The document provides an overview of the OSI model, which is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. It defines seven layers of protocols for network communication, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. Each layer has a specific set of functions and communicates with its corresponding layer in another computer. The document describes the functions and responsibilities of each layer in detail.
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard reference model for how information is transmitted between applications running on different computers or devices. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer, and the key functions of each layer, such as how the physical layer transmits raw bits of data, the data link layer handles framing and addressing, the network layer handles routing and addressing, and the application layer provides services to end users. It provides details on several layers including their sublayers and protocols.
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network communication. The seven layers are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers dealing with physical connectivity and data transmission and the higher layers focusing on software applications and end-user interactions. The document provides details on the functions of each layer, such as the physical layer defining connections, signals, and topologies, the data link layer handling framing, addressing, and error control, and the transport layer providing service addressing, segmentation/reassembly, and connection control.
The document discusses the ISO-OSI model, which defines 7 layers of network communication:
1. The physical layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium.
2. The data link layer handles the transmission of frames between nodes and provides error control and flow control.
3. The network layer handles routing and logical addressing to deliver packets between hosts.
4. The transport layer provides reliable data transmission and flow control between processes.
5. The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions between applications.
6. The presentation layer handles data formatting and encoding for applications.
7. The application layer supports application and end-user processes.
The document provides an overview of the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model for networking. It discusses:
1. The 7 layers of the OSI model and their functions, from the physical layer to the application layer.
2. The principles used to arrive at the 7 layers of the OSI model, including dividing complex tasks into simpler sub-tasks and minimizing information flow across interfaces.
3. An overview of the TCP/IP model and its 4 layers, and a comparison between OSI and TCP/IP.
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform.
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI reference model:
1) The physical layer is responsible for physical connections between devices and defines characteristics like data rates and topology.
2) The data link layer frames data and ensures error-free transmission between nodes through flow control and error checking.
3) The network layer handles packet routing and logical addressing between independent networks.
4) The transport layer manages reliable data transfer through segmentation, reassembly, and connection control using TCP or UDP.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used in data communication networks, including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable, as well as unguided or wireless media. It describes the key characteristics of each medium, such as how they transmit signals, their bandwidth capabilities, and advantages and disadvantages. The document also covers switching methods used in networks, including circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching, explaining how circuit-switched networks establish dedicated connections between nodes using time- or frequency-division multiplexing.
The document describes the OSI reference model, which defines 7 layers for network communication. The upper layers (4-7) provide functions for program-to-program communication between hosts, including establishing connections, managing sessions, and providing network services to applications. The lower layers (1-3) control the physical delivery of data frames over the network and select the best path between systems. The model was developed to standardize network architectures and enable interoperability between different implementations.
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a standard reference model for how information is transmitted between applications running on different computers or devices. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer, and the key functions of each layer, such as how the physical layer transmits raw bits of data, the data link layer handles framing and addressing, the network layer handles routing and addressing, and the application layer provides services to end users. It provides details on several layers including their sublayers and protocols.
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network communication. The seven layers are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers dealing with physical connectivity and data transmission and the higher layers focusing on software applications and end-user interactions. The document provides details on the functions of each layer, such as the physical layer defining connections, signals, and topologies, the data link layer handling framing, addressing, and error control, and the transport layer providing service addressing, segmentation/reassembly, and connection control.
The document discusses the ISO-OSI model, which defines 7 layers of network communication:
1. The physical layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium.
2. The data link layer handles the transmission of frames between nodes and provides error control and flow control.
3. The network layer handles routing and logical addressing to deliver packets between hosts.
4. The transport layer provides reliable data transmission and flow control between processes.
5. The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions between applications.
6. The presentation layer handles data formatting and encoding for applications.
7. The application layer supports application and end-user processes.
The document provides an overview of the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model for networking. It discusses:
1. The 7 layers of the OSI model and their functions, from the physical layer to the application layer.
2. The principles used to arrive at the 7 layers of the OSI model, including dividing complex tasks into simpler sub-tasks and minimizing information flow across interfaces.
3. An overview of the TCP/IP model and its 4 layers, and a comparison between OSI and TCP/IP.
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform.
