This document summarizes two empirical studies on computational stylistics. The first study analyzed Shakespeare's soliloquies versus dialogue using corpus tools to identify linguistic differences. It found variations in expressions of doubt and interjections between self-talk and interactions. The second study classified characters by gender in Shakespeare's works using syntactic, lexical and lemma features, finding his male and female language resembled modern texts. Both utilized tools like corpora, concordancing and text analysis to conduct computational stylistic analyses of literary works.

1. COMPUTATIONAL STYLISTICS Nurul Hanna Hussein Shah 0710596 Nurul Nadia Abdul Rahman 0710540 Nor FadzilaAdenan 0718572 NurNadiah Abdul Latiff 0625740

2. Introduction Most traditional research in natural language processing and information retrieval has focused on analysing the topic of a text (what it says), but there is also much important and useful information carried in the style of a text (how it says it).

3. Computational Stylistic Study of patterns formed in particular texts, authors, genres, periods via computational methods. Through the use of computers, it should be possible to achieve more accurate detection and explanation of such linguistic patterns.

4. Scope of Computational Stylistic Count the frequency of common words, and rare words, to detect writing style, producing distinct and unmistakable “literary fingerprint” that can be used to determine if and when there have been collaborations with other text. Detection of idiosyncratic uses of language which distinguish one author from another. An author's style is his signature. Determining the sentiment (positive or negative) of a text. Analyzing variation in rhetorical style among scientific articles.

5. Examples of Corpus used for Computational Stylistic Literary texts Shakespeare’s works. Websites Personal Blogs

6. Corpus A Midsummer's Nights Dream http://absoluteshakespeare.com/plays/a_midsummer_nights_dream/a_midsummer_nights_dream.htm http://www.william-shakespeare.info/shakespeare-play-a-midsummer-nights-dream.htm Romeo and Juliet http://www.shakespeare-literature.com/Romeo_and_Juliet/index.html http://absoluteshakespeare.com/guides/romeo_and_juliet/romeo_and_juliet.htm

7. Relevance to Language Learning Or Language Research Concept of writer/ author ‘s style Shakespeare – his own authorship. The language research; literary language Improvise research – in terms of methodology Language used in a special way; never reflects everyday speech and may depart from the grammatical and other norms of speech Literary language; quite unconscious, direct, sensitive, requires no reference to non-literary usage.

8. Empirical Study I Topic: “Now I am alone: A corpus stylistic approach to Shakespearian soliloquies” by Sean Murphy, Lancaster University Purpose: Aims to show what a corpus stylistic analysis can reveal about the linguistic nature of soliloquies as opposed to dialogue in Shakespeare's plays, and to what extent this methodological approach can highlight distinctions between comedies, histories and tragedies, and early plays as opposed to mid-career works. Methodology: The researcher chose 12 Shakespeare’s plays and created a soliloquies/aside document and interactional language document for each play and calculated the percentage of self talk. The documents then uploaded to Wmatrix to detect regularize words. Next, using a Multilingual Corpus Toolkit to uncover further layers of meaning. Lastly, using WordSmith Tools to carry out concordances on selected findings to determine frequent collocations. Tool: Corpora of soliloquies and aside, Shakespeare's plays, WordHoard, Multilingual Corpus Toolkit, Wmatrix and WordSmith Tools Findings: 1) Differences between self-talk and interactional language - the overuse of interjections like O, and the expression of doubt with and yet. 2) Soliloquiesers - they give implicit stage directions, reveal future intentions, and they generalize. 3) In terms of topics, soliloquies appear to talk at great length about anatomy and physiology, thoughts, colours, love and deception.

9. Empirical Study II Topic Gender in Shakespeare: Automatic Stylistic Gender Character Classification Using Syntactic, Lexical, and Lemma Features. Purpose To examine and determine the gender of literary characters of different genders; how Shakespeare used language differently for his male and female characters and discriminate the features from characters of both genders. Methodology Extracted the speeches by cleaning the stage directions. Considers characters with 200 or more words for both female and male characters. Use syntactic (PoS), lexical and lemma features in order to understand the gender a bit deeper as a stylistic approach to solve this classification approach. Tool Nameless Shakespeare, Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO), Extensible Markup Language (XML) Findings - male and female language in Shakespeare’s characteristics is similar to that found in modern texts by male and female authors.

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