A computer is an electronic device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instructions provided by hardware or software programs. It is designed to execute applications and provides solutions by combining integrated hardware and software components. Computers are used in many fields like engineering, education, business, medicine and more. They perform tasks with greater precision, accuracy and speed compared to manual methods.

1. 05/10/2018
Definition of computer – a computer is an electronic device .
that perform processes , calculation and operation based on
instructions provided by a hardware or software program. It is
designed to excute application and provides a variety of
solution by combining integrated hardware and software
component.( एक कं प्यूटर एक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डिवाइस है। जो हािडवेयर या
सॉफ्टवेयर प्रोग्राम द्वारा प्रदाि ककए गए निदेशों के आधार पर प्रकियाओं,
गणिा और संचालि को निष्पाददत करता है। यह अिुप्रयोग को उत्सादहत करिे
के ललए डिजाइि ककया गया है और एकीकृ त हािडवेयर और सॉफ्टवेयर घटक के
संयोजि से ववलिन्ि प्रकार के समाधाि प्रदाि करता है।)
USES OF COMPUTER
Computers are used in so many fields in our daily life. From Engineers to
Doctors, Students, Teachers, Government Organization they all use computers to
perform specific tasks, for entertainment or just to finish office work. Computers
have made our life easier. With greater precision and accuracy and less time
taking computers can do alot in short time while that task can take alot of time
while doing manually. Computers have taken industries and businesses to a
whole new level. They are used at Home for work and entertainment purposes, at
Office, In hospitals, in government organizations. Here we are going to discuss
some of the uses of computers in various fields.
Home Budget
Computer can be used to manage Home Budget. You can easily calculate your expenses
and income. You can list all expenses in one column and income in another column.
Then you can apply any calculation on these columns to plan your home budget. There

2. are also specialize software that can manage your income and expenses and generate
some cool reports.
Computer Games
An important use of computers at home is playing games. Different types of games are
available. These games are a source of entertainment and recreation. Many games are
available that are specially developed to improve your mental capability and thinking
power.
#Working from Home
People can manage the office work at home. The owner of a company can check the
work of the employees from home. He can control his office while sitting at home.
#Entertainment
People can find entertainment on the internet. They can watch movies, listen to songs,
and watch videos download different stuff. They can also watch live matches on the
internet.
#Information
People can find any type of information on the internet. Educational and informative
websites are available to download books, tutorials etc. to improve their knowledge and
learn new things.
#Chatting & Social Media
People can chat with friends and family on the internet using different software like
Skype etc. One can interact with friends over social media websites like Facebook,
Twitter & Google Plus. They can also share photos and videos with friends.
2. Uses of Computers in Education
CBT are different programs that are supplied on CD-ROM. These programs include text,
graphics and sound. Audio and Video lectures are recorded on the CDs. CBT is a low
cost solution for educating people. You can train a large number of people easily.
Benefits of CBT
Some benefits of CBT are as follows:
1. The students can learn new skills at their own pace. They can easily acquire knowledge
in any available time of their own choice.
2. Training time can be reduced.
3. Training materials are interactive and easy to learn. It encourages students to learn
the topic.
4. Planning and timing problems are reduced or eliminated.