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI reference model:
1) The physical layer is responsible for physical connections between devices and defines characteristics like data rates and topology.
2) The data link layer frames data and ensures error-free transmission between nodes through flow control and error checking.
3) The network layer handles packet routing and logical addressing between independent networks.
4) The transport layer manages reliable data transfer through segmentation, reassembly, and connection control using TCP or UDP.
The document discusses different types of transmission media used in data communication networks, including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable, as well as unguided or wireless media. It describes the key characteristics of each medium, such as how they transmit signals, their bandwidth capabilities, and advantages and disadvantages. The document also covers switching methods used in networks, including circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching, explaining how circuit-switched networks establish dedicated connections between nodes using time- or frequency-division multiplexing.
The document describes the OSI reference model, which defines 7 layers for network communication. The upper layers (4-7) provide functions for program-to-program communication between hosts, including establishing connections, managing sessions, and providing network services to applications. The lower layers (1-3) control the physical delivery of data frames over the network and select the best path between systems. The model was developed to standardize network architectures and enable interoperability between different implementations.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture for data transmission across networks developed by ISO in 1984. Each layer has a specific function and works collaboratively with the other layers. The physical layer handles physical connections and transmits raw bits. The data link layer handles framing, addressing, and error checking to transmit error-free frames between nodes. The network layer handles logical addressing and routing to transmit packets between different networks.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
This document provides information on the course "Data Communication and Computer Networks" including the course code, credits, objectives, description, outcomes and syllabus. The main focus of the course is on local area network organization, implementation, and management. The course introduces computer network design, operations, and topics like the OSI model, error detection, local area networks, routing, and network protocols. Upon completion, students should be able to design, implement and maintain a typical computer network. The syllabus outlines 5 units that cover introductory concepts, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer. Assessment includes mid-term exams conducted by the college and a university end-term exam.
The document discusses the 7-layer OSI reference model for networking. It describes each layer in detail, including:
1) The physical layer deals with physical transmission and reception of raw bits of data.
2) The data link layer handles framing and error checking of packets.
3) The network layer handles routing and logical addressing between devices on a network.
4) The transport layer manages flow control and error checking between processes on different devices.
5) The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions between applications.
6) The presentation layer handles syntax and semantics of data including compression and encryption.
7) The application layer contains various networking protocols and provides an interface for users and
Line coding refers to converting digital data into digital signals for transmission. There are several characteristics line coding schemes should have, such as low complexity, noise tolerance, no DC component, error detection capability, and self-synchronization. Common line coding techniques include unipolar, polar, and bipolar coding. Specific techniques discussed include non-return to zero (NRZ), return to zero (RZ), Manchester, and differential Manchester coding. These techniques vary in their voltage levels, presence of a DC component, synchronization capabilities, and bandwidth requirements.
Introduction and transport layer services, Multiplexing and Demultiplexing, Connection less transport (UDP), Principles of reliable data transfer, Connection oriented transport (TCP), Congestion control.
The document summarizes the 7 layers of the OSI model established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to standardize network communication. The layers are: 1) Physical, 2) Data Link, 3) Network, 4) Transport, 5) Session, 6) Presentation, and 7) Application. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers focusing on hardware-based functions like transmitting raw data, and higher layers focusing on software-based functions like process-to-process communication and application services.
OSI (open systems interconnection) ModelNetwax Lab
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI) is a conceptual model that characterizes and
standardizes the internal functions of a communication system by partitioning it into abstraction layers.
The OSI Model is a conceptual, seven-layered model of how networks work. It tells us that how data is
going through one computer to another computer, and also it simplifies to troubleshoot the network
issues.
Introductory concepts of data communication lecture-1vishal choudhary
This document provides an overview of basic data communication concepts and components of computer networks. It discusses the basic communication model including a source that generates data, a transmitter that encodes the data, a transmission system that connects the source and destination, and a receiver that converts the signal for the destination. It also defines key terms like message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. The document goes on to describe common network hardware components like network interface cards, hubs, modems, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and repeaters. It concludes with a brief discussion of network software functions like user management, file management, access control, and security.
