Computational Mechanics
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Computational mechanics CM is concerned with the use of computational techniques to characterize, predict, and simulate physical phenomena and engineering systems governed by the principles of mechanics. Over the years, CM has made a significant contribution in the design and development of new products and systems. This paper provides a brief, clear introduction to computational mechanics. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Computational Mechanics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21422.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/21422/computational-mechanics/matthew-n-o-sadiku
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![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume: 3 | Issue: 2 | Jan-Feb 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Reference Paper ID – IJTSRD21422 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 2 | Jan-Feb 2019 Page: 559
Computational Mechanics
Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Adedamola Omotoso2, Sarhan M. Musa1
1Professor, 2Student
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View
ABSTRACT
Computational mechanics (CM) is concerned with the use of computational techniques to characterize, predict, and simulate
physical phenomena and engineering systems governed by the principles of mechanics. Over the years, CM has made a
significant contribution in the design and development of new products and systems. This paper provides a brief, clear
introduction to computational mechanics.
Keywords: computational mechanics, computational methods
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, various computational methods are used in all
areas sciences and engineering. They have been introduced
for solving problems of mechanics, heat transfer,
electromagnetic, and other areas in physics.
Computational mechanics (CM) refers to the application of
numerical methods and digital computers to study
phenomena governed by the laws of mechanics.
The term "computational mechanics" has been widely used
since 1986, after the 1st World Congress of computational
mechanics. CM is basically an integral part of computational
science and engineering. It is widely regarded as a sub-
discipline of applied mechanics or computational science. It
has had a profound impact on science and technology over
the years. It has transformed much of classical Newtonian
theory into practical tools for predicting and understanding
complex systems [1].
BASIC COMPONENTS
Computational mechanics is an interdisciplinary research
field with three major components [2]:
1. Mechanics: This includes computational fluid dynamics,
computational thermodynamics, computational
electromagnetics, computational solid mechanics, solid
and structural mechanics, and fluid mechanics.
2. Mathematics: CM usually involves developing
mathematical models of physical phenomena using
partial differential equations, functional analysis, linear
algebra and numerical methods. The most common
numerical methods used in CM are the finite element,
finite difference, and boundary element methods in
order of their popularity. The finite element method
(FEM) is robust, effective, and flexible; it has been
thoroughly developed into some commercial and non-
commercial software packages such as COMSOL and
ABAQUSto handle linear and non-linear mechanics
problems.
3. Computer Science: Computer programming, algorithms,
and parallel computing play a major role in CM. The
most widely used programming languages are
FORTRAN and C++ . MATLAB and Mathematica are also
widely used in scientific community. Object-oriented
programming is becoming common in CM. It proposes
that large complex problems can be broken down into
simple, easy to manage problems with therelativelyfew
concepts of objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance
and messages. It has been used to capture some of the
abstractions that would have been very hard using a
procedural language such as FORTRAN or C [3,4].
APPLICATIONS
CM tools have successfully been used to simulate complex
problems that would be difficult if not impossible to handle
using analytical methods. Examples of practical applications
include [1,5]:
Vehicle Crash Worthiness: This involves computer-
generated simulation of the crash worthiness of
automobiles. This has replaced hundreds of full-scale
tests and saved automobile manufacturers several
millions of dollars.
Predictive Surgery: CM models are generated for
analysis by surgical teams to assist in determining the
best procedure for the patient under treatment. The
results predicted by these models are used before the
actual surgery takes place.
Manufacturing: Modern manufacturing systems are
known to be complex. CM provides an opportunity to
apply insights to manage complexity in manufacturing
systems [6].
Military Applications: CM models are used in the
analysis and design of weapons and armor.
Other applications include petroleum reservoir modeling,
biomechanics, glass manufacturing, semiconductor
modeling, environmental modelling, computational wave
propagation, bioinformatics, and bioengineering,
stretchable/compressible electronics, and information
fusion.
CHALLENGES
While it is generally acknowledged that parallel
supercomputing offers considerable promise for solving
large problems of practical interest, it is essential that some
challenges faced by CM are addressed so that it is
competitive.
The issue of reliability of computer-generatedpredictionsis
a great concern to CM specialists. The size of the
simultaneous linear equations to be solved in using CM has
been growing larger and larger. Another major challenge in
computational mechanics research is bridging the different](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/112computationalmechanics-190518072644/85/Computational-Mechanics-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Reference Paper ID – IJTSRD21422 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 2 | Jan-Feb 2019 Page: 560
scales without sacrificing resolution. Modeling events in
which the remarkably varying scales are significant in a
single system is important.
The computational mechanics suffers a lack of modifiability
and interactivity. This undermines its potential to help
engineers in solving problems faster and cheaper. This
problem can be tackled by full integration of computer
design in CM [7].
CM suffers from a general deficiency of modelling, namely
introduction of errors. In principle, there are two major
sources of error in computer simulations of physical
phenomena events:approximationerror, duetotheinherent
inaccuracies incurred in the discretization of mathematical
models, and modelingerror, duetothenaturalimperfections
in models of physical phenomena [8, 9].
