This document provides an overview of computer networking, including its introduction, characteristics, applications, disadvantages, types of networks, network services, transmission mediums, protocols, and conclusion. It defines a computer network as a set of autonomous computers connected by a medium to exchange information. The document outlines different types of networks like LAN, MAN, and WAN and describes their key characteristics. It also discusses various network services, transmission mediums, and protocols that allow networks to function properly.

1. COMPUTER NETWORKING
GROUP A
Aadarsh Shrestha
Deekshya Rana
Samikchhya Amatya
Sangam K.C.

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
• Introduction
• Characteristics
• Application Of Computer Network
• Disadvantages
• Types of Networks
• Network Services
• Transmission Medium
• Protocols
• Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
• Set of autonomous computers connected by medium
to exchange information
• Link maybe copper wire, fiber optics, etc.
• Computer or Router on the network called node
• The shared resources can be files, folders, software,
hardware applications
• It makes easy to share data

4. CHARACTERISTICS
• To share the resources
• To communicate efficiently
• To access remote information
• To allow flexible working environment
• Used for electronic commerce

5. APPLICATION OF COMPUTER
NETWORK
• Business Application
• Home Application
• Mobile Uses
• Social Uses

6. DISADVANTAGES
• Expensive
• Security of Data
• Needs special technical knowledge

7. TYPES OF NETWORKS
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)

8. LOCAL AREA NETWORK
• LAN is a network designed to operate over a small
physical area such as office, factory or a group of buildings
• LANs are easy to design and troubleshoot
• In LAN, all the machines are
connected to a single cable
• It is privately owned network

9. METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK
• It is in between LAN and WAN technology that covers
entire
city
• It uses similar technology as LAN
• It can be single network such as T.V.
cable network or a measure of
connecting a number of LAN’s to a

10. WIDE AREA NETWORK
• WAN is a network that covers a large geographic area
such as a country or even intercontinental distances
• A WAN uses a communication channel that combines
many types of media such as cables,
telephone lines and air waves
• One of the most prominent example
of WAN is Internet

11. NETWORK SERVICES

12. NETWORK SERVICES
• Servers
- Service providers
- Makes resources available to other computers
- Run network serve software
- Fulfill a specific network service role

13. NETWORK SERVICES
Cont’d
• Clients
- Service requesters
- Uses the resources
- Run network client software

14. NETWORK SERVICES
Cont’d
• Peers
- Both service providers and service requesters
- Designed so that peers perform the similar function
- Some common peer-to-peer networks include
windows for workgroups and personal network

15. TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
• Wired • Wireless
Twisted Pair Radio Link
Co-axial Cable Satellite
Fiber Optics Bluetooth

16. WIRED
• Twisted-pair Cable
– It consist of two copper conductors, each one with it’s
own plastic insulin & twisted together
– Over longer distance cables may contain hundred of pairs
– The wires in a pair have thickness from 0.016 to 0.036
inches

17. Twisted Pair Cable Cont’d
– It is the most common transmission medium for both
analog & digital signals
– It is less expensive than the others commonly used wired
transmission media
– It is of two types:
• Unshielded Twisted pair
• Shield Twisted pair

18. WIRED Cont’d
• Co-axial Cable
– It consist of copper wire as the core surrounded by an
insulation material
– It is mostly used in MAN
– It has high data transfer speed
– It is expensive than Twisted Pair Cable
– It can be used over a long distance

19. Co-axial Cable Cont’d
– It is of two types:
• 10 Base 2 – thin Co-axial Cable
• 10 Base 5 – thick Co-axial Cable

20. WIRED Cont’d
• Fiber Optics
– It use lights to transmit data
– It consist of a very narrow strand or fiber of glass called
core
– It is thin as a human hair
– It is more reliable and has lower data transmission errors
– The transmission speed is very high

21. WIRELESS
• Radio Link Transmission
– It is the line of straight transmission
– Transmit station must be visible in contact with receive
station
– Widely used for long distance communication
– It is relatively inexpensive

22. WIRELESS Cont’d
• Satellite
– It is also a kind of straight transmission
– Satellite set in geo-stationary, orbits directly over equator
– These orbits are placed 35,786 km above earth’s surface
– Communication carries through uplinks and downlinks
– The area shadowed by the satellite in which the
information can be transmitted is called footprints

23. WIRELESS Cont’d
• Bluetooth
– It is a standard and communication protocol
– It lets devices to communicate with each other
when in range
– Devices uses radio communication system
– To communicate, Bluetooth devices must be

24. PROTOCOLS
• Set of rules that allows different machines to
communicate with each other
• Provides guidance to the network
• Guidance promotes harmonious connectivity among
the many network machines
• Network protocols are combined with transmission
media and topologies to create network standard

25. CONCLUSION
• Computer Network is a set of autonomous computer
connected by communication link or medium to
exchange the information
• It’s characteristics are to share the resources, to
communicate efficiently, to access information, etc.
• The network models are LAN, MAN and WAN

26. CONCLUSION Cont’d
• A system consists of three basic elements: Network
Services, Transmission Media and Network Protocols
• Network Services are the things networks do, which
can take on various role servers, clients and peers
• Transmission media includes cables and wireless
technologies
• Network protocols are the set of rules

27. ANY QUERIES ??