The document describes the seven layers of the OSI model and how data moves through each layer when a message is sent from one device to another. It begins with an overview of each layer's responsibilities from the physical layer dealing with bit transmission to the application layer interfacing with users. It then walks through an example of a message being sent, with each layer adding header information and performing its functions to ultimately deliver the message.
The open system interconnection model, better known as the OSI Model, is a network map that was originally developed as a universal standard for creating networks. But instead of serving as a model with agreed-upon protocols that would be used worldwide, the OSI model has become a teaching tool that shows how different tasks within a network should be handled in order to promote error-free data transmission.
This document discusses several network topologies: bus, ring, star, mesh, tree, and hybrid. For each topology, it outlines the key features, advantages, and disadvantages. Bus topology uses a single cable connected to all devices, making it inexpensive but prone to single points of failure. Ring topology forms a closed loop between all devices, allowing for redundancy but adding complexity. Star topology connects all devices to a central hub, facilitating troubleshooting but relying on the hub. Mesh topology provides multiple connections between all devices for robustness but at increased cost. Tree and hybrid topologies combine aspects of other topologies to balance advantages against complexity and expenses.
The document provides information on the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer. It then summarizes the four layers of the TCP/IP model and how they map to the OSI layers. Some key differences between the two models are that the OSI model has seven layers while TCP/IP only has four layers, and TCP/IP combines functions of some OSI layers. The document concludes with a table comparing the two models.
The document discusses network protocols and the OSI model. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its 5 layers. For each layer, it outlines the main responsibilities and protocols that are part of that layer such as IP, ICMP, DHCP, TCP, and others. It also discusses some common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Finally, it covers issues with using TCP over wireless networks and some proposed solutions to improve its performance.
The document discusses data link layer protocols, including LLC, MAC, and Ethernet standards. It describes the functions of the physical layer, data link layer, and logical link control sublayer. It also covers IP addressing schemes like IPv4 addresses, network classes, public vs private addresses, and subnetting. CIDR is introduced as a method to improve address space utilization and routing scalability on the internet.
The document describes the seven-layer OSI model, with each layer responsible for certain network functions. The physical layer transmits raw bits over a transmission medium. The data link layer transmits frames between nodes. The network layer delivers packets from source to destination hosts via routing. The transport layer provides reliable process-to-process message delivery. The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions. The presentation layer handles translation and formatting. The application layer provides services to the user/application.
OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP (Lecture #3 ET3003 Sem1 2014/2015)Tutun Juhana
This document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite for computer networks. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their functions. It then explains that while the OSI model was intended as a standard, TCP/IP became dominant in practice. The four layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite are also outlined - the physical and data link layers have no standard protocols, while the network layer uses IP and the transport layer includes TCP and UDP. The application layer combines functions from several OSI layers.
Many Networking Software are structured into layers in the same way, TCP/IP is modelled in layers. This layered representation represents the term protocol stack, which refers to the stacked set of rules in the protocol suite. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on TCP IP Model:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/tcp-ip-model.aspx
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
This note is about the introduction of the OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contains details of the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
The document summarizes the seven-layer OSI model. It describes each layer of the OSI model in detail, including the functions and responsibilities of the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It explains that the OSI model divides network communication tasks into smaller and more manageable parts handled by different layers, with each layer building on the functions of those below it.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture for data transmission across networks developed by ISO in 1984. Each layer has a specific function and works collaboratively with the other layers. The physical layer handles physical connections and transmits raw bits. The data link layer handles framing, addressing, and error checking to transmit error-free frames between nodes. The network layer handles logical addressing and routing to transmit packets between different networks.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
This document provides information on the course "Data Communication and Computer Networks" including the course code, credits, objectives, description, outcomes and syllabus. The main focus of the course is on local area network organization, implementation, and management. The course introduces computer network design, operations, and topics like the OSI model, error detection, local area networks, routing, and network protocols. Upon completion, students should be able to design, implement and maintain a typical computer network. The syllabus outlines 5 units that cover introductory concepts, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and application layer. Assessment includes mid-term exams conducted by the college and a university end-term exam.
The document discusses the 7-layer OSI reference model for networking. It describes each layer in detail, including:
1) The physical layer deals with physical transmission and reception of raw bits of data.
