This document discusses advances in the field of mechatronics. It begins by defining mechatronics as the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science. Mechatronic systems provide advantages over individual mechanical, electrical, and electronic systems by being simpler, more economical, reliable, and versatile. Examples of mechatronic systems include cars, consumer electronics, manufacturing systems, and more. The document then surveys developments in modeling, code generation, analysis tools, and challenges in tightly integrating the various engineering disciplines involved in mechatronic systems design and analysis.
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a digital computer used to control electromechanical processes in factories. PLCs were introduced in the late 1960s to replace relay-based control systems. The first commercial PLC was developed by Modicon for General Motors. Later, as microprocessors became available, PLCs evolved to be more sophisticated. A PLC has components like a power supply, input/output modules, a processor, and a programming device to control inputs from sensors and outputs to devices. PLCs can operate in harsh industrial environments and use simple ladder logic programming. A Programmable Automation Controller (PAC) is similar but designed for more complex automation with greater flexibility, memory, and control
Mechatronics is the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering with electronics and information technology. It was first introduced in 1969 by an engineer in Japan. Early applications involved integrating servo motors and microprocessors into mechanical systems. Over time, communication technologies were added along with applications in fields like robotics. Mechatronics systems combine actuators, sensors, control systems and software to produce intelligent machines and devices. Examples include CNC machines, automobiles, and consumer products.
This document provides an introduction to mechatronics. It defines mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, control engineering, and computer science for the design of computer-controlled electromechanical systems. Mechatronic systems combine mechanical components with electronic equipment and computers to create systems that sense and control motion. Examples of mechatronic systems include robots, autonomous vehicles, and industrial machinery.
Mechanical engineers design and develop machines and systems. At Innovative Automation, the mechanical engineering roles are filled by their mechanical design team. The team is comprised of skilled tradespeople, engineers in training, professional engineers, and engineering technologists. Mechanical engineers study at accredited university programs and learn about topics like materials properties, energy transfer, and engineering principles. They apply this knowledge to tackle problems and innovate solutions. In the automotive industry, mechanical engineers design vehicles to be strong, safe, and affordable enough for mass production and sale. Their work is critical to help automakers meet high production quotas, such as the capacity to produce one car per minute at some facilities.
The document discusses mechatronics systems and their design process. It begins with an introduction to mechatronics, which is an interdisciplinary approach to design that integrates mechanical engineering with electrical and computer science principles. This leads to products with more synergy and flexibility. The design process involves modeling, simulation, project management, analysis, and real-time interfacing. Additional topics covered include the stages of mechatronic design, traditional vs mechatronics approaches, and case studies of mechatronic systems like pick-and-place robots.
The document discusses different types of programming languages used in programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including ladder logic, Boolean logic, and Grafcet. It provides details on each language and describes common instruction sets used, such as timers, counters, arithmetic, and data manipulation. The document also covers IEC 61131-3 standard languages like ladder diagrams, function block diagrams, instruction lists, structured text, and sequential function charts. Finally, it discusses PLC architecture and different I/O bus network standards and configurations.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines PLCs as digital electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement logic functions like sequencing and timing to control machines and processes. The document discusses the basic structure of PLCs including the CPU, memory, input/output interfaces, and power supply. It also covers programming methods like ladder logic and instruction lists. Additional topics include input/output addressing, timers, counters, and techniques like latching, internal relays, and sequencing using timers.
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a digital computer used to control electromechanical processes in factories. PLCs were introduced in the late 1960s to replace relay-based control systems. The first commercial PLC was developed by Modicon for General Motors. Later, as microprocessors became available, PLCs evolved to be more sophisticated. A PLC has components like a power supply, input/output modules, a processor, and a programming device to control inputs from sensors and outputs to devices. PLCs can operate in harsh industrial environments and use simple ladder logic programming. A Programmable Automation Controller (PAC) is similar but designed for more complex automation with greater flexibility, memory, and control
Mechatronics is the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering with electronics and information technology. It was first introduced in 1969 by an engineer in Japan. Early applications involved integrating servo motors and microprocessors into mechanical systems. Over time, communication technologies were added along with applications in fields like robotics. Mechatronics systems combine actuators, sensors, control systems and software to produce intelligent machines and devices. Examples include CNC machines, automobiles, and consumer products.
This document provides an introduction to mechatronics. It defines mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, control engineering, and computer science for the design of computer-controlled electromechanical systems. Mechatronic systems combine mechanical components with electronic equipment and computers to create systems that sense and control motion. Examples of mechatronic systems include robots, autonomous vehicles, and industrial machinery.
Mechanical engineers design and develop machines and systems. At Innovative Automation, the mechanical engineering roles are filled by their mechanical design team. The team is comprised of skilled tradespeople, engineers in training, professional engineers, and engineering technologists. Mechanical engineers study at accredited university programs and learn about topics like materials properties, energy transfer, and engineering principles. They apply this knowledge to tackle problems and innovate solutions. In the automotive industry, mechanical engineers design vehicles to be strong, safe, and affordable enough for mass production and sale. Their work is critical to help automakers meet high production quotas, such as the capacity to produce one car per minute at some facilities.
The document discusses mechatronics systems and their design process. It begins with an introduction to mechatronics, which is an interdisciplinary approach to design that integrates mechanical engineering with electrical and computer science principles. This leads to products with more synergy and flexibility. The design process involves modeling, simulation, project management, analysis, and real-time interfacing. Additional topics covered include the stages of mechatronic design, traditional vs mechatronics approaches, and case studies of mechatronic systems like pick-and-place robots.
