COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORK

1. TOPIC:
COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONNETWORK
Name: Sadam Hussain Indhar
Reg: #11388
Subject: Circuit Analysis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No Contents Page no.
01 Introduction 2-3
02 History 3-5
03 Computer communication 5-6
04
Types of computer communication:
6-10
05 Computer device 10-15
06 Advancement in computer communication 15
07 Recommendations 15-16
08 Conclusion 17
09 References 18

2. INTRODUCTION
Computer networking is the practice of interfacing two or
more computing devices with each other for the purpose of
sharing data. Computer networks are built with a combination of
hardware and software.
COMPUTER NETWORK:
A computer network is a system of interconnected computers
and peripheral devices. For example, it may connect computers,
printers, scanners and cameras. Using hardware and software,
these interconnected computing devices can communicate with
each other through defined rules of data communications. In a
network, computers can exchange and share information and
resources.
A computer network may operate on wired connections or
wireless connections. When two or more networks are linked or
connected and are able to communicate with one another using
suitable hardware and software, it is called an internetwork.
COMMUNICATIONS:
Communications is about the transfer of information from a
sender, across a distance, to a receiver. Using electricity, radio
waves or light, information and data in the form of codes are
transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable, or
even the atmosphere.
Therefore, in order to make communications possible from
computers, across telephones and radios and back to computers
and other digital devices again, there must be a signal translator,

3. which we call – a modem. The modem, which is short for
modulator or demodulator, converts digital signals into analog
and back again into digital signals for information to move
across the telephone line. A communications device, therefore,
is any machine that assists data transmission. For
example, modems, cables, and ports are all communications
devices. Communications software refers to programs that make
it possible to transmit data.
HISTORY
It is hard to imagine, but as recent as 1965, computer scientists
were uncertain how best to interconnect even two computers.
The notion that within a few decades the challenge would be
how to interconnect millions of computers around the globe was
too farfetched to even contemplate. Yet by 1988 that is precisely
what was happening. The products and protocols through which
they communicated would look crude and incomplete by
standards of today, but they worked well enough to demonstrate
the latent productivity in sharing information electronically
between computers and application programs of potentially
every kind.Data Communications emerged between 1968 and
1972 after the decision of the Federal Communication
Commission in 1968 and is defined by two major technologies
and product categories: modems and
multiplexers. Networking emerged between 1979 and 1982
when firms introduced local area networks (LANs) and
dataPBXs in response to the needs of corporations to
interconnect their growing base of computers and peripherals.
The need of corporations to interconnect their LANs into wide
area networks (WANs) prompted the emergence
of Internetworking between 1984 and 1988. While many of us

4. work with networks regularly, we may not be familiar with
network ins and outs. Computer networks are essentially
communications networks that exist to enhance the quantity,
quality and speed of communications from one point to another
or others. A greater understanding of communications networks
-- including a little comparative history -- will increase
understanding of modern computer networks and networking
basics.
In the early days of computer networks, communication between
physically separated machines was only possible via expensive,
dedicated lines. Engineers at Bell Laboratories came up with a
milestone breakthrough in the 1960s -- the modem.
Short for modulator this device converts a computer's digital
data into analog tones. The sending computer outputs digital
information to the modem, the modem encodes it into analog
pulses and forwards it to a receiving computer also equipped
with a modem. The receiving computer's modem decodes the
analog information, converting it back into digital data and
passing it to the computer. Thus, computers equipped with
modems can communicate over standard telephone lines.
This simple invention revolutionized communication networks
and computer networking. Since the network of telephone lines
could now be used to connect computers, any need to create a
new infrastructure of digital lines was eliminated. The modems
were relatively inexpensive and, at this point, have become
commodities.
The stage was set for the rapid expansion of networks consisting

5. of geographically diverse computers and computer networks.
Everyone could now get in on the act, and they did. The 1970s
and 1980s saw the birth and growth of wide and local area
networks. Further developments allowed telephone-compatible
lines with greater data-carrying capacity to be connected directly
to local area networks. This expanded the reach and scope of
computer networks.
COMPUTER COMMUNICATION
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is defined as any
human communication that occurs through the use of two or
more electronic devices.
While the term has traditionally referred to those
communications that occur via computer-mediated formats
(e.g., instant messaging, email, chat rooms, online forums, social
network services), it has also been applied to other forms of text-
based interaction such as text messaging.Research on CMC
focuses largely on the social effects of different computer-
supported communication technologies. Many recent studies
involve Internet-based social networking supported by social
software.
Using a network connection, including connecting to
the Internet, computers connect to each other to transmit data
between them and communicate with each other using
the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).

6. Today, computers using the Microsoft Windows OS, Apple OS
and Linux OS all use the TCP/IP protocol to connect to other
computers on a LAN or WAN. Connecting to a LAN or WAN
requires either a wired connection or a wireless connection. A
wired connection is usually done using a network cable
(Cat5 or Cat6 network cable). A wireless connection (Wi-Fi) is
done using a 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n wireless network
card. With both connection types, a network router is usually
required to connect to other computers. Connecting to the
Internet at your home also requires either a cable modem or
a DSL modem, depending on which ISP you use.