2) The data link layer handles framing and error checking of packets.
3) The network layer handles routing and logical addressing between devices on a network.
4) The transport layer manages flow control and error checking between processes on different devices.
5) The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions between applications.
6) The presentation layer handles syntax and semantics of data including compression and encryption.
7) The application layer contains various networking protocols and provides an interface for users and
Line coding refers to converting digital data into digital signals for transmission. There are several characteristics line coding schemes should have, such as low complexity, noise tolerance, no DC component, error detection capability, and self-synchronization. Common line coding techniques include unipolar, polar, and bipolar coding. Specific techniques discussed include non-return to zero (NRZ), return to zero (RZ), Manchester, and differential Manchester coding. These techniques vary in their voltage levels, presence of a DC component, synchronization capabilities, and bandwidth requirements.
Introduction and transport layer services, Multiplexing and Demultiplexing, Connection less transport (UDP), Principles of reliable data transfer, Connection oriented transport (TCP), Congestion control.
The document summarizes the 7 layers of the OSI model established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to standardize network communication. The layers are: 1) Physical, 2) Data Link, 3) Network, 4) Transport, 5) Session, 6) Presentation, and 7) Application. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers focusing on hardware-based functions like transmitting raw data, and higher layers focusing on software-based functions like process-to-process communication and application services.
OSI (open systems interconnection) ModelNetwax Lab
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI) is a conceptual model that characterizes and
standardizes the internal functions of a communication system by partitioning it into abstraction layers.
The OSI Model is a conceptual, seven-layered model of how networks work. It tells us that how data is
going through one computer to another computer, and also it simplifies to troubleshoot the network
issues.
Introductory concepts of data communication lecture-1vishal choudhary
This document provides an overview of basic data communication concepts and components of computer networks. It discusses the basic communication model including a source that generates data, a transmitter that encodes the data, a transmission system that connects the source and destination, and a receiver that converts the signal for the destination. It also defines key terms like message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. The document goes on to describe common network hardware components like network interface cards, hubs, modems, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and repeaters. It concludes with a brief discussion of network software functions like user management, file management, access control, and security.
The document describes the seven layers of the OSI model and how data moves through each layer when a message is sent from one device to another. It begins with an overview of each layer's responsibilities from the physical layer dealing with bit transmission to the application layer interfacing with users. It then walks through an example of a message being sent, with each layer adding header information and performing its functions to ultimately deliver the message.
The open system interconnection model, better known as the OSI Model, is a network map that was originally developed as a universal standard for creating networks. But instead of serving as a model with agreed-upon protocols that would be used worldwide, the OSI model has become a teaching tool that shows how different tasks within a network should be handled in order to promote error-free data transmission.
This document discusses several network topologies: bus, ring, star, mesh, tree, and hybrid. For each topology, it outlines the key features, advantages, and disadvantages. Bus topology uses a single cable connected to all devices, making it inexpensive but prone to single points of failure. Ring topology forms a closed loop between all devices, allowing for redundancy but adding complexity. Star topology connects all devices to a central hub, facilitating troubleshooting but relying on the hub. Mesh topology provides multiple connections between all devices for robustness but at increased cost. Tree and hybrid topologies combine aspects of other topologies to balance advantages against complexity and expenses.
The document provides information on the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer. It then summarizes the four layers of the TCP/IP model and how they map to the OSI layers. Some key differences between the two models are that the OSI model has seven layers while TCP/IP only has four layers, and TCP/IP combines functions of some OSI layers. The document concludes with a table comparing the two models.
The document discusses network protocols and the OSI model. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its 5 layers. For each layer, it outlines the main responsibilities and protocols that are part of that layer such as IP, ICMP, DHCP, TCP, and others. It also discusses some common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Finally, it covers issues with using TCP over wireless networks and some proposed solutions to improve its performance.
The document discusses data link layer protocols, including LLC, MAC, and Ethernet standards. It describes the functions of the physical layer, data link layer, and logical link control sublayer. It also covers IP addressing schemes like IPv4 addresses, network classes, public vs private addresses, and subnetting. CIDR is introduced as a method to improve address space utilization and routing scalability on the internet.