CONCLUSION
The success of computational mechanics will be determined
by its effectiveness in solving real-world problems of
interest to society. Future research in CM will be broader
than ever before. By incorporating new models of physical
and biological systems, CM has a great potential for future
growth and applicability. It willl have a profound impact on
many facets of our life, including advances in biology,
medicine, energy conservation, and national security.
There are two main organizations that are committed to
promoting CM. International Association for Computational
Mechanics (IACM) is an international organization (based in
Spain) that provides a common forum for discussion,
education and research information on CM. United States
Association for Computational Mechanics is an organization
that promotes activities on computational mechanics in the
United States and is an affiliate of IACM.
More information about CM can be found in the following
journals:
Computational Mechanics
European Journal of Computational Mechanics
Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics
Journal of Computational Applied Mechanics
Applied and Computational Mechanics
International Journal for Computational Methods in
Engineering
REFERENCES
[1] J. T. Oden et al., “Research directions in computational
mechanics,” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics
and Engineering, vol. 192, no. 7-8, Feb. 2003, pp. 913-
922.
[2] “Computational mechanics,” Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computati
onal_mechanics
[3] J. White sell and J. D. Reid, “Computational mechanics
solvers based on object-oriented design principles,”
Proceedings of the 1990 Winter Simulation Conference,
1990, pp. 486-489.
[4] R. Sahu, M. J. Panthaki, and W. H. Gerstle, “An object-
oriented framework for multidisciplinary, multi-
Physics, computational mechanics,” Engineering with
Computers, vol. 15, 1999, pp. 105–125.
[5] “What is computational mechanics,” United States
Association for Computational Mechanics
http://www.usacm.org/what-is-computational-
mechanics
[6] R. Vrabic and P. Butala, “Computational mechanics
approach to managing complexity in manufacturing
systems,” CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, vol.
60, 2011, pp. 503–506.
[7] S. P. Serna and A. Stork, “Computer design in
computationalmechanics,” ProceedingsofInternational
Conference on Computing,Engineering and Information,
2009, pp. 329-332.
[8] S. Weihe and B. Kroplin, “Computational mechanics:
capabilities and restrictions, ”Computational Materials
Science, vol. 16 , pp. 1999, pp. 10-16.
[9] J. T. Oden and S. Prudhomme, “Estimation of modeling
error in computational mechanics,” Journal of
Computational Physics, vol. 182, 2002, pp. 496–515.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Rotation Forest had the highest accuracy when classifying an energy efficiency dataset using 10 different classification techniques in WEKA. Rotation Forest correctly classified 70.96% of instances for heating load (Y1) and 58.98% for cooling load (Y2). Dagging had the worst accuracy, correctly classifying only 65.88% for heating load and 55.33% for cooling load. The study used eight input variables from 768 building simulations to predict heating and cooling loads using classification techniques including Bagging, Decorate, Rotation Forest, J48, NNge, K-Star, Naive Bayes, Dagging, Bayes Net and JRip.
Resume v2.1.3.2
Arthur Theodore Nerzig has experience working as a professional solar PV technician and energy policy intern. He graduated from Unity College in 2015 with a Bachelor of Science in Sustainable Energy Management. Nerzig is proficient in Microsoft Office programs and CAD software, and holds a Maine Electricians Helper License. He seeks to apply his education and skills in green building, renewable energy systems, and home energy auditing.
Artificial intelligence in civil engineering
This document summarizes a seminar report on artificial intelligence in civil engineering presented by Aseena.L. It discusses the development of artificial intelligence and intelligent optimization methods that have applications in civil engineering, such as evolutionary computation techniques like genetic algorithms. Specific applications of artificial intelligence discussed include using neural networks for construction cost estimation, project planning, and infrastructure management. The future of artificial intelligence in civil engineering is promising with more sophisticated modeling and analytical tools to make the field more precise and efficient.
Ai in civil
1. The document discusses the significance of artificial intelligence (AI) in civil engineering, including its history and various applications.
2. Smart materials and artificial neural networks can be used for structural health monitoring, self-repairing structures, and concrete mix design estimation.
3. AI has roles in planning construction projects, managing construction robot fleets, bridge planning using GIS, and predicting tidal patterns and earthquake-induced liquefaction. The document concludes that AI helps address complex civil engineering problems that cannot be modeled mathematically.
Computational Chemical Engineering
Numerical methods are used for solving mathematical problems that cannot be solved
analytically. Computational chemical engineering uses modern numerical analysis tools for solving differential
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chemical production of industrial and consumer goods. This paper provides a brief introduction to
computational chemical engineering
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This document discusses advances in the field of mechatronics. It begins by defining mechatronics as the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science. Mechatronic systems provide advantages over individual mechanical, electrical, and electronic systems by being simpler, more economical, reliable, and versatile. Examples of mechatronic systems include cars, consumer electronics, manufacturing systems, and more. The document then surveys developments in modeling, code generation, analysis tools, and challenges in tightly integrating the various engineering disciplines involved in mechatronic systems design and analysis.