3. 5. The skills can be taught at any time and at any place.
6. It is very cost effective way to train a large number of students.
7. Training videos and audios are available at affordable prices.
#Computer Aided Learning (CAL)
Computer aided learning is the process of using information technology to help teaching
and enhance the learning process. The use of computer can reduce the time that is spent
on preparing teaching material. It can also reduce the administrative load of teaching
and research. The use of multimedia projector and PowerPoint presentations has
improved the quality of teaching. It has also helped the learning process.
#Distance Learning
Distance learning is a new learning methodology. Computer plays the key role in this
kind of learning. Many institutes are providing distance learning programs. The student
does not need to come to the institute. The institute provides the reading material and
the student attends virtual classroom. In virtual classroom, the teacher delivers lecture
at his own workplace. The student can attend the lecture at home by connecting to a
network. The student can also ask questions to the teacher.
#Online Examination
The trend of online examination is becoming popular. Different examination like GRE,
GMAT and SAT are conducted online all over the world. The questions are marked by
computer. It minimizes the chance of mistakes. It also enables to announce the result in
time.
#Online Training Resources
• Lynda.com (For different Software training and Web development and CMS tutorials)
• CBT Nuggets (For certification in Networking Technologies by CISCO & Microsoft)
• Nettuts + (For web technologies and web programming languages)
• Byte-Notes (And of course Byte-Notes.com for intrudctory level programming
tutorials and lecture notes)
3. Uses of Computers in Business
The use of computer technology in business provides many facilities. Businessmen are
using computers to interact with their customers anywhere in the world. Many business
tasks are performed more quickly and efficiently. Computers also help them to reduce
the overall cost of their business. Computer can be used in business in the following
ways.
#Marketing
An organization can use computers for marketing their products. Marketing
applications provide information about the products to customers. Computer is also
used to manage distribution system, advertising and selling activities. It can also be used
in deciding pricing strategies. Companies can know more about their customers and
their needs and requirements etc.

4. #Stock Exchange
Stock Exchange is the most important place for businessmen. Many stock exchanges use
computers to conduct bids. The stockbrokers perform all trading activities
electronically. They connect with the computer where brokers match the buyers with
sellers. It reduces cost as no paper or special building is required to conduct these
activities.
4. Uses of computers in Medical Field
#Hospital Management System
Specialized hospital management softwares are used to automate the day to day
procedures and operations at hospitals. These tasks may be Online appointments,
payroll admittance and discharge records etc.
#Patient History
Hospital management systems can store data about patients. Computers are used to
store data about patients, their diseases & symptoms, the medicines that are prescribed.
#Patients Monitoring
Monitoring systems are installed in medical wards and Intensive care units to
monitoring patients continuously. These systems can monitor pulse, blood pressure and
body temperature and can alert medical staff about any serious situations.
#Life Support Systems
Specialized devices are used to help impaired patients like hearing aids.
#Diagnosis Purpose
A variety of software's are used to investigate symptoms and prescribed medication
accordingly. Sophisticated systems are used for tests like CT Scan, ECG, and other
medical tests.
Features of a computer

5. 1.) Speed - It has a very speed of executing instruction.
CPU of a computer can perform more than 10 million
operations per second. All the instructions are executed in
accordance with a clock, whose frequency is measured in
Mhz. Normally, 3-4 cycles of this clock are required to
execute one instruction. Recent computers have a speed
of about 300 Mhz i.e one cycle of approx.3 X 10-9 Sec.
This means that it can execute an instruction in about 10
nanosec (10X 10 -8 Sec).
2.) Storage- The speed with which computers can
process large quantities of data/ Information, the size of
input so also the output is quite large. The size of
information to be stored further increases due to graphic
applications. All this information is to be stored in
auxiliary memory i.e Hard Disk fitted inside the computer.
Hard Disks now days have a storage capacity as large as
4 GB. The size of internal primary memory (RAM) has also
been increases a lot to about 64 MB.
3.)Accuracy -The accuracy of results computed by a
computer is consistently high. Due to digital techniques
the error is very small. The errors in computing may be
due to logical mistakes by a programmer or due to
inaccurate data.
4.) reliability- The reliability of results
processed by a computer is very high. If a program is
executed any number of times with the same set of data,
every time the results would be the same.
5.) versality - Computers are capable of
performing almost task provided the task can be reduced

6. to a series of logical steps so that an appropriate program
in a suitable language can be fed to a computer memory.
Ofcourse, the input and output devices should be capable
of performing the desired task. Because of these
capabilities, a number of processes can be automated
with the help of a computer.
Types of computer
1.) Supercomputer
2.) Mainframecomputer
3.) Minicomputer
4.) Microcomputer
1.) Supercomputer