The document describes the seven-layer OSI model, with each layer responsible for certain network functions. The physical layer transmits raw bits over a transmission medium. The data link layer transmits frames between nodes. The network layer delivers packets from source to destination hosts via routing. The transport layer provides reliable process-to-process message delivery. The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions. The presentation layer handles translation and formatting. The application layer provides services to the user/application.
OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP (Lecture #3 ET3003 Sem1 2014/2015)Tutun Juhana
This document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite for computer networks. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their functions. It then explains that while the OSI model was intended as a standard, TCP/IP became dominant in practice. The four layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite are also outlined - the physical and data link layers have no standard protocols, while the network layer uses IP and the transport layer includes TCP and UDP. The application layer combines functions from several OSI layers.
Many Networking Software are structured into layers in the same way, TCP/IP is modelled in layers. This layered representation represents the term protocol stack, which refers to the stacked set of rules in the protocol suite. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on TCP IP Model:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/tcp-ip-model.aspx
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
This note is about the introduction of the OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contains details of the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
The document summarizes the seven-layer OSI model. It describes each layer of the OSI model in detail, including the functions and responsibilities of the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It explains that the OSI model divides network communication tasks into smaller and more manageable parts handled by different layers, with each layer building on the functions of those below it.
The document describes the seven-layer OSI model. It provides details about each layer, including the physical layer which transmits individual bits, the data link layer which provides error-free data transfer, the network layer which routes packets between devices, the transport layer which ensures reliable delivery of data, the session layer which establishes interactions between devices, and the presentation layer which converts data formats.
The document discusses the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions. It describes each layer from the physical layer to the application layer, explaining their main responsibilities in network communication. Some key points covered include that the OSI model divides network tasks into seven smaller sub-tasks, with each layer building on the layers below it and providing services to the layers above. The lower layers deal mainly with physical connectivity and data transmission while the upper layers are closer to the end user and deal with application-specific tasks.
The document discusses the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions. It describes each layer in detail, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has specific responsibilities for networking functions like framing data, addressing devices, routing packets, ensuring reliable data delivery, and providing services to users. The OSI model divides networking tasks into smaller parts handled by individual layers to allow for standardized communication between different computer systems.
The Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model [OSI] is an abstract description for network protocol design, developer as an effort to standardize networking.
The open system Interconnection (OSI) reference.pptxwesendesta2
The document describes the OSI reference model, which defines 7 layers for network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer performs discrete tasks to prepare data for transmission across a network, such as adding addressing, error checking, and formatting. Data moves down and then up the layers of the sending and receiving computers respectively. The layers work together to reliably transmit packets of data between applications running on different devices.
Pwani notes-Network Essentials.pp for Internet ProtocoltxMosesOkumu4
These notes are for Internet Protocol and the OSI model layers
So any student looking for notes for the internet protocol layers , this is among the best
A document about TCP/IP and OSI would typically cover two major networking models: the TCP/IP model and the OSI model. These models are both conceptual frameworks that describe the layers of communication protocols that are necessary for data to be transmitted over a network.
The TCP/IP model is a four-layer model that is used by the Internet. It includes the Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access layer. Each layer has a specific function, such as providing application-level services, ensuring reliable data transmission, routing packets over the Internet, and controlling the physical transmission of data over the network.
The OSI model, on the other hand, is a seven-layer model that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It includes the Application layer, Presentation layer, Session layer, Transport layer, Network layer, Data Link layer, and Physical layer. Each layer in this model also has a specific function, such as formatting data for presentation, managing communication sessions between network nodes, and managing physical connections between network devices.
In a document about TCP/IP and OSI, you might find information on the similarities and differences between the two models, the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and examples of how each model is used in real-world networking scenarios. You might also find information on specific protocols that are used within each model, such as TCP, UDP, IP, and Ethernet, and how these protocols work together to facilitate communication between network devices.