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Multi criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques in today’s organizations, as a key
to performance measurement comes more to the foreground with the advancement in the high
technology. During recent years, many studies have been conducted to obtain a ranking
among many alternatives via measuring performance of each of them against many criteria.
Managerial decision making problems like supplier selection, weapon selection, project
selection, site selection etc are dealt with many multi criteria decision making methods like
TOPSIS, AHP-TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution),
PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation),
ELECTRE, VIKOR etc in crisp throughout the literature. In this work, we first compare
several MCDM methodologies to validate the consistency of them on a standard dataset of
plant layout problem. We proposed M-TOPSIS, A-TOPSIS procedure to select a suitable
layout for the comparative study. Results of M-TOPSIS and A-TOPSIS have been employed
to build an unsupervised artificial neural network (ANN) to obtain a new ranking of
alternatives. This study proposes an approach of deriving the rank value, in order to get
optimal configuration, from the average of more than one set of rank results obtained through
the deployment of MCDM methodologies
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This document discusses Nimble@ITCEcnoGrid, a novel computational grid toolkit developed by the authors for solving computationally intensive problems more efficiently than other grid toolkits like Alchemi.NET. Nimble@ITCEcnoGrid uses a multi-threaded design with an economic incentive policy and has been tested on problems like calculating Pi to 120 digits, solving weather prediction and factorization equations, and determining prime numbers, showing significantly better performance than Alchemi.NET. The document provides background on grid computing history and reviews prior literature before describing Nimble@ITCEcnoGrid's architecture and evaluation on parallel problems, demonstrating its versatility.
DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL WEST-AFRICAN REGIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS INTEGRATION FR...
This document is a PhD proposal submitted by Oghenevo Ogbewe to the University of Lagos examining developing a conceptual framework for integrating West Africa's regional energy systems using Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methodologies. The proposal outlines the challenges facing energy integration in West Africa and argues that a multidisciplinary systems engineering approach is needed to develop solutions. The research aims to establish definitions and categorizations of components, model relationships between elements, and document system specifications to create a strategic planning tool that facilitates efficient energy integration in the region.
New books04
1. The document lists 10 books available in the ENLIB library in April 2011.
2. The books cover topics such as the finite element method, intelligent control systems, vibration condition monitoring, decision making in systems engineering, equilibrium theory, thermal design of heat sinks and exchangers, intelligent instrumentation, engineering mathematics with MATLAB, energy storage approaches, and steam power engineering.
3. The list provides book titles, authors, publication years, and call numbers for locating each book in the library.
Extreme Computing A Primer
The ever increasing demand of computing power has led to the development of extremely large systems that consist of millions of components. Sustainable large scale computing systems can extend themselves to extreme scales. Both extreme and exascale computing defy the common wisdom of HPC and are regarded as unorthodox, but they could turn out to be indispensable necessities in the near future 1 . This paper provides a primer on extreme computing. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa ""Extreme Computing: A Primer"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21723.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/21723/extreme-computing-a-primer/matthew-n-o-sadiku
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The annual energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors, in India is rising consistently at about 8% and the overall energy consumption in buildings has seen an increase from a low of 14% in the 1970s to nearly 33% in 2004/05. The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 254.049 GW as of end of September 2014. The research paper will deal with the modeling and optimization of the building energy performance by means of the application of the dynamic building simulation, the optimization of the energy systems and the verification of the energy consumptions and comfort conditions. An integrated tool is at an early stage of development to optimize the building energy performance to be expressed in terms of total energy use. The goal of the research paper is to optimize the building energy performance through the potential of the passive building technologies and the increase of efficiency of the building system.
College add manipur1
This document provides information about Senguthar Group of Institutions located in Tiruchengode, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu. It lists both undergraduate and postgraduate courses offered in engineering, technology, arts, science, management, and computer applications. Facilities mentioned include labs, a placement cell, library, sports facilities, and blocks for MBA/MCA programs. Contact information is provided for spot admissions through representatives in Imphal, Manipur.
Ijciet 10 02_048
The buildings that aren’t “connected” are the same they were decades ago and have retained fundamentally the same purpose i.e. to provide shelter, temperature control, and safety at the same efficiency level. Globally the built environments account for significant energy use and equivalent production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon footprint. Growing concerns about safety, comfort, global warming, and climate change are leading to technological evolution, that will make the buildings smart, more comfortable, and nearly zero energy buildings. The building architectures are obviously smarter today than they were a few years ago and will continue to do so as the people become more energy aware and efficiency focused. Smart architectures and smart technologies are effective means to make buildings more comfortable, secure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint. Smart metering, smart grid, energy storage, and smart energy management system are some of the technologies that find their use in smart architectures along with ubiquitous digital technologies. These evolving technologies being relatively new can indeed make the buildings smart, intelligent, energy efficient and environmentally sustainable which will attract higher rentals and more resale values in the near future. For commercial real estate, the savings can be impressive. A reduction in energy use is equivalent to an increase in building’s asset value and net operating income. This paper provides a contemporary look at the potential of smart architectures and evolving smart energy technologies to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in built environments. The scope of this paper is limited to the brief overview of these technologies and their applications.