The document discusses different types of programming languages used in programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including ladder logic, Boolean logic, and Grafcet. It provides details on each language and describes common instruction sets used, such as timers, counters, arithmetic, and data manipulation. The document also covers IEC 61131-3 standard languages like ladder diagrams, function block diagrams, instruction lists, structured text, and sequential function charts. Finally, it discusses PLC architecture and different I/O bus network standards and configurations.
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines PLCs as digital electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement logic functions like sequencing and timing to control machines and processes. The document discusses the basic structure of PLCs including the CPU, memory, input/output interfaces, and power supply. It also covers programming methods like ladder logic and instruction lists. Additional topics include input/output addressing, timers, counters, and techniques like latching, internal relays, and sequencing using timers.
This document provides an overview of the Mechatronics and Microprocessor course for the 6th semester of a Mechanical Engineering program. It includes information on the course chapters and units which cover topics like transducers, sensors, actuation systems, signal conditioning, microprocessors, logic functions, and central processing units. It also lists two recommended textbooks for the course and provides definitions and examples of mechatronic systems as well as career paths in the field of mechatronics.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are microprocessor-based devices used to monitor, control, and automate electromechanical processes. PLCs replaced hardwired relay panels and are programmed using ladder logic. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, input and output modules to interface with sensors and actuators, and a programming device. PLCs scan inputs, execute a user-written program, and update outputs to control machines and processes in a flexible, easy-to-program manner.
This document discusses Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It provides a brief history of PLCs, describing how they were introduced in the 1960s as replacements for relay logic and have since evolved with the integration of microprocessors. The key components of a PLC like the power supply, processor, I/O modules, and programming device are defined. Common PLC programming languages including ladder logic are explained and examples are provided. Advantages like reliability and flexibility and disadvantages such as proprietary aspects are reviewed. Finally, common industrial applications and leading PLC brands are listed.
The document provides an introduction to Advance Technology in Chandigarh, which offers technical education solutions and products. It then discusses Geeta Institute of Management and Technology in Kurukshetra, which offers various degree programs and has excellent infrastructure for training and student placement. The rest of the document covers topics on industrial automation, including an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs), their history and need, basic PLC architecture, and components like the CPU and I/O interfaces.
Synchros and servomotors are electromechanical devices used for control applications. Synchros use the principle of a rotating transformer to measure angular displacement between two shafts and provide an output voltage proportional to the angular difference. They are used for remote or automatic control of angular position. Servomotors are motors used in automatic control systems to control the position of an object based on an electrical control signal. DC servomotors have more linear characteristics than AC servomotors, making them easier to control, while AC servomotors have lower cost and require less maintenance. Both device types are used for control applications requiring precise angular or position control.
PLC ARCHITECTURE AND HARDWARE COMPONENTSAkshay Dhole
Explains about the basics of PLC ARCHITECTURE AND HARDWARE COMPONENTS.
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a specialized computing system used for control of industrial machines and processes.
A PLC is a computer designed to work in an industrial environment
The document discusses the history and use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in industrial automation. It notes that PLCs were first specified in 1968 by General Motors to provide a solid-state, reusable system for controlling industrial processes more flexibly than relay-based systems. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, power supply, programming unit, memory, and input/output interfacing circuitry. It scans inputs, executes user-programmed logic instructions, and updates outputs on a continuous cycle. Common programming methods for PLCs include ladder logic, functional block diagrams, and structured text. PLCs communicate with field devices and one another using various interfaces and protocols.
The document discusses computer integrated manufacturing systems. It defines key concepts like CAD, CAM, CIM, concurrent engineering, and different types of production systems. The main points are:
1. CIM integrates the total manufacturing enterprise through integrated systems and data communications to improve organizational efficiency.
2. CAD is used for design engineering, CAM supports manufacturing engineering, and CIM implements computer technology across all manufacturing operations and information processing.
3. The computerized elements of a CIM system include marketing, product design, planning, purchasing, manufacturing engineering, factory automation hardware, warehousing, finance, and information management.
Electric Motors presentation on Types and Classification Hassan ElBanhawi
Based on my 8 years of experience in Oil & Gas industry I can claim that you can find here All what you need to know about Electric Motors. This is an introduction to understand more about their:-
- Theory.
- Governing Equations.
- Types.
- Nameplate Data.
You can find also more at:
http://hassanelbanhawi.com/rotatingequipment/Electricmotors
All the data and the illustrative figures presented here can be found through two reference books:-
ENGINEERING DATA BOOK by Gas Processors Suppliers Association
Process Technology - Equipment and Systems by Charles E. Thomas
Thank you.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are digital electronic devices used to automate industrial processes. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, input/output modules, and a programming device. PLCs scan their program continuously and cyclically to monitor inputs and control outputs. They are programmed using ladder logic to perform functions like timing, counting, and controlling relays. PLCs are used widely in applications like process control, machinery control, and some CNC machine functions. Factors like the number of I/O points, memory, and scan time are considered when selecting a suitable PLC for an application.
This document provides an introduction to PLC programming and ladder logic. It discusses the most common programming languages for PLCs, with ladder logic being the dominant method as it was developed to mimic relay logic. Ladder logic uses graphic symbols of rungs and contacts to represent circuit diagrams. The document also briefly outlines other programming methods for PLCs such as sequential function charts, structured text, and function block diagrams.
The motor which runs at synchronous speed is known as the synchronous motor. The synchronous speed is the constant speed at which the motor generates the electromotive force. The synchronous motor is used for converting the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
he stator and rotor are the two main parts of the synchronous motor. The stator is the stationary part, and the rotor is the rotating part of the machine. The three-phase AC supply is given to the stator of the motor.