The document describes the seven layers of the OSI model, which is a framework for how applications in one computer can communicate with applications in another computer over a physical medium. It provides details on the functions of each layer, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific role in establishing and maintaining communication between devices, with lower layers dealing with physical connectivity and higher layers focusing on software applications and services.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture developed by ISO for data communication between devices on a network. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical layer defining electrical specifications to the application layer providing services to end users. Each layer has a specific role such as framing data, routing, reliability, or implementing protocols. Data moves down the layers at the sending device and up at the receiving device with each layer building upon the functions of the layer below.
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines 7 layers for data communication. Each layer has a specific function, with the upper layers focusing on applications and the lower layers focusing on actual network communication. The 7 layers are: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below in the transmission of data across a network.
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines 7 layers for data communication. Each layer has a specific function, with the upper layers focusing on applications and the lower layers focusing on actual communication across a network. The 7 layers are: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical. Each layer is described in terms of its purpose and responsibilities in the data communication process.
This is a notes about basic introduction of OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contain details about the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture for data transmission across networks. Each layer has a specific function, from physical transmission of bits at the lowest layer to application-related functions at the highest layer. Together, the 7 layers ensure data is transmitted accurately from one device to another globally through functions like data framing, error checking, routing, and applying logical addresses.
The OSI reference model defines a standardized framework for network communication consisting of 7 layers: (1) Physical, (2) Data Link, (3) Network, (4) Transport, (5) Session, (6) Presentation, and (7) Application. Each layer defines a part of the process of moving information across a network, with layers interacting vertically with adjacent layers and horizontally with corresponding layers on other devices. The model provides a basis for understanding how data is encapsulated and communicated between all types of computer systems.
The document provides an overview of data communication standards and protocols. It discusses that standards ensure interconnectivity and interoperability between networking components. The OSI model is presented which divides communication protocols into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Key functions of each layer are defined such as framing at the data link layer, logical addressing at the network layer, and error control mechanisms at the transport layer. Common standard bodies that define communication protocols are also listed.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer. It also discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model and compares the two models, noting they are similar in concept but differ in number of layers and how protocols fit within each model.
The OSI model is a conceptual framework that characterizes networking functions into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Each layer has a specific role, with the physical layer defining physical connections and signals and the application layer supporting file transfer, email and directories. Data moves down from the application layer through each layer, with each adding information like headers for routing. This allows interoperability between different network products and software.
This document is a lab report submitted by Khondoker Sadia, student ID 1834902542, for the 8th semester Computer Networks Lab course (CSE-318). The lab covered topics including router configuration, DNS, DHCP, DNS and mail servers, and concluded with a final project.
The document discusses different types of network topologies: bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid. It provides details on each topology type, including their advantages and disadvantages. The types of network topologies covered are those commonly used in computer networks and include bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid configurations. Advantages and disadvantages are provided for each topology type. References are listed at the end from websites and a computer networking textbook.
This document provides information on different types of network cables, including their specifications and applications. It discusses twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. For each cable type, it describes the cable composition, common connectors, performance in terms of attenuation and bandwidth, and applications where each cable type is commonly used.
The document discusses satellite communication systems, including how satellites relay signals, the different types of satellite orbits like geostationary and low Earth orbit, the components and functions of communication satellites, frequency bands used, applications of satellite systems like global phone calls and GPS, and classifications of satellites based on orbit altitude. It provides technical details on topics like satellite orbits, footprints, frequency bands, and components to explain how satellite communication networks work.
This document provides information about the CSMA protocol for computer networks. It discusses two variants of CSMA: CSMA with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) and CSMA with collision detection (CSMA-CD). CSMA-CA operates in the media access control layer and avoids collisions by verifying the absence of other traffic before transmitting. CSMA-CD also operates at the MAC layer and can detect collisions and stop transmissions to avoid wasting bandwidth. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each protocol.
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1. Class Work-6
Topic Name :OSI MODEL
Course Title:Computer Networks Theory
Course Code: CSE-317
Submitted To
Pranab Bandhu Nath
Senior Lecturer
Department Of CSE
City University
Submitted By
Khondoker Sadia
Id:1834902542
Semester:8th
Batch:49th
2. OSI MODEL
o OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that describes how
information from a software application in one computer moves through a physical
medium to the software application in another computer.
o OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular network function.
o OSI model was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
in 1984, and it is now considered as an architectural model for the inter-computer
communications.
o OSI model divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable tasks. Each layer
is assigned a particular task.
o Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer can be performed
independently.