7. TYPES OF COMPUTER COMMUNICATION:
There are many methods of communication available to those on
modern computers, given a connection to the Internet. Most
common is email, short for "electronic mail," but there are also
SMS chat, IRC chat, video chat, VoIP phones, social networks,
discussion forums and newsgroups. All are ways people
communicate with one another using a computer.
Email
The most common method of communication via the computer
is email. Email is simple; you write a letter in a text editor
provided by the email service, type in the email address of the
recipient and click "Send." The letter is delivered almost
instantaneously to the digital mailbox of the recipient, and you
have saved the postage you would have had to use to send it via
"snail mail." The most popular email providers, according to
compete.com, are Yahoo!, Hotmail and Gmail.
SMS, IRC and Video Chat
SMS (Short Messaging Service) chat is the kind of chat often
sent from cellphones. It is also very commonly used in chat
software like Instant Messenger, Yahoo Messenger or IRC
(Internet Relay Chat) is quite different. You have to use an IRC
"client" like MIRC, to access an IRC channel, and what you will
find is an IRC channel is much like a chat room. Group chat is
the default in IRC, whereas one-to-one conversations dominate
SMS.
Video chat is a mixture of SMS thinking and VoIP technology.
Using software like Skype, or GoogleTalk, you can actually see
the person via webcam so you can actually talk face to face.
With a good high-speed connection and a quality webcam, video

8. chat brings an element of nearness to the traditional phone
conversation.
VoIP Phones
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) phones are those that utilize
the Internet to transmit phone calls. Instead of the traditional
phone that plugs into the wall, a VoIP phone plugs into the
computer and uses software to use the networks worldwide that
we call the "Internet." Because of the cost savings, VoIP has
become quite popular. Companies like Vonage, InTalk,
MagicJack and NetTalk have all offered VoIP service to
residential and business customers for a fraction of the
traditional cost, as much as 50 percent lower in some cases,
according to ChamberofCommerce.com.
A network consists of two or more computers, and typically
other devices as well (such as printers and external hard drives),
that are linked together so that they can communicate with each
other and thereby share files and the devices. Examples of the
networks connected by a router can be two LANs (local area
networks) or WANs (wide area networks) or a LAN and its
ISP's (Internet service provider's) network.
A packet is the fundamental unit of information transport in all
modern computer networks, and increasingly in other
communications networks as well. A packet header is the
portion of a data packet that precedes the body (i.e., a portion of
the message being transmitted) and which contains source and
destination IP addresses as well as control and timing
information required for successful transmission.

9. Routing, which is the moving of packets across networks using
the most appropriate paths, occurs at the network layer of the
OSI seven-layer model. This layer, which is the third from the
bottom, is also responsible for addressing messages and
translating logical addresses (i.e., IP addresses) into physical
addresses (i.e., MAC addresses).
Routers route messages transmitted only by a routable
protocol such as IP (Internet protocol) or IPX (internetwork
packet exchange). Some routers support only a single
protocol; multiprotocol routers support more than one protocol.
Messages sent using non-routable protocols, such as NetBIOS,
cannot be routed, but they can be transferred between LANs
via bridges.
Routers use protocols such as Internet control message
protocol (ICMP) to communicate with each other in order to
update their routing tables and configure the most efficient
routes between any two hosts (i.e., computers on the network).
Routing functions were initially performed by general purpose
computers, but now they are typically performed by dedicated
computers that have been optimized for this purpose.
Most Unix-like operating systems include all necessary software
to perform routing.
Routers can connect networks using different media and
architectures. They do not care about the type of data they
handle, and they thus perform very little filtering of data, except
for broadcasts.

10. An edge router is a router that routes data between one or more
LANs and the Internet. A core router is a router that transmits
data between other routers.
A b-router is a single device that serves as both a router and a
bridge. It will route some packets based on network layer
information and forward other packets based on data link
layer (i.e., the layer at which bridges operate) information.
COMMUNICATION DEVICE:
A communication device is a hardware device capable of
transmitting an analog or digital signal over the telephone, other
communication wire, or wirelessly. The best example of a
communication device is a computer Modem, which is capable
of sending and receiving a signal to allow computers to talk to

11. other computers over the telephone. Other examples of
communication devices include a network interface
card (NIC), Wi-Fi devices, and an access point. Below is a
picture of some of the different types of Wi-Fi devices that are
all examples of a communication device.
Communication device errors:
Any time a communication device encounters problems
communicating with another device you may encounter a
communication error. Below is a list of general steps that can be
verified when this error is encountered.
 If your communication device is using a wire, make sure it
is firmly connected.
 Make sure the proper drivers are installed and that no errors
or conflicts are occurring with the driver and that the device
is being detected.
 If your communication device requires settings, make sure
they're correct. For example, a network card will require
the proper IP, DNS, and Subnet settings to establish a
connection with the network and be able to find its route to
other network devices.