This presentation provides information about Synchronous Motor.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Pradeep Solanki to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. The report discusses automation using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It provides an overview of automation technologies, including feedback control, sequential control, and computer control. The report also examines the history and applications of automation in various industries.
This document discusses various types of automation used in manufacturing. It begins by defining automation as using control systems to operate machinery and equipment with minimal human intervention. It then describes several types of numerical control including NC, CNC, DNC, and CAD/CAM. NC was introduced in 1952 and uses coded instructions to control machine tools. CNC replaced the mechanical controller of NC with a microcomputer. DNC uses a mainframe computer to directly control multiple machine tools through telecommunication lines. CAD is used for design work and CAM for planning and controlling manufacturing functions. CNC automation allows for high accuracy, flexibility and reduced errors in manufacturing.
An introduction to PLC languages - Instruction Language (IL) , Functional Block Diagram (FBD) , Ladder Logic Diagram (LD) and Sequential Function Chart (SFC).
(Download and open with Adobe Reader to see animations)
This document outlines a training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) using the Siemens S7-1200 PLC and TIA Portal software. The course consists of 9 modules that cover topics such as PLC hardware components, programming basics, function blocks, timers and counters, math operations, diagnostics, closed-loop control, networking, and human-machine interfaces. The introduction module describes the major PLC components, relay ladder logic, and provides an overview of the S7-1200 PLC and TIA Portal software. The course objectives are to teach students how to program and configure the S7-1200 PLC to automate various industrial processes and systems.
This document summarizes a study on using frequency response methods to identify structural damage in layered composite materials. It proposes a new vibration-based technique that uses changes in the frequency response functions (FRFs) of an undamaged structure compared to a damaged one. Most reported works are based on changes in modal parameters, but this new method detects damage through existence, localization and extent using frequency response function curvature. It aims to establish an online damage identification method for laminated composites to address needs for health monitoring of composite structures, as damage alters their dynamic characteristics.
This document provides an overview of the Mechatronics and Microprocessor course for the 6th semester of a Mechanical Engineering program. It includes information on the course chapters and units which cover topics like transducers, sensors, actuation systems, signal conditioning, microprocessors, logic functions, and central processing units. It also lists two recommended textbooks for the course and provides definitions and examples of mechatronic systems as well as career paths in the field of mechatronics.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are microprocessor-based devices used to monitor, control, and automate electromechanical processes. PLCs replaced hardwired relay panels and are programmed using ladder logic. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, input and output modules to interface with sensors and actuators, and a programming device. PLCs scan inputs, execute a user-written program, and update outputs to control machines and processes in a flexible, easy-to-program manner.
This document discusses Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). It provides a brief history of PLCs, describing how they were introduced in the 1960s as replacements for relay logic and have since evolved with the integration of microprocessors. The key components of a PLC like the power supply, processor, I/O modules, and programming device are defined. Common PLC programming languages including ladder logic are explained and examples are provided. Advantages like reliability and flexibility and disadvantages such as proprietary aspects are reviewed. Finally, common industrial applications and leading PLC brands are listed.
The document provides an introduction to Advance Technology in Chandigarh, which offers technical education solutions and products. It then discusses Geeta Institute of Management and Technology in Kurukshetra, which offers various degree programs and has excellent infrastructure for training and student placement. The rest of the document covers topics on industrial automation, including an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs), their history and need, basic PLC architecture, and components like the CPU and I/O interfaces.
Synchros and servomotors are electromechanical devices used for control applications. Synchros use the principle of a rotating transformer to measure angular displacement between two shafts and provide an output voltage proportional to the angular difference. They are used for remote or automatic control of angular position. Servomotors are motors used in automatic control systems to control the position of an object based on an electrical control signal. DC servomotors have more linear characteristics than AC servomotors, making them easier to control, while AC servomotors have lower cost and require less maintenance. Both device types are used for control applications requiring precise angular or position control.
PLC ARCHITECTURE AND HARDWARE COMPONENTSAkshay Dhole
Explains about the basics of PLC ARCHITECTURE AND HARDWARE COMPONENTS.
A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a specialized computing system used for control of industrial machines and processes.
A PLC is a computer designed to work in an industrial environment
The document discusses the history and use of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in industrial automation. It notes that PLCs were first specified in 1968 by General Motors to provide a solid-state, reusable system for controlling industrial processes more flexibly than relay-based systems. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, power supply, programming unit, memory, and input/output interfacing circuitry. It scans inputs, executes user-programmed logic instructions, and updates outputs on a continuous cycle. Common programming methods for PLCs include ladder logic, functional block diagrams, and structured text. PLCs communicate with field devices and one another using various interfaces and protocols.
The document discusses computer integrated manufacturing systems. It defines key concepts like CAD, CAM, CIM, concurrent engineering, and different types of production systems. The main points are:
1. CIM integrates the total manufacturing enterprise through integrated systems and data communications to improve organizational efficiency.
2. CAD is used for design engineering, CAM supports manufacturing engineering, and CIM implements computer technology across all manufacturing operations and information processing.
3. The computerized elements of a CIM system include marketing, product design, planning, purchasing, manufacturing engineering, factory automation hardware, warehousing, finance, and information management.
Electric Motors presentation on Types and Classification Hassan ElBanhawi
Based on my 8 years of experience in Oil & Gas industry I can claim that you can find here All what you need to know about Electric Motors. This is an introduction to understand more about their:-
- Theory.
- Governing Equations.
- Types.
- Nameplate Data.
