING RATE TO AVOID CON...ijcsit
ABSTRACT
This paper prefers a fuzzy-logic-based sending rate adaption scheme named FSR(Fuzzy Sending Rate) intending to improve the evenness of TCPFriendly Multicast Congestion Control (TFMCC). To mitigate fluctuation of sending rate for TFMCC sender, FSR intends, five actions and link utilization for tuning sending rate and uses a fuzzy controller to determine which operation should be reaped according to the feedback information from CLR (current limiting receiver). Asymmetrical membership functions and biased fuzzy inference rules make FSR as friendly to TCP flows as TFMCC. Simulation results show that FSR has exceptional smoothness and fine TCP Friendliness.
Policy and Charging Control - LTE / HSPA / EPC ‘knowledge nuggets’4G-Seminar
Advanced LTE, HSPA and EPC Cellular Systems Training - Public Seminars by Red Banana Wireless, register today at: http://4G-Seminar.com or contact us directly: info@4G-Seminar.com.
Una amplia explicación sobre los conocimientos previos que el educando de educación básica debe tener al comenzar el desarrollos de sus habilidades abstractas en matemáticas
Welcome to Issue 13 in which we continue our Journey with Daaji exploring consciousness. This time he takes to the space-time continuum and the creation of the universe from a yogic perspective. Dr. James Doty highlights the role of compassion in our lives and Luke Coutinho and Samara Mahindra share a holistic medical approach to cancer recovery. We also showcase a successful business model on the yogic principles of Yama, learn more about the basic laws of the universe, and go for a spectacular journey of Buddhism in Myanmar. www.heartfulnessmagazine.com
Evaluation of CSSR with Direct TCH Assignment in Cellular NetworksIJERA Editor
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) operators make use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to appreciate the network performance and evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) regarding end user perceived quality. KPIs are therefore becoming increasingly important in the context of network rollouts as well as within mature network optimization cycles. The performance of the mobile network is measured based on several counters describing the most important events over a measurement period. The KPIs are derived with the help of these counters using different formulations. Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR) is one of the most important KPIs used by all mobile operators. In Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso, most of the active workers and remote area farmers rely largely on mobile communication services; the GPRS as data services remain highly competitive with GSM voice services. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of theoretically estimated CSSR to measured CSSR data on a real network with regard to GPRS services. The measured data was obtained from the Nokia Siemens Network (NSN) statistical tool. The results obtained showed significant improvements in areas where sharp drops in CSSR values were recorded for the measured CSSR. Significantly high R square values of close to 1 representing a high predictive ability from the regression analysis of the estimated CSSR were also recorded. It was concluded that the implementation of the CSSR formulation be extended to CSSR measurements to ensure increased subscriber satisfaction.
QOS-B ASED P ERFORMANCE E VALUATION OF C HANNEL -A WARE /QOS-A WARE S CHEDULI...csandit
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third G
eneration Partnership Project (3GPP)
standards as Release 8/9. The LTE supports at max 2
0 MHz channel bandwidth for a carrier.
The number of LTE users and their applications are
increasing, which increases the demand on
the system BW. A new feature of the LTE-Advanced (L
TE-A) which is defined in the 3GPP
standards as Release 10/11 is called Carrier Aggreg
ation (CA), this feature allows the network
to aggregate more carriers in-order to provide a hi
gher bandwidth. Carrier Aggregation has
three main cases: Intra-band contiguous, Intra-band
non-contiguous, Inter-band contiguous.
The main contribution of this paper was in implemen
ting the Intra-band contiguous case by
modifying the LTE-Sim-5, then evaluating the Qualit
y of Service (QoS) performance of the
Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), the
Exponential Rule (Exp-Rule), and the
Logarithmic Rule (Log-Rule) scheduling algorithms
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
TCP Performance Measurement in GPRS Link Adaptation ProcessCSCJournals
This paper presents the results of measured TCP performance in the LA process during the deployment of GPRS CS1 and CS2 coding schemes and after the activation of two more coding schemes, CS3 and CS4. The measurements are done under various network scenarios based on users’ physical locations in one of Malaysia’s commercially deployed live GPRS networks. End-to-end FTP file transfer application is used for the assessment together with tracing at the GPRS air interface. The results show that TCP works well in the LA process and can adapt to the frequent switching between the coding schemes without any problem. The average throughput is increased by 23% for urban areas owing to the activation of higher coding schemes and aided by TCP tuning. It is also shown that bad radio condition is the main factor affecting throughput. TCP performance is seen to be constant in all scenarios and it can cope with GPRS mobility and bad radio condition, although at the expense of reduced throughput.
