Computer lessons 2

1. This unit aims at equipping the trainee with basic
knowledge, skills & attitude required for using
computers.
2. To provide increased training opportunities for the
increasing number of school leavers to enable them
to be self-supporting.
3. To develop practical skills and attitudes which lead
to income generating activities in the urban & rural
areas through self-employment.

By the end of this unit, the trainee should be
able to: -
a. Define computer and its terminologies
b. Give merits, demerits and functions of
computer
c. Describe types of computer
d. Explain the role of computer in society today
e. Describe the care & maintenance a computer &
computer lab.

Computer: - This is a machine or an electronic device that processesses
data into information.
Data: -basic facts/raw facts e.g. numbers, letters or symbols.
Unprocessed material.
Information: - This are the result of inputted data/result of
processed data.
Computing: - the use of computer to manipulate data to provide
information which is used for decision making.
Program: - set of instruction given to the computer in processing of
data.
Inputting: - Feeding of information into the system.

 Processing: - Manipulation of data
 Outputting: - Giving out the results of processing.
 Live ware: - This term refers to the human
component of the system.

Its versatile: - it can be used
for different functions.
It can store large amount of
information in a small a
space/memory for a long
time.
It can work for a longer
time without getting tired.
Its accurate/ normally no
errors.
It can work in high
temperature areas where
human beings cannot e.g. in
steel mines where
temperatures are very high.
Its fast in processing of
data.
Its diligent/ never get tired
in performing a task.
Its automatic – performs
job as instructed.

It needs a computer literate
personnel to operate the system.
It needs power in order to
work.
Its expensive to buy and
maintain.
Computer has no intelligence
hence cannot make any
decision.
There is loss of information if
not well managed.
 It causes health problems to the
user e.g. eye problem and
backaches, wrist and arms.etc.
 It reduces the labour
force/employment .
 It causes moral degradation
/decay i.e. through
downloading dirty
(phonographic) movies from the
internet and that affect peoples
virtues.

Accept input of data and information. This can originate
from human operators or other devices.
Computers process the input into meaningful and useful
results as dictated by their programs.
Computers store, transmit or display the results of the
processing.

Its automatic: - It performs any task instructed in a
logical manner.
Its programmable: - you can make it work in any way
depending on what you want as a user.
It needs power for it to run
It stores program and data

EDUCATION: - used for learning, processing
& making learning materials, keeping records,
preparing and making continuous assessment
exams, process and present reports.
HOME: - Used for entertainment, shopping,
getting information through internet,
broadcasting stations.
HEALTH CARE (HOSPITALS): - it
facilitate collection and storage of patients
information for easy management purposes,
Identification of patients illness, keeping records
of employees in the hospital e.t.c.
 INDUSTRIES: - Used for controlling
machines, recording transactions.
 Game parks: -
 Weather stations
 COMMUNICATION: -e.g. in
telecommunication industry for switching of
incoming & outgoing calls, airline industry – to
control air space & air traffic, and used kin
internet to facilitate worldwide computer
network.
 DESIGN: - Used in preparing designs which
require great accuracy like that done by the
engineers & architects, testing &redesigning.

Keep It free from dust
Always open & shut down
your computer using the
correct procedure.
Shut down the computer if
not in use.
Its always recommended that
you use it for its own
purpose.
Use covers when computers
are not in use to prevent dust.
Do not keep the computer in
dumpy areas.
Avoid keeping your computer
in areas with strong magnetic
fields
Protect the computer from
virus by installing an
antivirus software program.
Install power backups to
regulate power supply to your
system.

Do a research on the basic components of a
computer system and make short notes.

 By the end of this section, the trainee should be able to: -
1) Explain the components of a computer system
2) Explain the various output devices
3) Explain the various input devices
4) Explain the central processing unit (CPU)
5) Explain different storage media
6) Define computer software
7) Describe types of computer software
8) Describe the classification & types of computers.