Characteristics OF OSI Model:
3. o The OSI model is divided into two layers: upper layers and lower layers.
o The upper layer of the OSI model mainly deals with the application related issues, and
they are implemented only in the software. The application layer is closest to the end
user. Both the end user and the application layer interact with the software applications.
An upper layer refers to the layer just above another layer.
o The lower layer of the OSI model deals with the data transport issues. The data link
layer and the physical layer are implemented in hardware and software. The physical
layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model and is closest to the physical medium. The
physical layer is mainly responsible for placing the information on the physical
medium.
Functions of the OSI Layers
There are the seven OSI layers. Each layer has different functions. A list of seven layers are
given below:
1. Physical Layer
2. Data-Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer
5. o The main functionality of the physical layer is to transmit the individual bits from one
node to another node.
o It is the lowest layer of the OSI model.
o It establishes, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.
o It specifies the mechanical, electrical and procedural network interface specifications.
Functions of a Physical layer:
o Line Configuration: It defines the way how two or more devices can be connected
physically.
o Data Transmission: It defines the transmission mode whether it is simplex, half-
duplex or full-duplex mode between the two devices on the network.
o Topology: It defines the way how network devices are arranged.
o Signals: It determines the type of the signal used for transmitting the information.
Data-Link Layer
o This layer is responsible for the error-free transfer of data frames.
o It defines the format of the data on the network.
6. o It provides a reliable and efficient communication between two or more devices.
o It is mainly responsible for the unique identification of each device that resides on a
local network.
o It contains two sub-layers:
o Logical Link Control Layer
o It is responsible for transferring the packets to the Network layer of the
receiver that is receiving.
o It identifies the address of the network layer protocol from the header.
o It also provides flow control.
o Media Access Control Layer
o A Media access control layer is a link between the Logical Link Control
layer and the network's physical layer.
o It is used for transferring the packets over the network.
Functions of the Data-link layer
o Framing: The data link layer translates the physical's raw bit stream into packets
known as Frames. The Data link layer adds the header and trailer to the frame. The
header which is added to the frame contains the hardware destination and source
address.
o Physical Addressing: The Data link layer adds a header to the frame that contains a
destination address. The frame is transmitted to the destination address mentioned in
the header.
o Flow Control: Flow control is the main functionality of the Data-link layer. It is the
technique through which the constant data rate is maintained on both the sides so that
no data get corrupted. It ensures that the transmitting station such as a server with higher
processing speed does not exceed the receiving station, with lower processing speed.
o Error Control: Error control is achieved by adding a calculated value CRC (Cyclic
Redundancy Check) that is placed to the Data link layer's trailer which is added to the
7. message frame before it is sent to the physical layer. If any error seems to occurr, then
the receiver sends the acknowledgment for the retransmission of the corrupted frames.
o Access Control: When two or more devices are connected to the same communication
channel, then the data link layer protocols are used to determine which device has
control over the link at a given time.
Network Layer
o It is a layer 3 that manages device addressing, tracks the location of devices on the
network.
o It determines the best path to move data from source to the destination based on the
network conditions, the priority of service, and other factors.
o The Data link layer is responsible for routing and forwarding the packets.
o Routers are the layer 3 devices, they are specified in this layer and used to provide the
routing services within an internetwork.
o The protocols used to route the network traffic are known as Network layer protocols.
Examples of protocols are IP and Ipv6.
8. Functions of Network Layer:
o Internetworking: An internetworking is the main responsibility of the network layer.
It provides a logical connection between different devices.
o Addressing: A Network layer adds the source and destination address to the header of
the frame. Addressing is used to identify the device on the internet.
o Routing: Routing is the major component of the network layer, and it determines the
best optimal path out of the multiple paths from source to the destination.
o Packetizing: A Network Layer receives the packets from the upper layer and converts
them into packets. This process is known as Packetizing. It is achieved by internet
protocol (IP).