QOS-BASED PACKET SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS FOR HETEROGENEOUS LTEADVANCED NETWORKS...ijwmn
The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the
last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many
features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets)
deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as
Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for
achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the use of macrocells only. These base-stations can operate on the same wireless channel as the macro-cellular network,
which will provide higher spatial reuse via cell splitting. Also, it allows network operators to support
higher data traffic by offloading it to smaller cells, such as Femto-cells. Hence, it enables network
operators to provide their growing number of users with the required Quality of Service (QoS) that meets
with their service demands. In-order for the network operators to make the best out of the heterogeneous
LTE-A network, they need to use QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms that can efficiently manage the
spectrum resources in the HetNets deployment. In this paper, we survey Quality of Service (QoS) based
packet scheduling algorithms that were proposed in the literature for the use of packet scheduling in
Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks. We start by explaining the concepts of QoS in LTE, heterogeneous LTE-A
networks, and how traffic is classified within a packet scheduling architecture for heterogeneous LTE-A
networks. Then, by summarising the proposed QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms in the literature for
Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks, and for Femtocells LTE-A Networks. And finally, we provide some
concluding remarks in the last section.
QoS-based Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Network...ijwmn
The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the use of macrocells only. These base-stations can operate on the same wireless channel as the macro-cellular network, which will provide higher spatial reuse via cell splitting. Also, it allows network operators to support higher data traffic by offloading it to smaller cells, such as Femto-cells. Hence, it enables network operators to provide their growing number of users with the required Quality of Service (QoS) that meets with their service demands. In-order for the network operators to make the best out of the heterogeneous LTE-A network, they need to use QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms that can efficiently manage the spectrum resources in the HetNets deployment. In this paper, we survey Quality of Service (QoS) based packet scheduling algorithms that were proposed in the literature for the use of packet scheduling in Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks. We start by explaining the concepts of QoS in LTE, heterogeneous LTE-A networks, and how traffic is classified within a packet scheduling architecture for heterogeneous LTE-A networks. Then, by summarising the proposed QoS-based packet scheduling algorithms in the literature for Heterogeneous LTE-A Networks, and for Femtocells LTE-A Networks. And finally, we provide some concluding remarks in the last section.
Implementing a Session Aware Policy Based Mechanism for QoS Control in LTEIJERA Editor
Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning has become significant with the widely growth of multimedia applications and high increase in the number of users in both wireless and wired networks. In this paper, we implemented a session-aware policy based mechanism for QoS provisioning and control in LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks. Policies are a set of rules identifying the QoS parameters for users. Implementation included DiffServ (Differentiated Services) configuration and setting policies inside the PCRF (Policy Charging Rules Function) which is the brain entity in LTE, then mapping from QCI (QoS Class ID) to DiffServ. Moreover, the dialogue between PCEF (Policy Charging Enforcement Function) and PCRF was implemented. Simulations on four different traffic application types: VoIP (voice over IP), video, web, and ftp (file transfer protocol) were performed under the network simulator (ns2). Results showed that applying PCEF over the different traffic applications has a great effect in controlling these applications and specifically UDP (User Datagram Protocol) based applications such as video.