• A computer system consists of two
major components i.e. Hardware &
Software.
• HARDWARE: -Consists of the parts that
one can physically touch & feel. Hardware
devices are called (Peripheral devices) i.e.
Input, output, storage.
• Central processing unit (CPU): - Is the
brain of the computer and carries out all
the processing.
• Input devices: - reads data from the
medium from which it is stored and encodes
it into suitable form that can be
understood by the computer.
• Output devices: -provide the user with
the results from the computer.
• Memory storage devices: -There are
two types of memory storage devices
i.e. Primary & secondary.

 CPU: - Its an element of a computer that determines the
overall performance of a computer. It’s the control center of the
computer.(Brain of the computer).
Its composed of : -
i. Control Unit (C.U)
ii. Arithmetic logic unit
iii. Memory Unit.

 Control Unit: -
Functions
1. Directs the flow of data & instructions
from the input device to the memory.
2. Interprets instructions received in
the form of program & converts
them into control signals.
3. Directs the data & instructions
from memory to the ALU, and
when required by the program.
4. Transfers the
information/processed data from
memory to the output unit.
5. Transfers the
information/processed data from
memory to the output unit.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit: -
Functions
1. It makes logical operations or decisions
e.g. making comparisons & determining
whether they are equal or not.
2. It compares alphabetical data to check
whether they are the same or not.
3. Does the actual processing by performing
mathematical operations e.g. addition,
subtraction on numerical data as directed
by the control unit.

Memory Unit: -
Functions
1. Stores data temporarily
2. Allows control unit to retrieve data &
instructions & supply to ALU and
when required by the program.
 Computer memory is categorized
into: -
i. Primary memory. (Main or
Internal memory)
ii. Secondary memory. (Auxiliary
Memory or storage devices)
Primary memory: - Is the internal
storage within the CPU that
stores raw data, program
instructions and processed
information.
Primary memory is subdivided into
two: - RAM & ROM

 RAM: - It’s the working table of the
computer.
FEATURES: -
i. Its temporary in nature: - i.e. incase of
power failure, all the data in it are
erased.
ii. It holds data and programs
temporarily.
iii. Data in RAM can be written and
read during retrieval.
iv. Its volatile in nature.
v. Data in any area of RAM can be
accessed in the same amount of time.
 ROM: - it’s the chip which contain
data which is permanently written
during time of manufacturer e.g.
instructions used for installing the
computer.
FEATURES: -
i. Its non-volatile- data stored in ROM
is permanent until it is removed.
ii. Its contents can be read & cannot be
written during normal computer
operations.

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Joystick
4. Optical Mark
Reader
5. Scanner
6. Digital camera
6. Light pens
7. Barcode reader
8. Graphic tablet
9. Microphone
10.Optical character
reader
11.Magnetic Ink
Character Reader

Cost
Input speed
Data volume
Accuracy
Reliability
Mode of operation
appropriateness

1. Monitor/V.D.U
2. Printer
3. Plotter
4. Voice output devices e.g. speakers,
answering services.

 Floppy disk
 Hard disk
 Magnetic tape
 Compact disks
 Flash disks
 Zip disks

 ANALOG COMPUTERS: - They
compute by measuring changes in a
continuous physical quantity e.g.
electric voltage.
 DIGITAL COMPUTERS: - It
computes by counting and adding
operations and understand the
language of zero’s & one’s.
 HYBRID COMPUTERS: -They use
digital memory for the storage of
intermediate results and analog
devices for the computational
purposes.
 SUPER COMPUTERS: - Are the largest, fastest
and most powerful. They can be accessed by
many individual users at the same time.E.g.
Cray xmp-24,Param.
 MAIN FRAME COMPUTERS: - It support
several hundred users simultaneously at remote
terminal and act as nodes of large national &
International communication networks.
 MINI COMPUTERS: - They are multi-user
systems.
 MICRO COMPUTERS: - They are single –user
computers designed to meet the computing needs of
an individual. Are small in size

Define the termVirus and worm.
What is the effect of a virus to a computer system?
How does a virus spread?

At the end of this section, the trainee should be able to: -
I. Explain what a virus is?
II. Understand how viruses spread
III.Explain various types of viruses
IV.Understand the symptoms of a computer affected by viruses.
V. Explain the sources of viruses

This is an illegal program designed specifically to damage other programs
or cause irregular behavior in a computer. It has the ability to produce
itself.

