computer fundamentals and its organization

1. Computer Fundamentals
and its Organization
By
Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science, Nizam College

2. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)
Contents
Computer Fundamentals
 Computer Definition
 Characteristics of Computers
 Brief History of Computers
 Evolution of Computers
 Categories of Computers
 Computer Hardware
 Computer Software
 Limitations of Computer
 Uses and Impact of Computer Contd

3. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Contents
Computer Organization
 Central Processing Unit
o Components
o Types of Computer Memory
o Communication Pathways
o Computer Registers
Input/output Devices
Programming
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

4. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Computer Definition
 A Computer is a machine that can solve problems by
accepting data, performing certain operations and
presenting the results to the user.
 Computer Science is the study of the operating principles of
computers, PLs and algorithms for solving theoretical and
practical problems
 Data Processing is defined as the process of transforming
data (raw facts) into useful information (processed data)
by the computer.
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

5. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Computer System
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)
Block Diagram of a Computer

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Characteristics of Computer
Speed
Accuracy
Reliability
Storage Capability
Flexibility
Reduced Cost
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

7. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Brief History of Computers
 3000 B.C The Abacus
 1642 – Blaise Pascal-Mechanical Digital Calculator
 1822 – Charles Babbage (Father of Computer)-Difference Engine
 1840 – Augusta Ada (The first Programmer)-Binary data Storage
 1850 – George Boole-Boolean Logic
 1940 – Von Neumann-Stored Program Concept
 1944 – Aiken-Mark I (First automatic calculator)
 1947 – Mauchly and Eckert-ENIAC (General Purpose Computer)
 1949 – Englishman Maurice-EDSAC
 1949 – Mauchly, Eckert and Von Neumann-EDVAC a-b
 1950 – Turing-ACE(Automatic Computing Engine)
 1950 – Grace Hopper-UNIVAC I compiler
 1951 – Mauchlyand Eckert-first commercial computer UNIVAC I Contd
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

8. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Brief History of Computers
 1957 – Backus-FORTRAN
 1959 – Kilby and Noyce-Integrated Circuits
 1959 – Hopper-COBOL
 1960 – Gene Amdahl-Mainframe Computer- IBM System/360
 1963 – Oslen-Mini Computer-PDPI
 1965 – Dr. John Kemeny-BASIC
 1970 – Intel Corporation-Memory chip and Microprocessor
 1975 – H.Edward Roberts (Father of Microcomputer)-Microcomputer
 1976 –Seymour Cray-CRAY-I Super Computer
 1977 – Stephan Wozniak-Apple Micro Computer
 1980 – IBM-Personal Computers
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

9. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Evolution of Computers
Generations
 First Generation (1951-1959)
 Second Generation (1959-1965)
 Third Generation (1965-1971)
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
 Fifth Generation (Future)
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

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COLLEGE
First Generation Computers
 Electronic Circuitry – Vacuum tubes
 Input Mechanism – Punched Cards
 Output Mechanism – Punched Cards and Paper
 External Storage – Magnetic Tapes
 Processing Mode – Batch Processing
 Languages Supported – Machine and Assembly languages
 Examples – UNIVAC I, IBM 650, Burroughs 220
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

11. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Second Generation Computers
 Electronic Circuitry – Transistors
 Input Mechanism – Punched Cards and Magnetic Tapes
 Output Mechanism – Punched Cards and Paper
 External Storage – Magnetic Tapes
 Processing Mode – Multi-Processing Processing
 Languages Supported –FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC PL/1
 Examples – IBM 1400 and 7000 series, GE 635
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

12. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Third Generation Computers
 Electronic Circuitry – Integrated Circuits
 Input Mechanism – Keyboard
 Output Mechanism – Monitor
 External Storage – Magnetic Disks
 Processing Mode – Multi-Processing Processing
 Languages Supported – PASCAL, RPG(Report Program
Generator)
 Examples – IBM System 360
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

13. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Fourth Generation Computers
 Introduction of Microcomputers
 Electronic Circuitry – Miniaturization of Integrated Circuits
 Input Mechanism – Keyboard
 Output Mechanism – Monitor
 External Storage – Magnetic Disks
 Processing Mode – Multi-Processing Processing
 Languages Supported – Language C, C++, SQL
 Examples – IBM System 370
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

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Fifth Generation Computers
Advanced Supercomputers
Artificial Intelligence
Expert Systems
Knowledge Discovery
Superior speed, accuracy and reliability
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

15. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Categories of Computers
According to size
 Super Computers
 Mainframe Computers
 Mini Computers
 Micro Computers or Personal Computers
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

16. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Computer Hardware
The physical components of a computer
system its modules and peripherals
constitute hardware
Computer Hardware includes
 CPU
 Input Devices
 Output Devices
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

17. NIZAM
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Computer Software
It is set of instructions grouped into
programs that make the system function in
the desired ways
Software categories
 System Software
 Application Software
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

18. NIZAM
COLLEGE
System Software
Operating System
Translators
 Assemblers
 Compilers
 Interpreters
Device Drivers
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

19. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Application Software
User written application packages
Pre written application packages
 MS-Office
 RDBMS
 Graphics Package
 Communication Package
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

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Computer Limitations
Cannot think
Work well provided programs are reliable
Perform tasks given by the user
To make system perform its intended task,
application logic must be definite
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

21. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Uses and Impact of Computer
Business and Industry
Health Care
Education
Humanities
Science and Technology
Recreation and Entertainment
Government
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

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Central Processing Unit - CPU
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)
Registers
Control Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Block Diagram of CPU

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CPU
 It is the brain of computer
 It executes the instructions
 It performs the process part of INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT
cycle
 It is mounted on motherboard
 A microprocessor chip contains the circuits and special
storage locations called registers needed to perform the
arithmetic- logic and control functions
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

25. NIZAM
COLLEGE
CPU Characteristics
Word Size
 16 bit
 32 bit
 64 bit
Clock Speed
 The no. of pulses it uses each second
 Speed at which instruction is executed
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

26. NIZAM
COLLEGE
CPU Characteristics
Primary Storage Capacity
 Registers – that speed up the processing
Instruction Set
 Built-in set of machine instructions that the CPU
responds
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

27. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Components of CPU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit – ALU
 Actual data processing occurs
Control Unit
 Direct s the sequences of events necessary to
execute the instruction
Registers
 Temporary storage location within the CPU
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

28. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Types of Computer Memory
 Cache Memory
 Registers
 Primary Memory
 RAM
 ROM
 Secondary Memory
 Magnetic Tapes
 Magnetic Disks
 Optical Disks
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

29. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Communication Pathway
Various components on motherboard linked
together by a set of parallel wires known as
a bus
Bus Types
 Data Bus
 Address Bus
 Control Bus
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

30. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Working of CPU
CPU executes an instruction in two cycles
 Instruction Cycle
 Execution Cycle
Instruction cycle is made up of fetch and
decode phases
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

31. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Registers
 The no and types of registers differ in different
CPUs
 The size of the register affect the processing
power of computer system
 Common registers are
 Accumulator
 Program Counter
 Instruction Register
 Data Register
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

32. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Input/output Devices
Input is the process of entering and
translating incoming data into machine
readable form.
Output is the process of translating data in
machine-readable form into a human
understandable form
I/O devices are known as Peripherals
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

33. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Input Devices
 Punched Cards and Card Readers
 Keyboards
 Mouse
 Joystick
 Track Ball
 Touch Screen
 Light Pen
 Optical Mark Recognition
 Optical Bar Recognition
 Optical Character Recognition
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

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COLLEGE
Output Devices
Hard-Copy Devices
 Printer
o Dot-Matrix
o Ink-Jet
o Laser Printer
 Plotter
Soft-Copy Device
 Monitor
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

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COLLEGE
Connection
 CPU is connected to various peripherals by a
special h/w called interface
 An interface connection is often called a port
 The s/w used by the computer to communicate
with other devices is called a driver
 There are two types of interface
 Parallel
 Serial
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

36. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Programming
 It is the process of writing programs to instruct
computer to perform the desired task
 The set of instructions given to a computer is
known as a program
 A program is written in a programming language
 Basically two types of PL exists
 Low-Level Languages
 High-Level Languages
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

37. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Types of PL
Low – Level Languages
 Machine-Level Language
 Assembly-Level Language
High – Level Languages
 Procedural Languages
 Object-Oriented Languages
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

38. NIZAM
COLLEGE
C- Language
It is a procedural language
It is a high-level language
But, sometimes it is called as Middle-Level
Language
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

39. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Example Program
A C-lang program to print greetings
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
print(“Hello World”);
}
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

40. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Conclusion
 Computer is a general-purpose machine
 It is able to perform variety of tasks
 From scientific computations and mathematical
calculations to spell checking in a word document
 From daily routine operations to research in
various fields
 Hence computer is essential part of our live that
has made the life comfortable
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

41. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Questions?
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)

42. NIZAM
COLLEGE
Thank You
Ms. Humera Shaziya
Department of Computer Science (MCA)