You can find also more at:
http://hassanelbanhawi.com/rotatingequipment/Electricmotors
All the data and the illustrative figures presented here can be found through two reference books:-
ENGINEERING DATA BOOK by Gas Processors Suppliers Association
Process Technology - Equipment and Systems by Charles E. Thomas
Thank you.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are digital electronic devices used to automate industrial processes. A PLC consists of a central processing unit, input/output modules, and a programming device. PLCs scan their program continuously and cyclically to monitor inputs and control outputs. They are programmed using ladder logic to perform functions like timing, counting, and controlling relays. PLCs are used widely in applications like process control, machinery control, and some CNC machine functions. Factors like the number of I/O points, memory, and scan time are considered when selecting a suitable PLC for an application.
This document provides an introduction to PLC programming and ladder logic. It discusses the most common programming languages for PLCs, with ladder logic being the dominant method as it was developed to mimic relay logic. Ladder logic uses graphic symbols of rungs and contacts to represent circuit diagrams. The document also briefly outlines other programming methods for PLCs such as sequential function charts, structured text, and function block diagrams.
The motor which runs at synchronous speed is known as the synchronous motor. The synchronous speed is the constant speed at which the motor generates the electromotive force. The synchronous motor is used for converting the electrical energy into mechanical energy.
he stator and rotor are the two main parts of the synchronous motor. The stator is the stationary part, and the rotor is the rotating part of the machine. The three-phase AC supply is given to the stator of the motor.
This presentation provides information about Synchronous Motor.
This document is a summer training report submitted by Pradeep Solanki to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. The report discusses automation using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. It provides an overview of automation technologies, including feedback control, sequential control, and computer control. The report also examines the history and applications of automation in various industries.
This document discusses various types of automation used in manufacturing. It begins by defining automation as using control systems to operate machinery and equipment with minimal human intervention. It then describes several types of numerical control including NC, CNC, DNC, and CAD/CAM. NC was introduced in 1952 and uses coded instructions to control machine tools. CNC replaced the mechanical controller of NC with a microcomputer. DNC uses a mainframe computer to directly control multiple machine tools through telecommunication lines. CAD is used for design work and CAM for planning and controlling manufacturing functions. CNC automation allows for high accuracy, flexibility and reduced errors in manufacturing.
An introduction to PLC languages - Instruction Language (IL) , Functional Block Diagram (FBD) , Ladder Logic Diagram (LD) and Sequential Function Chart (SFC).
(Download and open with Adobe Reader to see animations)
This document outlines a training course on programmable logic controllers (PLCs) using the Siemens S7-1200 PLC and TIA Portal software. The course consists of 9 modules that cover topics such as PLC hardware components, programming basics, function blocks, timers and counters, math operations, diagnostics, closed-loop control, networking, and human-machine interfaces. The introduction module describes the major PLC components, relay ladder logic, and provides an overview of the S7-1200 PLC and TIA Portal software. The course objectives are to teach students how to program and configure the S7-1200 PLC to automate various industrial processes and systems.
This document summarizes a study on using frequency response methods to identify structural damage in layered composite materials. It proposes a new vibration-based technique that uses changes in the frequency response functions (FRFs) of an undamaged structure compared to a damaged one. Most reported works are based on changes in modal parameters, but this new method detects damage through existence, localization and extent using frequency response function curvature. It aims to establish an online damage identification method for laminated composites to address needs for health monitoring of composite structures, as damage alters their dynamic characteristics.
How to write a biomedical research paperAhmed Negida
This was the presentation of (How to write a biomedical research day workshop) given by Ahmed Negida as a part from MRGE continuous research activities in Egypt.
The course was joined by 45 medical students and seniors from different Egyptian Universities and it was more than 6 hours of exciting learning activities.
Major Learning Objectives were:
1- Structure of biomedical Research Paper
2- How to Write a conference Abstract
3- Scientific Writing Rules
4- Research Protocol
5- Referencing Using Mendeley software
6- Scientific Publication
This document provides an overview of mechatronics systems. It defines mechatronics as the synergistic integration of mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer technology. Mechatronics systems combine sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, power electronics, decision-making algorithms, and computer hardware/software. The document discusses the evolution of mechatronics through the industrial, semiconductor, and information revolutions. It also outlines the key elements of a mechatronics system, including actuators/sensors, signal conditioning, digital logic, software/data acquisition, and computers/displays. Examples of mechatronics applications are provided.
This paper describes the design and fabrication of a novel artificial hand based on a “biomechatronic” and cybernetic approach. The approach is aimed at providing “natural” sensory-motor co-ordination, biomimetic mechanisms, force and position sensors, actuators and control, and by interfacing the hand with the peripheral nervous system.
This document defines mechatronics and provides an overview of its origin, design, applications, and examples. Mechatronics is defined as the synergistic combination of precision engineering, electronics, and systems thinking in product and process design. The term was coined in 1969 by a Japanese engineer. Examples of mechatronic systems include home appliances, robots, vehicles, and the Phoenix Mars lander. The document discusses designing mechatronic systems and replacing mechanical parts with electronic components and sensors. It lists applications and provides brief descriptions of robots and the Phoenix mission.
The document discusses mechatronics education, research, and development. It proposes establishing curricula and guidelines for mechatronics programs, preparing a list of required lab equipment, and offering educational and training courses. It also suggests developing a strategic research plan, scheduling academic activities, and linking education, research, and industry through surveys of job markets, standards, and automation demands. Finally, it provides examples of mechatronics, embedded systems, and robotics curricula and lab activities that integrate mechanical, electrical, computing, and control disciplines.