 The virus spread through the use of infected data and programs
residing in the disk while coping them from one system to
another.
 They also spread by getting attached to e-mail message or by
flow of other forms of information on the internet.

TYPES OF VIRUSESTYPES OF VIRUSES
1. Boot sector/Partition table viruses
They are designed to infect the boot sector of the
disk. Boot sector virus replaces the information in
the boot sector by some different code.
A boot sector virus is executed every time a computer
is switched ON and infects all the files on the
disk.
2. File infected viruses
3. Worms and Trojan horses

 File infected viruses
They attach themselves to executable program files and remains present in the main memory
even after the execution of the file is over. When another file is executed, this virus attaches
itself to the new and some other files are infected.
 Worms and Trojan horses
A Worm is a gram that multiplies on its own to make multiple copies of itself. It does not
attach itself to other program files. The presence of worms slows down the system. Worms
exists in networked environment system
Trojan Horse programs are programs that seem to be useful and perform certain tasks.

Unfamiliar graphics or quizzical messages appearing on the screen
Programs taking longer to load its contents
Disk access seeming excessive for simple tasks.
Unusual error messages occurring more frequently
Executable files changing size for no obvious reason
Access lights turning on for non-referenced devices

1. Contact with contaminated systems
2. Pirated software
3. Playing fake games
4. Updates of software distributed via networks
5. Loading infected proprietary software
Precaution against the virus
Equip your computer with an Anti-virus software

An operating system is a set of program that manages all the
activities in the computer. i.e. it manages the input, processing
and the output of information in a computer system.
Operating system provides a software platform on top of which
other programs can run. It becomes the environment for the
proper functioning of the application programs.

 Control the use of computer resources by other
software and application programs.
 Controls/monitors the allocation of input/output
devices and attempt to resolve any conflicts which
may arise.
 Detects errors and signals them out
 Controls the allocation and release of memory as the
user changes between applications
 Prepares, schedule and monitor jobs for continuous
processing by the computer system.
 Provides system security
 Communicates with the user
 Manages the memory
 Handles interrupts from other processes or
peripherals.

DOS(Disk Operating System): - It is command driven
thus must type commands in the command prompt
Windows version: - Is a user graphical Interface
operating system which includes Win NT, 95, 98,
2000, Me, XP, Vista, Windows 7 etc.
UNIX/LINUX: - is a multi- user, Multi-tasking
operating system. Allows you to process something
else without having to wait for the task to finish.
Novell Netware: - is a local area network (LAN)
operating system for IBM. Standard computer
running Ms DOS/Windows.

WINDOWS: - Windows is an operating system which is a
rectangular graphical user interphase presented on the
screen.
 DEFINITIION OF TERMS IN WINDOWS
DESKTOP: - Is a large working area on the screen which
you can see your programs
ICON: - Is a graphical presentation of a program, file or
folder or a command on the screen.
Task Manager: - Provides information about computer
performance and displays details about programs and
processes running on your computer.
To open Windows Task manager, right click an empty space
on the task bar, and then click Task Manager.

The following data explains some terms which will appear when the use of
mouse is explained.
 Cursor: - As you move the mouse on the table, you can a white arrow
moving on the screen, just as you move THE MOUSE.
 Pointing: - This means you move your mouse in a way that the mouse
cursor points to a symbol.
 Clicking: - This is pressing and releasing the left mouse button once and
used to select symbols.
 Double clicking: - Its clicking the left mouse button twice in a quick
succession. Make sure the mouse does not move between the two clicks thus
opening a symbol or an icon.
 Right clicking: - Clicking the right mouse button once. It’s used for special
tasks e.g. editing and shortcut menus.
 Dragging: - Used to move objects on the screen and done by pointing to an
object and holding down the left mouse button then moving the mouse. As
you move the mouse, the object also moves. When you have reached the
desired place, you can drop the object by releasing the left mouse button
again.

The desktop is the background area of the screen
where all the windows pile up at the same time all
your work takes place.
Hibernation: - A state in which your computer shuts
down after saving everything in memory on your hard
disk.