7. A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of
performance compared to a general purpose computer .
Performance of a supercomputer is measured infloating
points operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million
instructions per second (MIPS).
Or
A super computer is a special computer. A supercomputer is
a computer with a high level of performance compared to a
general purpose computer. The size of the super computer is
very large. The super computer does the work of the hour in
minutes. the super computer can calculate one billion in a
seond .( एक सुपर कं प्यूटर एक विशेष कं प्यूटर है। एक सुपर कं प्यूटर एक सामान्य
उद्देश्य कं प्यूटर की तुलना में उच्च स्तर के प्रदशशन िाला कं प्यूटर है। सुपर कं प्यूटर का
आकार बहुत बडा है। सुपर कं प्यूटर ममनटों में काम करता है। सुपर कं प्यूटर एक
second में एक अरब में गणना कर सकते हैं।)
2.) MAINFRAME COMPUTER
Mainframe computer are computer used primarily by large
organization for critical application , bulk data processing
such as census, industry and consumer statistic , enterprise
resource planning, and transaction processing.
3.) MINICOMPUTER
A minicomputer is a Mid-sized computer that fits between
microcomputers and mainframes or servers. Because of the

8. power and price of microcomputers and the power of mainframes
and servers, minicomputers are no longer produced.
4.) MICROCOMPUTER
A microcomputer is a computer with a cpu as a
microprocessor . designed for individual use, a
microcomputer is smallar than a mainframe computer or
minicomputer . the term microcomputer is not as commonly
used as it was during the 1970 – 1980’s .we now refer to
microcomputer as , simply computer , or personal computer.
• Software
Software is a collection of program, procedures,
instructions that perform some task on a computer . it is the
set of programmer which help the computer to function
properly.
OR
That is part of the software computer. Which we can see.
And can work on it. Software is created to simplify the work
on the computer, Today the software is manufactured
according to the work, Today the software is manufactured
according to the work, Like software.
SOFTWARE IS A GROUP OF THE PROGRAMMES

9. After the computer turns on, the software is first loaded in
RAM. Execute is done in Central Processing Unit. This
machine is made in language. Which is special for a different
processor.
Types of software
1.) System software
2.) Application software
1.) System software
- System Software is a set of programs that manage the
resources of a compute system. System Software is a
collection of system programs that perform a variety of
functions. File Editing Resource Accounting I/O Management
Storage, Memory Management access management. System
Software can be broadly classified into three types as:
OR
System software is a software that manages
and controls hardware. So that the application
software can complete its task.
2.) APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application software is a program or group of programs designed for
end users. These programs are divided into two classes: system
software and application software. While system software consists of
low-level programs that interact with computers at a basic level,

10. application software resides above system software and includes
applications such as database programs, word processors and
spreadsheets. Application software may be bundled with system
software or published alone.
Application software may simply be referred to as an application.
Cpu
cpu is the brain of the computer. The cpu processes the
input data, for this, the central processing unit and alu
both make arithmetic calculations and logical
calculations and processes the data.( cpu कं प्यूटर का ददमाग
होता है। cpu इिपुट िाटा को प्रोसेस करता है इसके ललए सेंरल प्रोसेलसंग यूनिट
और alu दोिों लमलकर अंकगणणतया गणिा और ताककड क गणिा करते है और
िाटा को प्रोसेसेज करते है।). It also says processor or
microprocessor. It controls PC-connected devices. It analyzes
the information received by the computer. This is an
electronic microchip.
Parts of cpu
1.) Control unit
2.) Arithmetic logic unit