Traffic offloading impact on the performanceIJCNCJournal
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards as
Release 8/9. The LTE supports at max 20 MHz channel bandwidth for a carrier. The number of LTE users
and their applications are increasing, which increases the demand on the system BW. A new feature of the
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) which is defined in the 3GPP standards as Release 10/11 is called Carrier Aggregation (CA), this feature allows the network to aggregate more carriers in-order to provide a higher bandwidth. Carrier Aggregation has three main cases: Intra-band contiguous, Intra-band non-contiguous, Inter-band contiguous. In addition to the Carrier Aggregation feature, LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets). HetNets consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as pico-cells, and femto-cells. HetNets allow cellular network operators to support higher data traffic
by offloading it to a smaller cells such as femto-cells. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) performance of the Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), the Exponential Rule (Exp-Rule), and the Logarithmic Rule (Log-Rule) scheduling algorithms while offloading 50% of the macro-cell's traffic to five femto-cells, 100% of the macro-cell's traffic to five femto-cells, 100% of the macro-cell's traffic to ten femto-cells, and to compare it with the case in-which traffic offloading is not
applied. The QoS performance evaluation is based on the system's average throughput, Packet Loss Rate (PLR), average packet delay, and fairness among users. The LTE-Sim-5 with modifications is used in the simulation process. Simulation results show that offloading 100% of the Macro-cell's traffic to five femtocells had the highest maximum throughput, and the best PLR values especially when using the Log-Rule, in-which using it maintained the PLR values around 0.15 despite increasing the number of users. The least average packet delay was achieved when offloading 100% of the Macro-cell's traffic to ten femto-cells, the delay dropped to below 5 ms. The fairness indicators for the three scheduling algorithms while traffic
offloading was applied fluctuated in a linear way between a range of values of 0.7 and 0.9.
Macro with pico cells (hetnets) system behaviour using well known scheduling ...ijwmn
This paper demonstrates the concept of using Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) to improve Long Term Evolution (LTE) system by introducing the LTE Advance (LTE-A). The type of HetNets that has been chosen for this study is Macro with Pico cells. Comparing the system performance with and without Pico cells has clearly illustrated using three well-known scheduling algorithms (Proportional Fair PF, Maximum Largest Weighted Delay First MLWDF and Exponential/Proportional Fair EXP/PF). The system is judged based on throughput, Packet Loss Ratio PLR, delay and fairness.. A simulation platform called LTE-Sim has been used to collect the data and produce the paper’s outcomes and graphs. The results prove that adding Pico cells enhances the overall system performance. From the simulation outcomes, the overall system performance is as follows: throughput is duplicated or tripled based on the number of users, the PLR is almost quartered, the delay is nearly reduced ten times (PF case) and changed to be a half (MLWDF/EXP cases), and the fairness stays closer to value of 1. It is considered an efficient and cost effective way to increase the throughput, coverage and reduce the latency.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
2. EANTC Test Report: Comverse Data Management and Monetization Policy Manager – Page 2 of 4
Tested Devices & Test Equipment
The Comverse DMM Policy Manager is a software
solution hosted in an IBM BladeCenter equipped with
up to 14 HS23 blades. The software components of
the solution include an in-memory subscriber session
database and the PCRF itself. In addition, Comverse
provided a Diameter Routing Agent (DRA) and
Subscriber Profile Repository (SPR), running on Oracle
11.2.0.1 database. These auxiliary components were
hosted on another IBM BladeCenter equipped with
HS22 blades.
In order to generate the substantial amount of
subscribers and the amount of transactions per second
(TPS) that were required for the test we called on
Developing Solutions. The test solution they provided is
called dsTest. It is hosted in a Dell server with 16
cores. Using the GUI interface (called dsClient) we
constructed the complicated state machines we
defined and monitored the tests as they were being
executed.
Function (Software)
3GPP Interface
Tester
Device Under Test
CSCF
OCS
Gx
SPR
Comverse
DMM Policy
Sp
Internal Interface
Subscriber Database
Figure 1: Logical Test Topology
PCEF
Manager
PCRF
PCRF
PCRF
Rx
Sy
DRA
SPR
dsTest
Figure 1 shows the logical setup of the test bed sche-
matically. Gx is the main PCC interface for managing
PCEF and was present in all test scenarios. Other test
scenarios added Rx, which is mostly relevant for
VoLTE/IMS and the newly introduced 3GPP R11 Sy
interface to communicate spending limits to PCRF.
The Gx and Rx interfaces from the tester were first
terminated by the DRA and distributed to the PCRF
instances running on individual blades. Connections to
the simulated OCS were initiated from PCRF side.
Test Parameters
In order to demonstrate the most common operator’s
PCC usage, we set both emulated components and the
PCRF to GPRS. In the last test, in which Gx, Rx & Sy
interfaces were used, we set all Attribute Value Pairs
and interfaces to Long Term Evolution (LTE) to verify the
solution’s ability to support high capacity in future
networks. All tests used TCP as the transport protocol.