File: - Is a basic storage media that contains
information such as text, notes.
Folder: - Is used to bundle files and to organize them
in categories.
EDITING FOLDERS AND FILES
Copy and paste
This is moving folders and files from one destination
to another by a way of making a duplicate copy of
the same folder or file.
Cut and paste
This is moving folders and files completely from one
destination to another by a way of wiping it off from
the original location.

Dragging and dropping
 This is a way of moving files and folders from
one part of your computer to another.
ACCESSORIES
 Are accompanying programs of windows. They
are programs that make windows easier to see
and hear. They let you computer talk with other
computers and the internet
COMMUNICATIONS
 Hyper Terminal: - Lets two computers talk over
the phone line.
 System Information: - It’s a fix-it tool for the
mechanics to compile vast technical charts about
your computers innards.

Defragmentation
• The process of rewriting parts of a file to contiguous
sectors on a hard disk to increase the speed of access
and retrieval.
Disk cleanup
• This helps free up space on your hard drive.
USING BACKUP
• The backup utility helps you create a copy of the
information on your hard disk.

Copy backup: - Copies all selected files but does
not make each file as backed up.
Daily backup: -Copies all selected files that have
been modified.
Differential backup:- Copies files created or
changed since the last normal or incremental
backup.
Incremental backup: - It backs up only those files
created or backed up.
Normal backup: - copies all selected files and
makes each file as having been backed up.

1) Its easier to use since items are represented by
graphic objects which are easily understood.
2) Its faster since operations have been reduced to a
simple click of a mouse.
3) It allows the use many applications at the same
time. This is because most applications are
designed to work at the same way thus learning
how to use once is much easier and will take
shorter time.
4) It reduces the possibility of making mistakes while
loading as the user works with the mouse.

 By the end of the unit, the student should be able to: -
Be in a position to explain what a word processor is, and its
terminologies.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages, functions of a word
processor.
Demonstrate the correct posture for typing and how to organize
his/her working area.
Acquire relevant vocational typing skills including manipulative
skills for mastering the keyboard functions.

WHAT IS A WORD PROCESSOR?
This is an application software that enables a person create, save,
edit, format, and print text documents.
Word processing is the act of using a word processor program or
Ms Word program.

i. Ability to accept and manipulate pictures and objects.
i. Ability to work with the internet and meet with the users needs.
i. Handling of text-based documents.

A document can be stored in the computer for future reference in computer files
that do not occupy physical space like the one on paper.
Typing using a word processor is easier and more efficient because some actions
are automated e.g. word wrap feature automatically takes the cursor to the
beginning of the next line once you reach the end of the current, automatic
insertion of a new page after reaching the end of the current page.
Most word processors have special editing tools e.g. spelling and grammar
checkers & thesaurus that help the user to easily correct grammar & spelling
mistakes. Thesaurus helps to find a word/phrase with similar meanings.
It has superior document formatting features e.g. underlining, boldfacing,
italicizing, applying different colors etc.
Printing lets you produce many copies per session as needed unlike typewriter
where you re-type the whole document.

Its tiresome when typing large amount of texts e.g. projects,
business plan.e.t.c.

Features of word
processor
They allow the user to create a file, save it & open it
again
Nearly all word processors have a spelling checker,
thesaurus and grammar checkers.
They provide for the use of headers and footers,
indexing, footnotes & references, typefaces & character
set.
Most word processors have ability to create & import
tables, text and graphics from other programs.

Used for:
Writing letters
Reports
Projects
Books
Essays
Memos
Curriculum vitae.

Microsoft word
Corel word perfect
Word star
Lotus approach
Word pro

The type of operating system e.g. most microcomputers are
currently running on windows based operating system such as
microsoft windows. This means, you should consider acquiring a
graphic user interface based word processor.
Consider its user friendliness i.e. ease of use
Consider its formatting & editing features.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Editing: -This refers to making necessary changes to an existing
document using inbuilt tools e.g. spelling & grammar, thesaurus,
undo, redo, find & replace.
Type over mode: -when text is typed between existing words or
characters, the new text automatically replaces the existing text by
deleting it.
Proofreading: - This refers to checking whether document has
typographical or grammar errors.
Formatting: - This refers to applying various styles or features to
enhance the documents appearance.