11. Control unit - It controls all the functions of
a computer. All parts of the computer are in sync
with all the activities of input, output devices,
processors, etc.
Arithmetic logic unit
It is used in arithmetical and logical calculations.
Comparative calculations, such as (<,> or =), yes or no, etc.
come under the addition of calculation, subtraction,
multiplication and division etc., and under logical
calculation under arithmetic calculation.
INPUT DEVICE- Input devices are the devices through which we
input our data into the computer. Input devices provide
connectivity between computers and humans.
EXAMPLE
1.) KEY BOARD
2.) MOUSE
3.) TOUCH SCREEN
4.) JOYSTICK
5.) BAR CODE READER
6.) SCANNER
7.) DIGITAL CAMERA
8.) LIGHT PEN
9.) ATM

12. OUTPUT DEVICE-Output device (output device) is
an organ of hardware (hardware) or the main physical
part of the computer can be touched statically, it can
be any part of the information and any kind of
information like sound (data), data, memory
(Memory), shapes (layouts) etc. In the output device
(output device), usually the monitor printer
(earphone) and projector (projector) equivalent Is
included
HARDWARE
Computer hardware is the physical part of the computer in which its digital circuit
is attached, as is displayed by computer software and remains within the hardware itself. The
hardware of a computer changes occasionally compared to its software and hardware
data. These data are not objective in realizing and can be instant, modified or deleted.
EXAMPLEC 1.)MOTHERBOARD
2.)POWER SUPPLY
3.)STORAGE CONTROLLER
4.)VIDEO DISPLYED CONTROLLER
5.)REMOVABLE MEDIA DEVICES
6.)INTERNAL STORAGE
7.)SOUND CARD
8.)NETWORKING
9.)MOUNSE

13. 10.)PRINTER
11.)MONITOR
12.) SPEAKER
MOTHER BOARD -A motherboard is the main printed circuit
board (PCB) in a computer. The motherboard is a computer’s
central communications backbone connectivity point, through
which all components and external peripherals connect. he
large PCB of a motherboard may include 6-14 layers of
fiberglass, copper connecting traces and copper planes for
power and signal isolation.
POWER SUPPLY- A power supply is an electrical device
that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The
primary function of a power supply is to convert electric
current from a source to the correct voltage, current,
and frequency to power the load. As a result, power
supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power
converters.
STORAGE CONTROLLER - A storage controller is a device
that controls storage arrays, and mainly comprises the three
types of components—"CPU" (central processing unit),
"cache memory" and "connection interface with the network
and memory devices." It is otherwise called "storage
processor" or "array controller," among other names.
VIDOE DISPLAY CONTROLLER- A video display
controller or VDC (also regularly called display engine, display
interface) is an integrated circuitwhich is the main component in

14. a video signal generator, a device responsible for the production of
a TV video signalin a computing or game system. Some VDCs also
generate an audio signal, but that is not their main function.
REMOVABLE MEDIA DEVICES- Removable media is any
type of storage device that can be removed from a
computer while the system is running. Examples
of removable media include CDs, DVDs and Blu-Ray
disks, as well as diskettes and USB drives. Removable
mediamakes it easy for a user to move data from one
computer to another.
INTERNAL STORAGE - Internal storage can mean several
different things, but most often refers to a computer's
internalhard drive. This is the primary storage device used
to store a user's files and applications. If a computer has
multiple internal hard drives, they are all considered part of
the computer's internal storage.
SOUND CARD-
Audio interface
A Sound Blaster Live! Value card, a typical (circa
2000) PCI sound card.
Connects to via one of:

15. • PCI
• ISA
• USB
• IEEE 1394
• IBM PC Parallel Port
• PCI-E
• MCA (rare)
• PCMCIA interfaces (PC
Card, Expresscard)
Line in or out: via one of:
• Analogue - phone, RCAor DIN
connector
• Digital -
RCA, TOSLink or AES/EBU
Microphone via one of:
• Phone connector
• PIN connector
Common
manufacturers
Creative Labs (and subsidiary E-mu
Systems)
Realtek
C-Media
MARIAN digital audio electronics
M-Audio
Turtle Beach
ASUS
A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal expansion
card that provides input and output of audio signals to and from
a computer under control of computer programs. The term sound card is
also applied to external audio interfaces used for professional
audio applications.