Computer Science, Sport Science and Interdisciplinarity
The document discusses the relationship between computer science and sport science from a philosophy of science perspective. It defines both fields and explores different types of cooperation between them. Specifically, it examines applying computer tools to sport science questions, integrating sport knowledge into computer science, and utilizing integration results in both fields. The document proposes that sport informatics is a set of interdisciplinary research programs at the interface of these two fields.
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Artificial intelligence is the ability of computer systems to perform tasks which otherwise need human brain. Those tasks include visual perception, decision-making, speech recognition and translation between languages. Large amount computing resources is required to traditionally design and optimize complex civil structure in traditional method. This can be effectively eased by using intelligent systems. This paper lists out some of the methods and theories in the application of artificial intelligent systems in the field of civil engineering.[1] artigo modelherarquicos
This document discusses hierarchical design models for use in the mechatronic product development process, specifically for synchronous machines. It proposes a hierarchical design process where domain-specific design tasks are not fully integrated at the mechatronic level, but instead models cover different views and levels of detail of a system. Models represent structural, behavioral, and functional knowledge and views of a system. The approach is demonstrated through the design process of synchronous machines.
Computer
This document discusses redefining computer science in light of Maharishi Vedic Science. It argues that computer science currently lacks an understanding of the structures of intelligence expressed in computing systems. Maharishi Vedic Science provides a theoretical model and techniques for investigating the abstract structure of intelligence and principles of Natural Law, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of computing. Reconsidering computer science in this context could resolve fundamental issues and guide future development.
What is Engineering?
It's about engineering student confusion. To clear their concept of engineering and engineering on mechanical.
ESTIMATING THE EFFORT OF MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
The rise of the use of mobile technologies in the world, such as smartphones and tablets,
connected to mobile networks is changing old habits and creating new ways for the society to
access information and interact with computer systems. Thus, traditional information systems
are undergoing a process of adaptation to this new computing context. However, it is important
to note that the characteristics of this new context are different. There are new features and,
thereafter, new possibilities, as well as restrictions that did not exist before. Finally, the systems
developed for this environment have different requirements and characteristics than the
traditional information systems. For this reason, there is the need to reassess the current
knowledge about the processes of planning and building for the development of systems in this
new environment. One area in particular that demands such adaptation is software estimation.
The estimation processes, in general, are based on characteristics of the systems, trying to
quantify the complexity of implementing them. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to
present a proposal for an estimation model for mobile applications, as well as discuss the
applicability of traditional estimation models for the purpose of developing systems in the
context of mobile computing. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to present an effort
estimation model for mobile applications.
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Leonard Smith presented on structural model error in simulation. Some key points:
1) Structural model error is the difference between the mathematical form of a simulation model and the actual system being modeled. This implies the models may not be topologically conjugate to the real system.
2) In the presence of structural model error, simulation models cannot yield probability distributions that are useful as probability forecasts, due to a lack of structural stability.
3) In operational forecasting, ensemble simulations are used to form predictive distributions, but these may not be true probability forecasts given structural errors in models. The distributions can still provide useful information for decisions if not treated as probabilities.Song 7512
This document discusses the development of an agent-based model to investigate how information and communication technologies (ICT) impact individuals' choices of workspaces and the resulting environmental impacts. The model will simulate individuals making decisions between different workspaces based on attributes like physical quality, ICT support, and distance from home. It will then estimate the energy usage of buildings and transportation under different usage patterns to analyze environmental impacts. The study aims to better understand how ICT affects workspace behaviors and provide insights for sustainable building planning.
Comparison of classification_techniques_on_energy_
Rotation Forest had the highest accuracy when classifying an energy efficiency dataset using 10 different classification techniques in WEKA. Rotation Forest correctly classified 70.96% of instances for heating load (Y1) and 58.98% for cooling load (Y2). Dagging had the worst accuracy, correctly classifying only 65.88% for heating load and 55.33% for cooling load. The study used eight input variables from 768 building simulations to predict heating and cooling loads using classification techniques including Bagging, Decorate, Rotation Forest, J48, NNge, K-Star, Naive Bayes, Dagging, Bayes Net and JRip.
Resume v2.1.3.2
Arthur Theodore Nerzig has experience working as a professional solar PV technician and energy policy intern. He graduated from Unity College in 2015 with a Bachelor of Science in Sustainable Energy Management. Nerzig is proficient in Microsoft Office programs and CAD software, and holds a Maine Electricians Helper License. He seeks to apply his education and skills in green building, renewable energy systems, and home energy auditing.