 Indentation: - Refers to moving the text away from the margin. Tabs
are used to move the first line of a paragraph or create a column data.
 Section breaks: - A break is used to identify where a section, a column
or a page ends and the beginning of next. This allows the user to apply
more than one paragraph or page format in the same document
especially when it comes to page layout, size, different margins.
 Margins: - Are blank spaces around the edges of the page. Only text &
objects inside the margin are printable.
 Table:- This is a feature in Ms Word made up of one cell in a table.
 Cell: This is the intersection of a row and a column
 Row: - This is where by data is represented horizontally
 Column: - This is where by data is represented vertically
 Mail merge: - This is the process of generating personalized letters or
documents by combining a main document.

Click start then point to all programs
Click Microsoft office
Click Microsoft office word 2007 or 2003.
Or
Click start then click on Microsoft office word
2007 or 2003.

 Click insert menu on the menu bar, then on pages option, click the drop down
menu and choose blank page.
Or
 On the standard tool bar, click new.
 Click file, then click new and choose blank document
 On the desktop, right click & on the option menu select new, click on
Microsoft Word document and an icon will be placed on the desktop, double
click and you will be accessed to Microsoft Word new document.

 Enter/Input your data
 Select your data, then click home and apply relevant formatting
features e.g. bold, Italic, Underline style, font type, font size,
bullets & numbers, indentation, color, strikethrough, superscript,
subscript, text shadow. e.t.c
Or
 Click format menu then choose font, paragraph, bullets &
numbers, borders & shading e.t.c and apply relevant styles as per
the users requirement.

Input your data/document
Place the cursor at the beginning of your sentence, click, press & hold then
drag.
Press Ctrl + A on the keyboard to select whole document.
Hold down Ctrl, then click anywhere in the sentence.
Move the pointer to the left of the paragraph until it changes to a right-
pointing arrow, then double click and drag up or down.

 Select your text
 Click page layout and choose indent then
enter the measurements as you desire.
OR
 Click format menu and choose paragraph
 Choose Indentation and lines then you enter
measurements to either left, right, top, bottom
 Click Ok.

The lesson was very interesting and enjoyable.
Achievement at the end of the lesson was targeted.

At the end of the unit the trainee should be able to: -
1. Explain the definition of Spreadsheet and mention the types.
2. State the merits of using electronic over manual spreadsheet
3. Define the components of a spreadsheet
4. State the examples and application areas of a spreadsheet
5. Define the terms used in Excel.
6. Be able to enter data, perform calculations using functions and
formatting to the required level.
7. Perform any excel operations without any problem.

 Define the term spreadsheet?
 This is essentially a ledger sheet that lets you enter, edit and manipulate
numeric data.
OR
 It is a large sheet containing information arranged in a matrix of rows and
columns separated by gridlines (light grey lines).
 Spreadsheet software is a program or a set of program for entering, calculating,
analyzing, and manipulating sets of numbers. It helps in performing calculations
at a very high speed on numbers and formulae.
Types of spreadsheet
1. Manual
2. Electronic
A manual spreadsheet is the most commonly used type by book keepers as a
ledger book with many sheets of papers divided into rows & columns on which
various amounts of money are entered manually using a pen or pencil.
An electronic spreadsheet is prepared using a computer program that enables the
user to enter values in rows & columns and manipulate them.

1. Electronic spreadsheet utilises the powerful aspect of the computer like
speed, accuracy & efficiency to enable the user quickly accomplish tasks.
2. The electronic spreadsheet offers a larger virtual sheet for data entry
and manipulation.
3. The electronic spreadsheet utilizes the large storage space on computer
storage devices to save & retrieve documents.
4. Electronic spreadsheet enables the user to produce neat work because
the traditional paper, pencil, rubber & calculator put aside. All the work
is edited on the screen & a final clean copy is printed.
5. Electronic spreadsheet have inbuilt formulae called functions that
enable the user to quickly manipulate mathematical data.
6. Electronic spreadsheet have better document formatting capabilities.
7. It automatically adjusts the result of a formula if the values in
worksheet are changed.