Transport Layer
o The Transport layer is a Layer 4 ensures that messages are transmitted in the order in
which they are sent and there is no duplication of data.
o The main responsibility of the transport layer is to transfer the data completely.
o It receives the data from the upper layer and converts them into smaller units known as
segments.
9. o This layer can be termed as an end-to-end layer as it provides a point-to-point
connection between source and destination to deliver the data reliably.
The two protocols used in this layer are
o Transmission Control Protocol
o It is a standard protocol that allows the systems to communicate over the
internet.
o It establishes and maintains a connection between hosts.
o When data is sent over the TCP connection, then the TCP protocol divides the
data into smaller units known as segments. Each segment travels over the
internet using multiple routes, and they arrive in different orders at the
destination. The transmission control protocol reorders the packets in the correct
order at the receiving end.
o User Datagram Protocol
o User Datagram Protocol is a transport layer protocol.
o It is an unreliable transport protocol as in this case receiver does not send any
acknowledgment when the packet is received, the sender does not wait for any
acknowledgment. Therefore, this makes a protocol unreliable.
Functions of Transport Layer:
o Service-point addressing: Computers run several programs simultaneously due to this
reason, the transmission of data from source to the destination not only from one
computer to another computer but also from one process to another process. The
transport layer adds the header that contains the address known as a service-point
address or port address. The responsibility of the network layer is to transmit the data
from one computer to another computer and the responsibility of the transport layer is
to transmit the message to the correct process.
o Segmentation and reassembly: When the transport layer receives the message from
the upper layer, it divides the message into multiple segments, and each segment is
10. assigned with a sequence number that uniquely identifies each segment. When the
message has arrived at the destination, then the transport layer reassembles the message
based on their sequence numbers.
o Connection control: Transport layer provides two services Connection-oriented
service and connectionless service. A connectionless service treats each segment as an
individual packet, and they all travel in different routes to reach the destination. A
connection-oriented service makes a connection with the transport layer at the
destination machine before delivering the packets. In connection-oriented service, all
the packets travel in the single route.
o Flow control: The transport layer also responsible for flow control but it is performed
end-to-end rather than across a single link.
o Error control: The transport layer is also responsible for Error control. Error control
is performed end-to-end rather than across the single link. The sender transport layer
ensures that message reach at the destination without any error.
Session Layer
11. o It is a layer 3 in the OSI model.
o The Session layer is used to establish, maintain and synchronizes the interaction
between communicating devices.
Functions of Session layer:
o Dialog control: Session layer acts as a dialog controller that creates a dialog between
two processes or we can say that it allows the communication between two processes
which can be either half-duplex or full-duplex.
o Synchronization: Session layer adds some checkpoints when transmitting the data in
a sequence. If some error occurs in the middle of the transmission of data, then the
transmission will take place again from the checkpoint. This process is known as
Synchronization and recovery.
Presentation Layer
12. o A Presentation layer is mainly concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between the two systems.
o It acts as a data translator for a network.
o This layer is a part of the operating system that converts the data from one presentation
format to another format.
o The Presentation layer is also known as the syntax layer.
Functions of Presentation layer:
o Translation: The processes in two systems exchange the information in the form of
character strings, numbers and so on. Different computers use different encoding
methods, the presentation layer handles the interoperability between the different
encoding methods. It converts the data from sender-dependent format into a common
format and changes the common format into receiver-dependent format at the receiving
end.
o Encryption: Encryption is needed to maintain privacy. Encryption is a process of
converting the sender-transmitted information into another form and sends the resulting
message over the network.
o Compression: Data compression is a process of compressing the data, i.e., it reduces
the number of bits to be transmitted. Data compression is very important in multimedia
such as text, audio, video.
13. Application Layer
o An application layer serves as a window for users and application processes to access
network service.
o It handles issues such as network transparency, resource allocation, etc.
o An application layer is not an application, but it performs the application layer
functions.
o This layer provides the network services to the end-users.
Functions of Application layer:
o File transfer, access, and management (FTAM): An application layer allows a user
to access the files in a remote computer, to retrieve the files from a computer and to
manage the files in a remote computer.
o Mail services: An application layer provides the facility for email forwarding and
storage.
o Directory services: An application provides the distributed database sources and is used
to provide that global information about various objects.