Attribute Value Pairs
In order to create realistic use cases we devised a list
of Attribute Value Pairs (AVPs) that were used by the
various components during the test. After establishing
a session over the Gx interface (between the emulated
PCEF and the PCRF) the bulk of the transactions used
to generate the high TPS resulted from update
messages - Credit Control Request (CCR) and Credit
Control Answer (CCA). The updates included location
change, time zone change and SGSN change as well
as specific messages relating to individual test cases.
Once our state machine cycled through the various
update messages, we terminated each subscriber
session gracefully using Credit Control Request-Termi-
nate (CCR-T) messages.
We define a transaction to be the reception of a
request and the issuance of its corresponding
response, e.g. a Gx CCR/CCA exchange. Each such
message exchange is counted as one regardless of the
side issuing the request.
Test Execution
The tests were executed based on a precise test plan
created by EANTC and reviewed by Comverse engi-
neers. The test plan defined the AVPs as well as the
call flow. All test runs followed the same procedure
and duration. In each test case we changed the call
flow based on the involved interfaces.
We defined a pool of 36 Million subscribers both on
the tester and the PCRF Subscriber Profile Repository
(SPR), each with a unique IMEI, E.164 (MSISDN)
number and associated IP address. During the test, the
tester initiated the call process for each of these
subscribers at a constant rate of 17,640 logins per
second. The calls then ran in parallel, executing the
same 30-minute call flow from the CCR-I to CCR-T, but
with a small offset for each subscriber.
3. EANTC Test Report: Comverse Data Management and Monetization Policy Manager – Page 3 of 4
Due to this staggered call flow execution, the number
of simultaneously active subscribers steadily increased
in the ramp-up phase of the test. At the end of 30
minutes, the first subscribers began terminating their
calls. With the calls being initiated and terminated at
the same rate, the number of concurrent sessions
stayed roughly constant at approximately 31.75
Million, forming the steady phase of the test.
The pool of the subscribers was used twice in a loop,
i.e. each subscriber performing two 30-min calls. This
way, the steady phase of the test continued for approx-
imately 38 minutes. During this time, the active
subscribers one by one terminated their calls, but were
constantly replaced with the subscribers starting their
second call, keeping the total transactions rate per
second at 210,000.
Finally, the test entered the ramp-down phase as the
subscribers one by one terminated their second call. In
total, one test run required roughly 100 minutes.
Test Results — Gx Interface Transactions per
Second Performance
The first use case focused on the busiest interface in
the PCC - the Gx interface. This interface connects
between the enforcement function (PCEF) and the
PCRF. Since all the transactions in this test were
executed across the Gx interface, after the initial
Credit Control Initialization, each subscriber
performed 10 updates and then terminated the
session.
The results met the performance and scalability expec-
tations. We recorded no premature termination of
subscriber or call flow. We also recorded that all
31,752,000 subscribers were indeed active simulta-
neously and for a duration of 30 minutes, and that the
transactions rate was indeed 210,000 per second.
We also monitored the PCRF’s CPU and memory utili-
zation noting that the average CPU load did not
exceed 40% during the test. With the exclusion of
buffer and cache memory, the PCRF consumed 32-36
Gigabytes per blade.
Time (Seconds)
Figure 2: Transactions Per Second - Gx Interface
TransactionsPerSecond
Test Results — Gx/Rx Interface Transactions
per Second Performance
The second test case was configured to include the
Application Function interface - Rx. The Rx interface
connects the Call Session Control Function (CSCF, also
emulated by Developing Solutions’ dsTest) to the PCRF.
The 3GPP defines the Application Function as an
element offering applications that require dynamic
policy and/or charging control over the IP-CAN user
plane behavior. In essence the Rx interface enables
mobile service providers to offer IMS applications,
such as VoIP, in their mobile networks. This is done by
applying application-level session information.
The application function requires that a subscriber first
becomes active across the Gx interface and then the
application specific transaction can be executed
across the Rx interface. In this respect the bulk of the
work is still being done by the Gx interface with the Rx
first authenticating the session and then terminating it
at the end of the call.
The results of the test showed the same behavior as
recorded in the previous test. None of our 72 Million
calls exhibited any issues, nor did the memory utiliza-
tion show any differences to the previous test. The CPU
utilization was higher than in the Gx-only test,
however, at 60% average CPU utilization, there was
plenty of CPU left.