1. VisiCalc
2. Lotus approach
3. Microsoft excel
4. Vp planner
5. Quattro Pro
6. Symphony
7. Super Calc
8. Multiplan

Worksheet: - The data values are entered which are
made up of rows and columns
Database: - data values can be entered in the cells of
spreadsheet and managed by excel feature.
Graphs: - A pictorial representation of the base data
on a worksheet.
Most spreadsheets refer to graphs as charts
A CHART :- enables the user to present complex data
elements from a worksheet.

1. Statistical analysis e.g. research data analysis
2. Accounting e.g. Budgets, company sales report,
employees payroll form, loan & mortgage
payment calculations, investment & loss
statement calculations.
3. Data management e.g. students progress,
personal expenses e.t.c
4. Forecasting (“what if analysis”)

 Cell pointer: - It marks the position of the current cell or the insertion
point. It is a special cursor that is rectangular in shape and makes the
current cell appear as if it has darker boundaries.
 Worksheet: - Consists of cells, rows and columns. Data is entered here
for manipulation.
 Label: - This is any text or alphanumeric characters entered in a cell
and are used as a row or column headings usually to describe the
contents of the row or column.
 Label prefix:- An apostrophe (‘)used to indicate that a number is really
a label and not a value.
 Values: - These are numbers that can be manipulated mathematically.
 Formulae: - Are inbuilt predefined formulae that the user can quickly
use of having to create new one each time a calculation has to be
carried out.

 Cell reference/Cell address: -Identifies a cell or a range of
cells on the worksheet and shows Ms Excel where to look
for the values. Or It is the location of a cell in a worksheet
identified by its column letter and row number.
 Worksheet formatting: - Refers to enhancing the
appearance of the worksheet to make it more attractive
and appealing to the reader.
 Filtering: - Is a quick & efficient method of finding &
working with a subset of data in a list.
 Form: - A prepared template that the user can use to enter
data in a worksheet.
 Charts/Graphs: - Are graphics or pictures that represent
values & their relationships.
 Data range: - Is a rectangular block of cells that provides
the base data that is used to create the chart.

 Gridlines: - Are imaginary lines that appear on the worksheet and
separate the columns and the rows.
 Active cell: - Is the selected cell in a sheet. The cell contains a dark
outline around the cell.
 Row heading: - Contains the row references i.e. 1 to 65536.
 Column heading: - Contains the column references i.e. A to iv.
 Series: - Is a sequence of numbers, dates, times or text.
 Auto fill: - This is to enter the first value in a recognized series and use
the fill handle to extend the series.
 Auto complete: - this is typing the first letters in a cell and if a similar
value exists in the same column, excel will suggest the existing value.

Functions: -Are inbuilt formulas that perform a
series of operations on a specified range of values.
Elements of a function
i. The = sign which indicates that what follows is a function
(formula).
ii.The function name, e.g. Sum which indicates the
operation to be performed.
iii.A list of cell addresses, e.g. (A1: A10) which are to be
acted upon by the function.
PMT() Function
It calculates payments due to loan, assuming a constant
interest rate and constant payments.

IF Function
It allows you to test for values in your worksheet, and
then perform specific actions based on the result.

1. Labels
2. Values
3. Formulae
4. Functions

PRESENTATION: - Is a set of slides or hand outs
that contain information you want to convey to an
audience. It can also include outlines and speaker
notes.
POWERPOINT: - I a presentation graphics program
that lets you create slide shows that can be shown
with a projector, a computer screen or as a web.

1. Ability to draw charts, graphs and other pictorial
data using built-in objects e.g. Rectangles, eclipses,
lines.
2. Ability to transform objects by sizing, rotating and
flipping
3. Ability to add different colors and shadings to make
the presentation look great.
4. Ability to create slide show and put special effects
to each slide as it is activated and deactivated
during the presentation.
5. Ability to add notes on the slides which can be used
when giving a presentation.