Artificial intelligence in civil engineering
This document summarizes a seminar report on artificial intelligence in civil engineering presented by Aseena.L. It discusses the development of artificial intelligence and intelligent optimization methods that have applications in civil engineering, such as evolutionary computation techniques like genetic algorithms. Specific applications of artificial intelligence discussed include using neural networks for construction cost estimation, project planning, and infrastructure management. The future of artificial intelligence in civil engineering is promising with more sophisticated modeling and analytical tools to make the field more precise and efficient.
Ai in civil
1. The document discusses the significance of artificial intelligence (AI) in civil engineering, including its history and various applications.
2. Smart materials and artificial neural networks can be used for structural health monitoring, self-repairing structures, and concrete mix design estimation.
3. AI has roles in planning construction projects, managing construction robot fleets, bridge planning using GIS, and predicting tidal patterns and earthquake-induced liquefaction. The document concludes that AI helps address complex civil engineering problems that cannot be modeled mathematically.
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Computational Chemical Engineering
Numerical methods are used for solving mathematical problems that cannot be solved
analytically. Computational chemical engineering uses modern numerical analysis tools for solving differential
equation models which arise in chemical engineering. These tools allow us to design, operate, and optimize the
chemical production of industrial and consumer goods. This paper provides a brief introduction to
computational chemical engineering
Advance in mechatronics
This document discusses advances in the field of mechatronics. It begins by defining mechatronics as the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science. Mechatronic systems provide advantages over individual mechanical, electrical, and electronic systems by being simpler, more economical, reliable, and versatile. Examples of mechatronic systems include cars, consumer electronics, manufacturing systems, and more. The document then surveys developments in modeling, code generation, analysis tools, and challenges in tightly integrating the various engineering disciplines involved in mechatronic systems design and analysis.
Work in progress mechatronics1
1. The University of Detroit Mercy has developed three new courses in mechatronics over the past seven years through collaboration between mechanical and electrical engineering faculty.
2. These courses - Introduction to Mechatronics, Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronic Systems, and Sensors and Actuators - form the basis for a potential new undergraduate concentration in mechatronics.
3. Establishing a new concentration area faces challenges within the constraints of the existing curriculum at the small college, including determining what existing requirements could be replaced or adjusted to accommodate specialized mechatronics content.
Assignment 1 - Application of Numerical Analysis.pdf
This document provides an overview of numerical analysis methods and their applications in chemical engineering. It begins with introductions to numerical analysis and its history. Literature review sections define numerical analysis and discuss why it is used in engineering and examples of its applications in chemical processes. The methodology section describes how numerical methods are applied and examples of specific methods. Results and discussion evaluate accuracy of numerical methods. The conclusion states that numerical methods are necessary for complex problems that cannot be solved analytically. References are provided.
Mathematical models and algorithms challenges
This paper succinctly illustrates challenges encountered when modelling systems mathematically.
Mathematical modelling entirely entails math symbols, numbers and relations forming a functional
equation. These mathematical equations can represent any system of interests, also provides ease computer
simulations. Mathematical models are extensively utilized in different fields i.e. engineering, by scientists,
and analysts to give a clear understanding of the problem. Modelling contributed a lot since inversion of
the concept. Simple and complex structures erected as a result of modelling. In that sense modelling is an
important part of engineering. It can be referred to as the primary building block of every system. A
complex model however is not an ideal solution. Engineers have to be cautious not to discard all
information as this might render the designed model useless – as detailed in this paper the model should be
simple with all necessary and relevant data. Basically the purpose of this paper is to show the importance
and clearly explain in detail challenges encountered when modelling
VERGE 23: A Practical Guide to Harnessing AI for Decarbonization
This document provides an overview of a tutorial on harnessing AI for decarbonization. It discusses how AI can help address climate change through various applications like optimizing complex systems, improving predictions, accelerating scientific discovery, and approximating simulations. It also covers key considerations for applying AI to climate problems, like ensuring diverse stakeholder input and that data is representative. Finally, it lists some emerging areas of AI like machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing that are relevant to decarbonization efforts.
Quantum Computing – A Tech Story
1) Quantum computing harnesses the laws of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems faster than classical computers. It uses quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in superpositions of states and become entangled in ways that normal computing cannot achieve.
2) Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that allows systems to learn from data and improve their abilities. Quantum machine learning combines quantum computing and machine learning to potentially solve problems like pattern recognition and optimization much faster.
3) Some challenges to quantum computing include qubit decoherence, error correction, scalability, and developing hardware and software. However, quantum computing shows promise for applications in fields like artificial intelligence, machine learning, cybersecurity, materials science, and pharmaceutical research
Application of machine learning in chemical engineering: outlook and perspect...
Chemical engineers' formulation, development, and stance processes all heavily rely on models. The physical and economic consequences of these decisions can have disastrous effects. Attempts to employ a hybrid form of artificial intelligence for modeling in various disciplines. However, they fell short of expectations. Due to a rise in the amount of data and computational resources during the previous five years. A lot of recent work has gone into developing new data sources, indexes, chemical interface designs, and machine learning algorithms in an effort to facilitate the adoption of these techniques in the research community. However, there are some important downsides to machine learning gains. The most promising uses for machine learning are in time-critical tasks like real-time optimization and planning that require extreme precision and can build on models that can self-learn to recognize patterns, draw conclusions from data, and become more intelligent over time. Due to their limited exposure to computer science and data analysis, the majority of chemical engineers are potentially vulnerable to the development of artificial intelligence. But in the not-too-distant future, chemical engineers' modeling toolbox will include a reliable machine learning component.