The document discusses mechatronics and its relationship to big data analytics and the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines mechatronics as a synergistic combination of precision engineering, electronic control, and mechanical systems. It explains that big data derived from IoT devices can be analyzed to better understand consumer behaviors and anticipate future events. This allows companies to develop services that deliver additional value to users. The document also provides tips for achieving successful mechatronic product development, such as setting goals, consolidating requirements, validating functionality, and revising designs when necessary.
This document provides an overview of the Mechatronics and Microprocessor course for the 6th semester of a Mechanical Engineering program. It includes information on the course chapters and units which cover topics like transducers, sensors, actuation systems, signal conditioning, microprocessors, logic functions, and central processing units. It also lists two recommended textbooks for the course. The document then delves into some of the unit topics at a higher level of detail, providing definitions and examples of mechatronic systems, components, and applications.
Design and Testing Ways for Mechatronic Systems IJCI JOURNAL
The elements of a mechatronic system, which are mechanical, electrical and electronic, are interconnected and the connection between the different parts must act as a unit. The
exchange of information between two components of the system is possible if there is a communication in common parameters. The interface refers to all the ways to handle the processes in a system. The number and design of interfaces within an architecture and system boundary significantly influence the simplicity, adaptability, and testability of a system. Interfaces, which are hardware and software, define the functionality of the system by inserting functions from one component to another. The article describes the method of selecting the components
and the way of testing the system during production. Finally, the system must meet the requirements of the customer. The mechatronic system discussed is an industrial product, created in a digital factory.
DESIGN AND TESTING WAYS FOR MECHATRONIC SYSTEMSIJCI JOURNAL
The elements of a mechatronic system, which are mechanical, electrical and electronic, are interconnected
and the connection between the different parts must act as a unit. The exchange of information between two
components of the system is possible if there is a communication in common parameters. The interface
refers to all the ways to handle the processes in a system. The number and design of interfaces within an
architecture and system boundary significantly influence the simplicity, adaptability, and testability of a
system. Interfaces, which are hardware and software, define the functionality of the system by inserting
functions from one component to another. The article describes the method of selecting the components
and the way of testing the system during production. Finally, the system must meet the requirements of the
customer.
This document provides lecture notes on mechatronics. It begins with defining mechatronics as the application of electronics and computer technology to control mechanical systems. It then outlines the syllabus which covers topics like fundamental concepts of mechatronics, transducers, signals and systems, real-time interfacing, and applications of software. Several modules are presented that define concepts like evolution levels of mechatronics, components of mechatronic systems, importance in automation, digital codes, logic gates, sensors, transducers, and specifications of sensors and transducers.
Lec 01(introduction) Mechatronic systems Mohamed Atef
This document outlines a course on mechatronics, including course content, assessment, textbooks, and examples of mini-projects. The course covers topics like mechatronics systems components, product design techniques, actuators, sensors, and PLC and data acquisition. Assessment includes lab progress, mini-project progress and submission, attendance, and a final exam. Examples of mini-projects provided include a medical needle insertion simulator and an adaptive bionic gripper. The document also discusses definitions and background of mechatronics, components of mechatronic systems, and advancements in fields like automotive, biomedical, and aviation applications.
This document discusses hierarchical design models for use in the mechatronic product development process, specifically for synchronous machines. It proposes a hierarchical design process where domain-specific design tasks are not fully integrated at the mechatronic level, but instead models cover different views and levels of detail of a system. Models represent structural, behavioral, and functional knowledge and views of a system. The approach is demonstrated through the design process of synchronous machines.
The document provides an overview of the ME8791 Mechatronics course offered at SSMIET. It outlines 5 units that will be covered: Mechatronics, Sensors and Transducers; Microprocessors and Microcontrollers; Programmable Peripheral Interfaces; Programmable Logic Controllers; and Actuators and Mechatronic System Design. The course aims to impart knowledge of elements and techniques involved in Mechatronic systems, including sensors, microprocessors, actuators, and the design of Mechatronic systems. Upon completing the course, students will be able to discuss various topics related to Mechatronics applications and system design.
A resonable approach for manufacturing system based on supervisory control 2IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel approach for manufacturing system control using supervisory control and discrete event systems. It describes a testbed that was developed using this approach with three main hardware components: a personal computer, interface, and programmable logic controller. The paper discusses developing a model for the large, complex testbed manufacturing system by breaking it down into smaller, fundamental and interaction sub-models. It explains how the testbed model was implemented using clocked Moore synchronous state machines in programmable logic controller ladder logic programs.
The document discusses the need for an integrated mechatronic data model to facilitate collaboration between mechanical, electrical, and software engineering teams in product development. A key challenge is that mechanical and electrical engineering data models represent different levels of detail and have traditionally been managed separately. The document proposes representing both the mechanical and electrical product structures within a single Engineering Data Management system using an object-oriented data model. This would provide the deep integration and bidirectional associations between mechanical and electrical components needed for an effective mechatronic data model.
This document discusses various approaches to mechatronic system design, including:
1) Constraint modeling, which involves classifying constraints between mechanical and electrical components and indicating how attributes affect each other.
2) Bond graph modeling, which treats subsystems as reusable objects that can be interconnected.
3) Declarative and procedural modeling languages, with declarative being preferred for reusability.