1) Mainly used to create outputs for
presentations, similar to a slideshow.
These could be sales presentations,
management reports and product
demonstrations.
2) Used to provide on-line training, where
the materials are presented via slides.

Graphics and charts – Microsoft graph
Painting and drawing – Ms paint
CAD packages - Auto CAD
Presentation graphics – Ms PowerPoint

Word processing: - it creates bulleted lists, combine words
and images, find and replace text and use multiple fonts
and type sizes.
Outlining: -Make your own presentation interesting by
using an outline format.
Charts: -
Drawing:- form and modify diagrams using shapes such as
arrows, arcs, cubes, rectangles.
Implant Multimedia:- implant artwork and multimedia
effects into your show.
E-mailing: -sending your entire presentation as an
attachment to an e-mail message
Web support:- preserve your presentation in HTML.
Using wizards:- you can make a presentation at a short
notice with a professional look for a variety of content
matters.

1. On task bar click on the start button, select
programs and click Microsoft PowerPoint. If
you are using office 2003, under program select
Microsoft office and click Microsoft
PowerPoint.
2. Using the RUN COMMAND on the start menu,
type the program PowerPoint and press the ENTER
key on the keyboard or click on OK

 A slide:- refers to a page in a slide show or
presentation.
 Slide show:- it’s an electronic presentation projected
or displayed on a computer screen.
 Layout: - refers to the way things are arranged on a
slide.
 Splitter bar:- separates and adjusts the width of the
outline/slides pane and the slide by dragging.
 Design template: - is a blank presentation, without
any sample text with a professionally designed
format & color scheme to which you can add slides.

Color scheme:- it consists of a set of eight complementary
colors designed to be used for the various elements of a
slide – background, text, lines, shadows, fills and accents.
STEPS OF APPLYING A COLOR SCHEME
 In the slide pane, click a slide
 On the formatting toolbar, click the slide design button
and in the slide design task pane, click color scheme
 Choose the color scheme you want to apply then click the
close button to close the task pane.

 Blank presentation
 From design template
 From AutoContent wizard
 From existing presentation
 Photo album

ADDING SLIDES
Click the new slides button on the formatting toolbar
Click the new slide command in insert menu
Press enter if the insertion point is at the right end of
a slide.
Press enter + ctrl if the insertion point is at the right
end of bulleted item.
Press shift + tab if the insertion point is at the left end
of a bulleted item.

Slide master:- controls the look of the slides in a
presentation
Title master:- controls the look of title slides
Handout master:- controls the look of student
handouts
Notes page master:- controls the look of speaker
notes
An Organization chart: -this shows the relationships
among the elements of an organization.

Embedded object: - is an object that maintains a
direct connection to its original program known as
the source program.
A linked object: - is a representation on a slide of
information that is still stored in the original
document known as the source document.
Slide transition: - this is the visual effect of a
slide as it moves on and off the screen during a
slideshow. Transition include such effects as sliding
into view from one of several directions, dissolving
in from the outer edges or the center and opening
like a vertical blind.

DEFINITION
 Database is a collection of structured and related
data items organized so as to provide a consistent
and controlled access to the items.
 Is an organized collection of data. It is considered
to be organized because the data is stored in
categories that are accessible in a logical manner.
 An organized collection of information about a
subject e.g. address book, telephone book, a
filling cabinet full of document related to the
client.
 Is a collection of data that’s related to a
particular topic or purpose.

 This software facilitates the creation, organization
and maintenance of database (a special program).
 It is an application software that allows users to
efficiently store information in an orderly manner
for timely and quick retrieval.

Microsoft Access
Oracle
FoxPro
Dbase iv
Lotus approach

1. Unnecessary duplication of data.
2. Boredom and time wasting especially when searching for
a particular item.
3. Misleading reports due to poor data entry and
organization.
4. Poor update of records.

1. Redundancy can be reduced: - In a non- database
system each application has its own private files
e.g. a personnel application and education-
records.
2. Inconsistency can be avoided
3. The data can be shared
4. Integrity can be maintained: Ensuring that the
information in the database is accurate
5. Security restrictions can be applied
6. There is data independence

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