Rajesh_Angadi_(_Mechatronics)_Mart_April_2015
The document discusses mechatronics and its relationship to big data analytics and the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines mechatronics as a synergistic combination of precision engineering, electronic control, and mechanical systems. It explains that big data derived from IoT devices can be analyzed to better understand consumer behaviors and anticipate future events. This allows companies to develop services that deliver additional value to users. The document also provides tips for achieving successful mechatronic product development, such as setting goals, consolidating requirements, validating functionality, and revising designs when necessary.
Financial Engineering
ABSTRACT : Financial services constitute the foundation of a modern economy. Financial engineering is using mathematical techniques to solve financial problems and exploit financial opportunities. It involves using financial such as forwards, futures, swaps, options and related products to restructure cash flows so as to achieve particular financial goals. It is a multidisciplinary field drawing from finance, economics, mathematics, engineering, and computational methods. This paper provides a brief introduction to financial engineering. It is hoped that it will offer a starting point for those who are new to the field.
Key Words: financial engineering, computational finance, risk management, simulation
Financial Engineering
ABSTRACT : Financial services constitute the foundation of a modern economy. Financial engineering is using mathematical techniques to solve financial problems and exploit financial opportunities. It involves using financial such as forwards, futures, swaps, options and related products to restructure cash flows so as to achieve particular financial goals. It is a multidisciplinary field drawing from finance, economics, mathematics, engineering, and computational methods. This paper provides a brief introduction to financial engineering. It is hoped that it will offer a starting point for those who are new to the field.
Key Words: financial engineering, computational finance, risk management, simulation
Microgrid_Digital_Twins_Concepts_Applications_and_Future_Trends.pdf
This document summarizes a research paper on microgrid digital twins. It introduces the concept of a microgrid digital twin, which creates a virtual representation of a microgrid that mirrors the behavior of the physical system using real-time data exchange. The paper discusses how microgrid digital twins can be established through modeling physical components and processes, connecting real-time data sources, and continuously updating models. A variety of applications of microgrid digital twins are explored, including design, control, forecasting, fault diagnosis, and resilient operation management. Future trends around increasing data sources, analytics capabilities, and integration of artificial intelligence are also discussed.
MOLECULAR COMPUTING
Molecular computers are systems in which molecules or macromolecules individually mediate
information processing functions. Molecular computing provides an alternative to computing using silicon
integrated circuits. It aims at developing intelligent computers using biological molecules as computational
devices. It is a promising means of unconventional computation owing to its capability for massive parallelism.
It offers to augment digital computing with biology-like capabilities. This paper provides a brief introduction to
molecular computing.
SE-201-Chapter_1_and_2_INTRO_TO_INDUSTRIAL_AND_SYSTEMS_ENGINEERING.ppt
The document provides an overview of industrial engineering and systems engineering. It discusses the history and evolution of the fields, including key figures like Taylor, Gilbreth, and Gantt. It defines industrial engineering and describes typical activities at different levels, including production operations, management systems, and corporate services. Some examples of activities are facility layout, process design, work measurement, production planning and control, and management systems like quality control and decision support. The document outlines the elements that industrial engineers design in human activity systems and management control systems.
An Overview of Hard Computing
Computing refers to the process of accomplishing a particular task with the help of a computer or a computing device. Hard computing is the traditional computing algorithm, which processes functions and data with a verifiable output. It requires an analytical, precisely stated model. Hard computing is deterministic and precise. It may also be regarded as a heterogeneous collection of traditional computing methods. This paper presents hard computing, the differences between hard computing and soft computing, and their fusion. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "An Overview of Hard Computing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49287.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/49287/an-overview-of-hard-computing/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Careersinappliedmathematics
This document provides information about careers in applied mathematics. It discusses the wide variety of problems that applied mathematicians solve, such as modeling disease spread, protein folding, and forest fires. It also profiles three individuals working in applied mathematics: Alex Karavousanos, a business development director who uses his analytical skills; John Parkinson, an actuary who applies mathematics to assess financial risks; and Leslie Lahr, a mathematics textbook editor who uses both mathematics and writing skills. The document aims to illustrate the diverse options and skills relevant for careers in applied mathematics.
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 2 - paper4
This document discusses modeling cyber-physical systems for engineering complex software. It proposes using geometric algebra and grammar of graphics to provide better visualization of cyber-physical systems. The key points are:
1) Cyber-physical systems integrate computation, networking, and physical processes. They are complex software systems that connect various sub-systems.
2) Geometric algebra and grammar of graphics can provide a mathematical approach to model the dynamics of cyber-physical systems. This allows better visualization of interconnected elements, feedback processes, and emergent behaviors.