4) Collaborative modeling to support multidisciplinary design teams through shared models, repositories, and abstraction capabilities.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in mechatronics engineering. It defines mechatronic systems as integrated electronic-mechanical systems combining sensors, actuators and digital electronics. Important life cycle factors for mechatronic systems include delivery, reliability, maintainability, serviceability, upgradeability and disposability. Modeling represents real systems using mathematical equations and logic. Key properties for the design process are strength, reliability, maintainability and manufacturability. Applications of mechatronic systems include fuzzy-based washing machines, auto-focus cameras, engine management systems and autonomous robots. Main operator risks are trapping, entanglement, impact and ejection.
This document discusses how companies can prepare for the fourth industrial revolution by adopting mechatronics. Mechatronics integrates mechanical, electrical, and software engineering in product design. It allows companies to take a functional approach where the whole machine is designed together, rather than separate sequential design of each component. This reduces costs and errors compared to traditional approaches. Adopting mechatronics and a new complex V-model based on system engineering can help companies design complex products faster and with greater variability to gain a competitive advantage in the future.
1) The document discusses how companies can transition from traditional sequential engineering design processes to integrated mechatronics approaches to be competitive in the fourth industrial revolution.
2) It proposes using functional models and a system engineering approach like MBSE to design products holistically instead of separating mechanical, electrical, and software design.
3) This integrated approach allows for modular product architectures, reduced costs, faster development times, and higher quality products.
A proposed approach to mechatronics design and implementation education orien...Alexander Decker
The document proposes a mechatronics systems design methodology for education that aims to integrate multidisciplinary knowledge throughout the design process. The methodology consists of systematic design steps to help students solve mechatronics design problems. It is based on the VDI2206 guideline and involves defining requirements, conceptual design, modeling/simulation, and prototyping subsystems in parallel. An example of applying the methodology is a student project to design a smart wheelchair to help disabled people perform tasks like religious rituals.
IRJET - Design and Investigation of End Effector Possessor for Robotic LimbIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and investigation of an end effector connector for a robotic limb. The goal is to design a connector that allows a robotic arm to use multiple end effectors when needed to increase flexibility. A finite element analysis is performed using ANSYS to modify an existing end effector connector design using composite materials. The analysis found that a carbon steel material provided high load bearing capacity with low deformation, making it suitable for the robotic arm connector.
Mechanical and production engineering Dr C B Sobhan at IEEE WorkshopProf. Mohandas K P
This document provides an overview of mechanical engineering, including what topics are covered, related fields, career prospects, and examples of famous mechanical engineers. It discusses the fundamental areas studied such as mechanics, thermodynamics, and materials science. It also outlines specialized topics including robotics, mechatronics, nanotechnology, and production engineering. The document concludes by wishing the reader best of luck in their studies and providing an example of the speaker working with a renowned mechanical engineer.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AI
Advance in mechatronics
1. Advance in Mechatronics
Muzammil Nakadey, Shaikh Moinuddin, Merchant Bilal 1
Kalsekar Polytechnic
Address
Mechanical Department, 2nd
year (inst.code-1608)
1
bmerchant96@yahoo.in
Abstract— Mechatronics does not have a
definite definition; However, Mechatronics could
roughly be defined as an interdisciplinary
engineering with a synergistic combination of
mechanical engineering. The portmanteau
"Mechatronics" was first coined by Mr. Tetsuro
Mori, a senior engineer of the Japanese company
Yaskawa, in 1969.The major advantages of
Mechatronics Systems are that they are simpler,
economical, reliable and versatile systems when
integrated than being operated as individual
systems. Due to these major advantages, its field
of application is very vast like Automotives,
Defence, Medical, Smart consumer products,
Manufacturing, etc. Cars, CD players, washing
machines, railways are all examples of
mechatronic systems. The main characteristic
(and driving force) of recent advances is the
progressively tighter coupling of mechanic and
electronic components with software.
In this paper we survey current developments
and discuss future trends in mechatronics, the
future of mechatronics will specifically see a
move towards a high degree
of adaptability and self-organization.
Keywords— Mechatronics, Actuators,
Automation, Miniaturization, Modularization,
etc.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mechatronics is “the application of
microelectronics in mechanical engineering” (the
original definition suggested by MITI of Japan).
Previously, mechatronics just meant
complementing mechanical parts with some
electrical units, a typical representant being a photo
camera. Today, mechatronics is an area combining
a large number of advanced techniques from
engineering, in particular sensor and actuator
technology, with computer science methods. Figure
1 depicts the three areas of mechatronics and their
overlap.
Typical examples of mechatronic systems are
automotive applications, e.g. advanced braking
systems, fly/steer-by wire or active suspension, but
also DVD-players or washing machines.
Mechatronic systems are characterized by a
combination of basic mechanical devices with a
processing unit monitoring and controlling it via a
number of actuators and sensors. The introduction
of mechatronics is a tight integration of mechanical,
electrical and information-driven units.
Fig. 1 Areas of Mechatronics
II. CHANGES IN THE NATURE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSORS
AND PRODUCTS
In the era prior to the invention of the
electromagnetic induction dynamo (1830-40) by
Michael Faraday, all “machines” (technological
processes and products) were mechanical (M) in
nature, i.e., composed essentially of mechanical
units. Since mechanical units exhibit large inertia,
machines of this era tended to be large,
cumbersome, slow, “uni-functional” and “non-user
friendly (difficult to control and maintain)”.
However, it sufficed for the innovators of such
machines to be well versed in mechanical sciences
and arts.
By the late 19th century, since electrical (E1)
energy can be transmitted and transformed much
more easily than mechanical energy, the energy
2. receiving and manipulating units within machines
(technological processes and products) started to be
replaced by functionally comparable electric units. As
a result, machines became more compact, controllable
and user-friendly.