12. Communication device examples:
Below is a full listing of all the different types of
communications devices you may encounter when dealing with
a computer.
 Bluetooth devices
 Infrared devices
 Modem (over phone line)
 Network card (using Ethernet)
 Smartphone
 Wi-Fi devices (using a router)
Client-server computing:
Most computer networks are based around a "client-server"
model in which the majority of the computers on the network --
the "clients" -- have their useful capabilities extended via
connection to one or more "server" computers that provide them
with greater functionality. Typically a server on a local area
network (LAN) may provide its clients with additional services
such as private and/or sharable storage space, access
to software applications that run across the network, access to
shared peripherals (most commonly printers), and access to
wider networks (most notably the Internet).
It is important to realize that the term "client-server" refers
purely to the relationship between two computers on a network,
and not necessarily to their hardware specification. Most
network servers are fairly big, powerful computers with
large storage capacities. However, this need not be the case, and
indeed when first establishing many home or even small

13. business networks it is not uncommon for older and less
powerful personal computers to be pressed into service as
servers.
Network clients are often categorized as being either "thick" or
"thin". A thick client refers to a computer -- such as a typical
modern PC -- that has significant functionality (such as the
ability to run complex software applications) even when not
connected to the network. In contrast a thin client refers to a
networked computing device than can perform little or no useful
independent action without network connectivity. A thin client
may, for example, be a computer which only ever runs software
as a service applications accessed over the Internet.
Whilst client-server networks are the most common, it is
perfectly possible to have a network with no server computer.
Such usually small networks are described as "peer-to-peer"
indicating the equal status of all computers on the network.
Peer-to-peer networks most commonly exist for very simple
purposes such as to facilitate the sharing of files, a printer or an
Internet connection between two or more computers.
Two simple network examples:
Networking is a complex topic that dominates the computer
industry. As an illustrative summary, the following provides two
examples of how some basic network hardware could be
connected to create two simple networks in a SOHO (small
office home office) environment.

14. In the first example, four personal computers are connected with
Ethernet cables to a network switch that is also connected to a
network server. An ADSL modem is also connected to the
resultant wired client-server network to facilitate access to the
Internet (and as explained in the Internet section), as is a
network printer,

15. In the second example, a wireless ADSL router (wireless access
point) is connected wirelessly to two laptops, and also by an
Ethernet cable to one desktop computer, hence permitting all
three network users broadband Internet access. A NAS drive is
additionally connected by an Ethernet cable to this peer-to-peer
network to provide network storage. This sort of network is
increasingly typical in many homes, with the NAS drive often
used to store audio and video files that can then be "streamed" to
any connected device.
ADVANCEMENT IN COMPUTER COMMUNICATION:
 Recent developments in computer communications and
networks have enabled the deployment of exciting new
areas such as Internet of Things and collaborative big data
analysis. The design and implementation of energy efficient
future generation communication and networking
technologies also require the clever research and
development of mobile, pervasive, and large-scale
computing technologies.
Advances in Computer Communications and Networks:
from Green, Mobile, Pervasive Networking to Big Data
Computing studies and presents recent advances in
communication and networking technologies reflecting the
state-of-the-art research achievements in novel
communication technology and network optimization.
 Data Center Networks
 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
 Multimedia Networks
 Internet of Things
 Wireless Spectrum

16. RECOMMENDATIONS
Following are the recommendations of computer communication
network.
History and Challenges of Wireless
Communications:
Various consumer demands that stimulating many advances in
commercial wireless communications technology, particularly
cellular and cordless telephones. The portfolio of wireless
services now available in the commercial marketplace includes a
radio to cellular to satellite communications. Each service offers
a unique combination of coverage region, bandwidth, subscriber
equipment properties, and connectivity.
Standards Development:
The DOD should participate in standards-setting activities for
wireless communications technologies and systems.
With commercial demand for wireless technology growing
worldwide and DOD budgets flat or falling, incentives for future
commercial-military synergy need to be provided by the military
side. Consequently the defense community needs to gain a deep
understanding of technology trends so as to obtain advance
notice of new concepts and influence the development of cost-
effective equipment that meets military needs. Although new
technologies can originate in diverse settings that include
industry, academia, and nonmilitary government laboratories,
the features of available equipment are determined to a large
extent in the process of standards setting.

17. CONCLUSIONS
Computer networking technology has improved the way of
communication between people from the same or different
organizations they can communicate in a matter of seconds for
arranging the work activities. In offices, networked computers
are serving as the backbone for the daily communication from
top to bottom level of organization. Different types of software
can be installed which are useful for transmitting messages and
emails at fast speed.
Different types of software can be installed which are useful for
transmitting messages and emails and video calls at fast speed.
And that is all because of computer networking. Their names are
given.
Data sharing
Instant and multiple accesses
Video Conferencing
Internet Service
Broad Casting
Cost Effective
Remote access
Flexible
Data transmission
Reliable

18. REFERENCES
Following are the references for the computer communication
network.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication
www.historyofcomputercommunications.info
www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001358.htm