3) Geometric algebra represents geometric objects algebraically rather than through equations. This provides a unified language for engineering disciplines and aspects of computer science like graphics.
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATION...
The importance of examining mathematical modelling concerns in the training of students in IT-related fields stems primarily from trends in the growth of the artificial intelligence sector, as well as modelling in general. It is now obvious that using mathematical models to investigate and anticipate diverse processes and conditions can greatly lower the cost of introducing new technologies and products, as well as the time it takes to implement and test them. This led us to the conclusion that students in the IT areas of training should be taught modelling approaches as well as how to pose modelling issues, analyse source data, and build interconnections in designing models. On the example of modelling the position of cellular base stations in residential areas, the article explores the broad concept of the formulation of the problem of mathematical modelling. The fundamental concepts of estimating are discussed, each of which can be elaborated on depending on the tasks at hand. KPIs and a system of indicators can be created based on the criteria and attributes chosen, and then used to solve various electromagnetic hazard analysis problems. At this time, we can only discuss the study's preliminary findings. At the time of writing, the research was still under progress. The findings, on the other hand, can be successfully used to educate students in IT-related fields mathematical modelling.
IMPROVEMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT BY MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH
IMPROVEMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT BY MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACHInternational Journal of Technical Research & Application
This document discusses the use of mathematical programming to optimize supply chain management. It begins with an introduction to mathematical programming and its applications in supply chain management. It then presents a generic mixed-integer programming model for supply chain configuration that aims to minimize total costs. The model includes constraints related to demand fulfillment, facility flows, capacity, material availability and open facilities. The document discusses common modifications to the generic model, such as incorporating international factors, inventory, transportation and policies. It provides two case studies that apply the generic model to analyze costs for different companies. The conclusion states that mathematical programming allows comparison of costs between products and optimization of production costs and systems.IMPROVEMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT BY MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH
IMPROVEMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT BY MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACHInternational Journal of Technical Research & Application
This document discusses the use of mathematical programming to optimize supply chain management. It begins with an introduction to mathematical programming and its applications in supply chain management. It then describes a generic mixed-integer programming model for supply chain configuration that aims to minimize total costs. The model includes constraints related to demand fulfillment, facility flows, capacity, material availability and open facilities. The document also discusses common modifications to the generic model, such as incorporating international factors, inventory, transportation and policies. It provides two case studies that apply the generic model to analyze different companies' supply chain costs.Similar to Computational Mechanics (20)
Assignment 1 - Application of Numerical Analysis.pdf
Assignment 1 - Application of Numerical Analysis.pdf
VERGE 23: A Practical Guide to Harnessing AI for Decarbonization
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Application of machine learning in chemical engineering: outlook and perspect...
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Microgrid_Digital_Twins_Concepts_Applications_and_Future_Trends.pdf
Microgrid_Digital_Twins_Concepts_Applications_and_Future_Trends.pdf
SE-201-Chapter_1_and_2_INTRO_TO_INDUSTRIAL_AND_SYSTEMS_ENGINEERING.ppt
SE-201-Chapter_1_and_2_INTRO_TO_INDUSTRIAL_AND_SYSTEMS_ENGINEERING.ppt
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 2 - paper4
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 2 - paper4
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATION...
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATION...
IMPROVEMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT BY MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH
IMPROVEMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT BY MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH
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The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospects
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Study
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Map
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learning
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementation
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Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...
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Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospects
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospects
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Study
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Study
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- 1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume: 3 | Issue: 2 | Jan-Feb 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Reference Paper ID – IJTSRD21422 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 2 | Jan-Feb 2019 Page: 559 Computational Mechanics Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Adedamola Omotoso2, Sarhan M. Musa1 1Professor, 2Student Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View ABSTRACT Computational mechanics (CM) is concerned with the use of computational techniques to characterize, predict, and simulate physical phenomena and engineering systems governed by the principles of mechanics. Over the years, CM has made a significant contribution in the design and development of new products and systems. This paper provides a brief, clear introduction to computational mechanics. Keywords: computational mechanics, computational methods INTRODUCTION Nowadays, various computational methods are used in all areas sciences and engineering. They have been introduced for solving problems of mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetic, and other areas in physics. Computational mechanics (CM) refers to the application of numerical methods and digital computers to study phenomena governed by the laws of mechanics. The term "computational mechanics" has been widely used since 1986, after the 1st World Congress of computational mechanics. CM is basically an integral part of computational science and engineering. It is widely regarded as a sub- discipline of applied mechanics or computational science. It has had a profound impact on science and technology over the years. It has transformed much of classical Newtonian theory into practical tools for predicting and understanding complex systems [1]. BASIC COMPONENTS Computational mechanics is an interdisciplinary research field with three major components [2]: 1. Mechanics: This includes computational fluid dynamics, computational thermodynamics, computational electromagnetics, computational solid mechanics, solid and structural mechanics, and fluid mechanics. 