A technological transformation occurred with the
advent of analog electronic (E2) valves in the
earlier half of the last century. This transformation
accelerated after the 1950s owing to the
development of transistors, digital electronics and
power electronics (E3). Wherever possible,
electrical functional units were replaced by such
electronic units so as to attain several orders
superior performance in terms of size,
controllability and user-friendliness. The synergistic
combination of E1, E2, and E3 technologies may be
collectively referred to as E technologies
(electrical/electronic technologies).
The second half of the last century saw dramatic
changes in technological processes and products
owing to the rapid extension of earlier successes in
electronic technologies towards the development of
a bewildering array of digital computational units
(computers): general purpose integrated chips (IC),
application specific ICs (ASIC), microprocessors
(µp), etc. These functional units are now so small in
size (miniaturized) that they can be embedded
within the functional units.
III. STATE OF ART
Modeling & Tools: In a certain sense, modeling
and even model driven development, i.e. the
generation of executable code from a model, has
long been existing in the mechatronic world to
improve software quality based on model analysis.
Code Generation: Based on such a specification,
model based development ideally requires the
generation of code which meets all real time
constraints. This requires the code generator to
know about all platform specific constraints like
speed and number of processors or available
memory. Only a very few research oriented
approaches exist to support a uniform modeling of
the behavior of all system components including the
specification of real time constraints and a
corresponding code generation.
Processes: The above description focused on
modeling the software part of mechatronic systems.
One of the most prominent problems in current
industrial development and even research
approaches is however the lack of integration
between the different disciplines, namely
mechanical and electrical engineering and computer
science or software engineering more specifically.
Usually, the mechanical engineer starts with
designing the shape and mechanical parts, then the
electrical engineer plans the wiring and finally the
software engineer has to write the code. This
approach leads to a lot of design errors and costly
rework when it is finally noticed that some parts do
not fit together or the simple layout of processors
and memory make certain software solutions
impossible.
Analysis & Tools: A rather large percentage of
mechatronic systems are deployed in safety critical
areas (e.g. the automotive or rail domain). This
makes analysis of mechatronic systems (or first of
all, their models) one of the main areas of work for
software engineers employed in the design of such
systems. Since its invention in the late 80’s model
checking has become a standard technique for
verification, in particular for hardware systems.
The main advantage of model checking which
makes it interesting for mechatronic systems is its
(almost) full automation, providing tool support for
analysis. Notwithstanding recent advances and
success stories, the main challenge is still the so-
called state explosion problem: model checking
techniques (most often) rely on a search of the
whole state space, and this can grow to arbitrarily
large dimensions. For Example: SAT solvers are
combined with decision procedures (giving so-
called SMT-solvers), model checking with specific
AI search methods, bounded model checking is
parallelized or model checking combined with
static analysis methods.
Mechatronic systems present a further challenge
for verification as they belong to the area of hybrid
systems, characterized by a combination of discrete
and continuous parts. The software constitutes the
discrete part, while the continuous dynamics
corresponds to the physical system with its sensors
and actuators. Verification of hybrid systems today
is still in its infancy. System models in this class are
written as timed automata, and a number of tools
support verification of timed automata with respect
3. to reachability or even temporal logic specified
properties. Automation can still only partially be
achieved; the algorithms employed in the model
checking are not guaranteed to terminate anymore.
In order to make the actual system fit into the
required subclass, approximations of the real
system are used.
Fig. 2 Composition of Mechatronics system
IV.FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES
We believe that future mechatronic systems will
consist of several autonomously acting agents
capable of monitoring their own physical
environment as well exchanging information with
other agents. Constructing the software of advanced
systems requires a number of significant changes of
current software engineering techniques. In
particular, the following issues have to be addressed
to build the next generation systems properly.
A. Current software design processes are
tailored towards a particular domain rather than
spanning over all involved domains.
B. Modeling formalisms allow for a description
of static systems but not for their volatility. Model
transformations are meant for transforming models
towards a particular use on a platform but not for
describing the change in that model.
C. Analysis techniques mainly rely on the
knowledge about a global state space and cannot
cope with properties only emerging due to the
volatility of systems.
D. Secure exchange of information is usually
based on a central unit and cannot manage
decentralized highly distributed systems of agents
dynamically building as well as resolving clusters.
The integration of mechanical, electrical and
software parts poses challenges which so far have
only partly been addressed. For the analysis of
today’s mechatronic systems we can identify the
following shortcomings:
Precise hybrid modeling: No hybrid
modeling techniques exist today which are
able to describe the diverse parts of a
mechatronic system in a uniform and precise
way. Current formalisms try to simply
combine some of the existing modeling
language from the three areas but most often
without giving a meaning to the mixed use of
diagrams.
Integrated hybrid analysis: The three
disciplines involved in the construction of
mechatronic systems all have analysis
techniques on their own. Instead of applying
these in isolation, an integrated analysis
framework is needed in which a particular
type of analysis in one area supports & relies
on analysis in another area.
Fig. 3 Example of Miniaturization
Verification Systems with discrete and
continuous parts are intrinsically difficult to verify.
Model checking of hybrid systems and the transfer
of known verification techniques to the domain of
hybrid systems remains a challenge.
Volatility Evolution according to new data from
the environment will be one main characteristic of
future advanced mechatronic systems. The behavior
of such systems will thus not be completely fixed
during design, but is allowed to adapt to
environmental changes. The permitted degree of
change might partially be laid down by model
transformations being part of the model itself.
Verification thus has to show that the system
remains safe under all possible influences from the
environment.