16. NETWORKING- Networking is a process that fosters the exchange of
information and ideas among individuals or groups that share a common
interest. It may be for social or business purposes. Professionals connect
their business network through a series of symbolic ties and contacts.
MOUSE- A computer mouse is a hand-held pointing device that
detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is
typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows a
smooth control of the graphical user interface. The first public
demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was in 1968.
Originally wired to a computer, many modern mice are cordless, relying on
short-range radio communication with the connected system
PRINTER- A printer is an external hardware output device that
takes the electronic data stored on a computer or other device and
generates a hard copy of it. For example, if you created a report on
your computer you could print several copies to hand out at a staff
meeting. Printers are one of the most popular computer peripherals
and are commonly used to print text and photos. The picture to the
right is an example of an inkjet computer printer, the Lexmark Z605.
MONITOR- A printer is an external hardware output device that
takes the electronic data stored on a computer or other device and
generates a hard copy of it. For example, if you created a report on
your computer you could print several copies to hand out at a staff
meeting. Printers are one of the most popular computer peripherals
and are commonly used to print text and photos. The picture to the
right is an example of an inkjet computer printer, the Lexmark Z605.
Network
A network is defined as a group of two or more computer systems linked
together. There are many types of computernetworks, including the
following: local-area networks(LANs): The computers are geographically
close together (that is, in the same building)

17. Types of network
1.)personal area network (pan)
2.) local area network(lan)
3.)wireless local area network(wLan)
4.) CAMPUS AREA NETWORK(CAN)
5.)METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK(MAN)
6.)WIDE AREA NETWOK(WAN)
7.)STORAGE AREA NETWORK(SAN)
1.) PERSONAL AREA NETWORK- A personal area network
(PAN) is the interconnection of information technology devices within the
range of an individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters. For
example, a person traveling with a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA),
and a portable printer could interconnect them without having to plug anything
in, using some form of wirelesstechnology. Typically, this kind of personal
area network could also be interconnected without wires to the Internet or
other networks.
2.) LOCAL AREA NETWORK- A local area
network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects
computers within a limited area such as a residence, school,
laboratory, university campus or office building.

18. 3.) wireless local area network-
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless computer networkthat links two or
more devices using wireless communication to form a local area
network (LAN) within a limited areasuch as a home, school, computer
laboratory, campus, office building etc.
4.) campus area network-A campus
area network (CAN) is a network of multiple interconnected local area
networks (LAN) in a limited geographical area. A CAN is smaller than a
wide area network (WAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN). A CAN is
also known as a corporate area network (CAN).
5.) METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK-
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that
interconnects users with computerresources in a geographic area or
region larger than that covered by even a large local area network(LAN)
but smaller than the area covered by a widearea network (WAN).
6.)WIDE AREA NETWORK-A wide area network is a
telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large
geographical distance/place. Wide area networks are often established with
leased telecommunication circuits.
7.) STORAGE AREA NETWOK-A Storage Area
Network (SAN) is a specialized, high-speed network that provides block-
levelnetwork access to storage. SANs are typically composed of hosts,
switches, storage elements, andstorage devices that are interconnected
using a variety of technologies, topologies, and protocols.

19. 1.) DEFINE ALGORITHM . WRITE ITS
CHARACTERISTICS AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE.
ALGORITHM- An algorithm (pronounced AL-go-rith-um) is a
procedure or formula for solving a problem, based on conductiong a
sequence of specified actions. A computer program can be viewed as an
elaboratealgorithm. In mathematics and computer science,
an algorithm usually means a small procedure that solves a recurrent
problem.
CHARACTERISTIC
1.) FINITENESS- An algorithm should teminate
infinite number of steps and each step must finish in finite
amount of time.