Figure 3: Transactions Per Second
Combined Gx and Rx Interfaces
Rx Gx
Time (Seconds)
TransactionsPerSecond
Test Results — Gx/Sy Interface Transactions
per Second Performance
The Sy interface is relatively new - it was introduced in
3GPP release 11. The interface is meant to enable
advanced online charging scenarios through notifica-
tions from Business Support Systems (BSS) to PCRF. The
interface connects between the Online Credit System
(OCS) and the PCRF. Such function clearly exists
already; however, until the introduction of the Sy inter-
face, usage tracking required both Gx and Gy inter-
faces to keep records as well as potentially costly inte-
gration between the Policy Manager and OCS.
4. EANTC Test Report: Comverse Data Management and Monetization Policy Manager – Page 4 of 4
As in the previous tests we used the tester to emulate
the OCS and bring up the Sy interface to the PCRF.
We augmented our call flow to include spending limit
request and answer, per subscriber, as soon as the
session was initiated. This was followed by notification
exchange and only then the update messages
between the PCEF and PCRF were initiated. As in the
Gx/Rx test case, the bulk of the transactions were still
being generated over the Gx interface.
The results of the test showed performance across the
Gx/Sy interfaces as in the previous test cases. The
PCRF’s CPU was also comfortably running at 50% utili-
zation leaving enough room for future growth.
Test Results — Gx/Rx/Sy Complete Topology
Performance in LTE Scenario
Once we verified that all the various interfaces
performed with a consistent transactions per second
rate we were challenged by combining all interfaces
in a single call flow.
We configured all AVPs required for LTE (e.g. access-
type E-UTRAN) and build a call flow that consisted on:
Subscriber initialization which included spending limit
request (Sy interface transaction); Rx authentication
request; IMS bearer establishment; Authentication
Request (Rx interface transaction); Several update
messages; Session termination (Sy, Rx and finally Gx
interface transaction).
This realistic call flow facilitated the same transactions
rate as in all other test cases while utilizing all inter-
faces. In this test case the DMM Policy Manager was
serving as the PCRF while the tester was emulating the
PCEF, OCS and CSCF.
The results of the test followed the other test cases
showing a slightly lower message exchange rate at
203,000 transactions per second. We then decided to
try and reach a target TPS of 300,000, but could not
complete the test due to lack of time and the need to
move forward to the linearity test.
Test Results — Solution Performance Linearity
The Comverse DMM Policy Manager is hosted in an
IBM blade server that can host up to 14 servers. This
modular design means that a mobile service provider
can grow the PCRF as the number of customers
increases. In this test we looked at verifying exactly
this idea - linearity. In essence we expected that each
additional blade added to the server will increase the
performance of the PCRF by a fixed and predictable
rate.
The test used a single interface - the Gx. We run the
test 4 times for 1, 5, 9, and 14 blades expecting the
TPS to grow each time by multiples of 15,000 TPS.
The same procedures that were used in all test cases
were used in this test and the same steady state dura-
tion was used. As the results below show, the DMM
Policy Manager scales linearly as promised by
Comverse.
TransactionsPerSecond
Figure 4: Solution Linearity
Number of DMM Policy Manager blades
Summary
The conducted tests verified Comverse’s DMM Policy
Manager performance in a single chassis: 31.5
million simultaneously active subscribers and more
than 200,000 policy transactions per sec. In addition,
the tests demonstrated Comverse’s DMM Policy
Manager’s support for a variety for 3GPP interfaces,
namely Gx & Rx and the newly released R11 Sy inter-
face. These results of the tests show that the solution is
suitable for advanced LTE and M2M scenarios.
About EANTC
The European Advanced
Networking Test Center
(EANTC) offers vendor-neutral
network test services for
manufacturers, service
providers and enterprise
customers. Primary business
areas include interoperability,
conformance and perfor-
mance testing for IP, MPLS, Mobile Backhaul, VoIP,
Carrier Ethernet, Triple Play, and IP applications.
EANTC AG
Salzufer 14, 10587 Berlin, Germany
info@eantc.com, http://www.eantc.com/
v5.0 20121212 JG