V. FUTURE TRENDS IN MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
By definition, automation is the replacement of
human labour. And technology is (just) a bag of
tools that come in the form of hardware and/or
software. A tool is something that assists in
performing existing tasks better or enables new
4. tasks to be performed. In other words, it somehow
replaces human labour, i.e., automates the task.
Thus progress in technology (through mechatronics,
or otherwise) is synonymous to automation. Human
activity can be broadly divided into two categories:
individual or collective (social). Individual
activities may be purely mental or combined with
physical activity. Irrespective of whether it is
reflexive or reflective, any human physical act
requires effort at five levels:
i. Setting the goal (a purely mental activity).
ii. Sensing the environment through the five
sensory organs: eyes, ears, skin, tongue, and nose.
iii. Communicating the sensory signals to the
central neural processor called the brain.
iv. Fusing the signals to recognize patterns of
interest and output the command signals to human
limbs.
v. Performing the physical task using limbs
(actuators).
A remarkable human ability is to learn from the
results obtained from past acts so as to perform
better when executing similar tasks in the future.
This learning ability provides human beings with
the ability to act as autonomous units. A further
ability lies in communicating with other human
beings so as to undertake collective tasks.
The above description of human abilities provides a
basis for understanding trends in mechatronics.
A. Sensing and sensor fusion (task ii) will be
the next capability to be acquired by mechatronic
systems. Already, many mechatronic units possess
rudimentary sensing abilities. For instance, modern
air conditioning units are able to sense air
temperature and humidity through separate sensors
and fuse the signals through fuzzy logic reasoning.
Likewise, sensors in the form of transducers have
long been used to enable feedback control in
machines. However, there is still a long way to go.
Sensors produce copious amounts of data that need
to be digested to discover patterns of interest before
control can be effected through the “actuators”.
Advances in high-speed microcomputers and signal
processing algorithms have now opened the door
for the exploitation of sensors exploiting a wide
range of physical, chemical and, even, biological
phenomena. While actuators are limited in variety,
the variety of possible sensors is almost unlimited.
For instance cutting forces in CNC machining
(Figure 4) and its consequences (e.g., tool fracture)
can today be monitored and controlled using
commercially available devices capable of sensing
machining noise, machine vibrations, acoustic
emission, drive motor current, etc. Future
mechatronic engineers will have to possess deeper
understanding of natural sciences so as to cope with
the growing variety of sensors.
Fig. 4 CNC Machine
B. Machine learning: Intelligence means
adapting to the environment and improving
performance over time. Within the domain of
mechatronic engineering, “there has been
considerable interest in learning through the use of
ANN and fuzzy logic for applications in control and
robotics, autonomous guided vehicles (AGV), etc.,
that require mainly reflective intelligence when
performed by human operators and tasks, such as
machine diagnostics, requiring combinations of
reflexive intelligence and low level reflective
intelligence.” This interest will continue well into
the future.
Fig. 5 Example of sensing and sensor fusion: Robots
C. Autonomization refers to the development
of the ability to survive and perform robustly while
the external environment changes. With progress in
sensor and learning technologies, tomorrow’s
mechatronic devices can be expected to become
progressively more autonomous. They will be able
to reset their local goals autonomously under
changing external environments so as to meet the
broad system-level goals set by human beings.
5. D. Modularization will be a consequence of
autonomization. Mechatronic sub-units will come
in modular form, i.e., with all the abilities required
for local goal setting, control, and learning
encapsulated within the sub-unit. Thus, in time,
every mechatronic sub-unit will be self-contained
and intelligent.
E. Miniaturization refers to the trend towards
mechatronic units of significantly smaller size
(Figure 3). Progress in precision engineering, newer
materials (composites, diamond coatings, etc.), and
nano-technologies will contribute to this
development.
F. Links to the Internet: The Internet will
become ubiquitous within the mechatronic world.
Every autonomous mechatronic unit will be
connected via broadband and satellite networks to
the rest of the world. Each mechatronic device will
be able to access the information and knowledge
base available on the Internet so as to optimize its
own performance. At the same time, it will be able
to communicate its operational status to remote
monitors.
G. Societies of devices: The metaphor of
society is very similar to that used by Minsky in his
book “The Society of Mind”. He says: “[M]ind is
made up of many smaller processes. These we’ll
call agents. Each mental agent by itself can only do
simple things that need no mind or thought at all.
Yet when we join these agents and societies in
certain special ways this leads to true intelligence.”
Once a mechatronic device has become
autonomous, locally intelligent, and able to
communicate extensively via the Internet, it can
join “societies” of devices with a common purpose
or interest.
VI.CONCLUSIONS
In this article, we have sketched current, future
trends and advancement in the development of
mechatronic systems. In particular, we have
discussed the challenges involved in the
construction of future advanced systems.
Summarizing, these can be roughly divided into
two categories: the challenges arising from the
collaboration of several different disciplines (which
is already an issue today), and those due to the
aspect of self-coordination which seems to be a
main characteristic distinguishing current from
future mechatronic systems. These are challenges to
all involved disciplines, but in particular to software
engineering. Key to a success in mastering them is
the joint effort and collaboration of disciplines,
within computer science and engineering.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Healthy thanks to Prof. Aamir Siwani and Prof. Rashid for
their proper guidance and co-operation.
REFERENCES
[1] Nitaigour Premchand Mahalik, Mechatronics, McGraw-
Hill International Edition, 2012
[2] www.advancemechatronics.com
[3] www.sciencedirect.com
[4] wiki.answers.com
[5] seminarprojects.com
[6] www.powershow.com
[7] link.springer.com
[8] www.designnews.com
[9] mechatronics-net.de
[10] www.scribd.com