2. Mathematics: CM usually involves developing mathematical models of physical phenomena using partial differential equations, functional analysis, linear algebra and numerical methods. The most common numerical methods used in CM are the finite element, finite difference, and boundary element methods in order of their popularity. The finite element method (FEM) is robust, effective, and flexible; it has been thoroughly developed into some commercial and non- commercial software packages such as COMSOL and ABAQUSto handle linear and non-linear mechanics problems. 3. Computer Science: Computer programming, algorithms, and parallel computing play a major role in CM. The most widely used programming languages are FORTRAN and C++ . MATLAB and Mathematica are also widely used in scientific community. Object-oriented programming is becoming common in CM. It proposes that large complex problems can be broken down into simple, easy to manage problems with therelativelyfew concepts of objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance and messages. It has been used to capture some of the abstractions that would have been very hard using a procedural language such as FORTRAN or C [3,4]. APPLICATIONS CM tools have successfully been used to simulate complex problems that would be difficult if not impossible to handle using analytical methods. Examples of practical applications include [1,5]: Vehicle Crash Worthiness: This involves computer- generated simulation of the crash worthiness of automobiles. This has replaced hundreds of full-scale tests and saved automobile manufacturers several millions of dollars. Predictive Surgery: CM models are generated for analysis by surgical teams to assist in determining the best procedure for the patient under treatment. The results predicted by these models are used before the actual surgery takes place. Manufacturing: Modern manufacturing systems are known to be complex. CM provides an opportunity to apply insights to manage complexity in manufacturing systems [6]. Military Applications: CM models are used in the analysis and design of weapons and armor. Other applications include petroleum reservoir modeling, biomechanics, glass manufacturing, semiconductor modeling, environmental modelling, computational wave propagation, bioinformatics, and bioengineering, stretchable/compressible electronics, and information fusion. CHALLENGES While it is generally acknowledged that parallel supercomputing offers considerable promise for solving large problems of practical interest, it is essential that some challenges faced by CM are addressed so that it is competitive. The issue of reliability of computer-generatedpredictionsis a great concern to CM specialists. The size of the simultaneous linear equations to be solved in using CM has been growing larger and larger. Another major challenge in computational mechanics research is bridging the different
- 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Reference Paper ID – IJTSRD21422 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 2 | Jan-Feb 2019 Page: 560 scales without sacrificing resolution. Modeling events in which the remarkably varying scales are significant in a single system is important. The computational mechanics suffers a lack of modifiability and interactivity. This undermines its potential to help engineers in solving problems faster and cheaper. This problem can be tackled by full integration of computer design in CM [7]. CM suffers from a general deficiency of modelling, namely introduction of errors. In principle, there are two major sources of error in computer simulations of physical phenomena events:approximationerror, duetotheinherent inaccuracies incurred in the discretization of mathematical models, and modelingerror, duetothenaturalimperfections in models of physical phenomena [8, 9]. CONCLUSION The success of computational mechanics will be determined by its effectiveness in solving real-world problems of interest to society. Future research in CM will be broader than ever before. By incorporating new models of physical and biological systems, CM has a great potential for future growth and applicability. It willl have a profound impact on many facets of our life, including advances in biology, medicine, energy conservation, and national security. There are two main organizations that are committed to promoting CM. International Association for Computational Mechanics (IACM) is an international organization (based in Spain) that provides a common forum for discussion, education and research information on CM. United States Association for Computational Mechanics is an organization that promotes activities on computational mechanics in the United States and is an affiliate of IACM. More information about CM can be found in the following journals: Computational Mechanics European Journal of Computational Mechanics Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics Journal of Computational Applied Mechanics Applied and Computational Mechanics International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering REFERENCES [1] J. T. Oden et al., “Research directions in computational mechanics,” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 192, no. 7-8, Feb. 2003, pp. 913- 922. [2] “Computational mechanics,” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computati onal_mechanics [3] J. White sell and J. D. Reid, “Computational mechanics solvers based on object-oriented design principles,” Proceedings of the 1990 Winter Simulation Conference, 1990, pp. 486-489. [4] R. Sahu, M. J. Panthaki, and W. H. Gerstle, “An object- oriented framework for multidisciplinary, multi- Physics, computational mechanics,” Engineering with Computers, vol. 15, 1999, pp. 105–125. [5] “What is computational mechanics,” United States Association for Computational Mechanics http://www.usacm.org/what-is-computational- mechanics [6] R. Vrabic and P. Butala, “Computational mechanics approach to managing complexity in manufacturing systems,” CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, vol. 60, 2011, pp. 503–506. [7] S. P. Serna and A. Stork, “Computer design in computationalmechanics,” ProceedingsofInternational Conference on Computing,Engineering and Information, 2009, pp. 329-332. [8] S. Weihe and B. Kroplin, “Computational mechanics: capabilities and restrictions, ”Computational Materials Science, vol. 16 , pp. 1999, pp. 10-16. [9] J. T. Oden and S. Prudhomme, “Estimation of modeling error in computational mechanics,” Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 182, 2002, pp. 496–515.