The document discusses compressors and their performance measurement. It describes how a compressor works by sucking in air at lower pressure and delivering it at higher pressure. The performance of a compressor is measured by parameters like capacity and pressure. Capacity is measured in units of volume per unit of time, known as Free Air Delivery (FAD), at standard temperature and pressure conditions. Pressure is also an important parameter and can be measured in units like bars, psi, etc. The document then discusses the different types of compressors - positive displacement compressors and dynamic compressors - and provides examples like reciprocating compressors, screw compressors, centrifugal compressors. It explains the working principles of reciprocating, screw and centrifugal compressors
Pneumatic Products BAP desiccant dryer purifiers are designed to provide a continuous supply of clean, safe breathing air from your existing compressed air system.
General Air Products, Inc. - Air Compressor Selection and Design for Dry Pipe Fire Sprinkler Systems. This presentation is designed to educate fire sprinkler professionals, especially designers, engineers and technicians on the fundamentals of air compressor design, function and proper sizing and selection. For questions on this presentation please contact us at 800-345-8207 or visit our web site www.generalairproducts.com
Clean Air System Catalog RAX Series Made in Japan D AG
ompressed air equipment catalog orion
Máy sấy khí hấp thụ (Heatless Desiccant AIr Dryer) compressed air equipment catalog orion Heatless air dryer QSQ Small/medium Series
The document discusses various types of compressors used to raise the pressure of gases. It describes reciprocating compressors, which use pistons to compress gases, and rotary compressors like screw compressors that rotate to continuously compress gases. It also discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal compressors that speed up gases to convert velocity energy to pressure energy. The document provides details on compressor components, working principles, performance parameters, selection criteria and efficiency definitions.
This document presents a project presentation by six students at Seacom Engineering College on the study and demonstration of the principles of a turbocharger. It includes definitions of a turbocharger and supercharger, explanations of why turbochargers are used instead of superchargers, diagrams of key turbocharger components like the turbine, compressor, shaft, and housing. It also covers the Brayton cycle that turbochargers are based on and comparisons of naturally aspirated versus supercharged engine P-V diagrams. Application areas and improvements in turbocharger performance over time are summarized as well.
Types, Operations and Maintenance of Air Compressor PlantsNejat Öztezcan
The document discusses maintenance and operation of air compressor plants. It provides information on different types of compressors used on ships, including:
1. Main air compressors which provide high-capacity air storage for starting engines.
2. Deck compressors which are smaller and more portable for tasks like pneumatic tools.
3. Emergency compressors which serve as a backup air source in emergencies to start auxiliary engines if the main compressor fails.
The document outlines compressor systems, components, efficiency factors, and procedures for checking bumping clearance on main air compressors.
This document describes how to estimate the pressure ratio and mass flow rate needed for a turbocharger based on an engine's horsepower target. It explains key parts of a compressor map, including pressure ratio, mass flow rate, surge and choke lines, turbo speed lines, and efficiency islands. It provides equations to calculate the required airflow in pounds per minute based on the horsepower target, air/fuel ratio, and brake specific fuel consumption. An example calculation estimates the required airflow would be 44 pounds per minute for a 400 horsepower target.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
Pneumatic Products BAP desiccant dryer purifiers are designed to provide a continuous supply of clean, safe breathing air from your existing compressed air system.
General Air Products, Inc. - Air Compressor Selection and Design for Dry Pipe Fire Sprinkler Systems. This presentation is designed to educate fire sprinkler professionals, especially designers, engineers and technicians on the fundamentals of air compressor design, function and proper sizing and selection. For questions on this presentation please contact us at 800-345-8207 or visit our web site www.generalairproducts.com
Clean Air System Catalog RAX Series Made in Japan D AG
ompressed air equipment catalog orion
Máy sấy khí hấp thụ (Heatless Desiccant AIr Dryer) compressed air equipment catalog orion Heatless air dryer QSQ Small/medium Series
The document discusses various types of compressors used to raise the pressure of gases. It describes reciprocating compressors, which use pistons to compress gases, and rotary compressors like screw compressors that rotate to continuously compress gases. It also discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal compressors that speed up gases to convert velocity energy to pressure energy. The document provides details on compressor components, working principles, performance parameters, selection criteria and efficiency definitions.
This document presents a project presentation by six students at Seacom Engineering College on the study and demonstration of the principles of a turbocharger. It includes definitions of a turbocharger and supercharger, explanations of why turbochargers are used instead of superchargers, diagrams of key turbocharger components like the turbine, compressor, shaft, and housing. It also covers the Brayton cycle that turbochargers are based on and comparisons of naturally aspirated versus supercharged engine P-V diagrams. Application areas and improvements in turbocharger performance over time are summarized as well.
Types, Operations and Maintenance of Air Compressor PlantsNejat Öztezcan
The document discusses maintenance and operation of air compressor plants. It provides information on different types of compressors used on ships, including:
1. Main air compressors which provide high-capacity air storage for starting engines.
2. Deck compressors which are smaller and more portable for tasks like pneumatic tools.
3. Emergency compressors which serve as a backup air source in emergencies to start auxiliary engines if the main compressor fails.
The document outlines compressor systems, components, efficiency factors, and procedures for checking bumping clearance on main air compressors.
This document describes how to estimate the pressure ratio and mass flow rate needed for a turbocharger based on an engine's horsepower target. It explains key parts of a compressor map, including pressure ratio, mass flow rate, surge and choke lines, turbo speed lines, and efficiency islands. It provides equations to calculate the required airflow in pounds per minute based on the horsepower target, air/fuel ratio, and brake specific fuel consumption. An example calculation estimates the required airflow would be 44 pounds per minute for a 400 horsepower target.
This document provides information about industrial air compressors. It discusses the key differences between pumps and compressors, with compressors being able to compress gases by decreasing their volume and increasing pressure. Compressed air is widely used in industrial processes due to properties like its elastic nature and non-toxicity. The document then describes the working principles of positive displacement and dynamic compressors. It provides details on types of positive displacement compressors like reciprocating, screw, and vane compressors. Reciprocating compressors are explained in depth, covering components like cylinders, pistons, crankshafts and valves.
Compressed air is a key utility used across many industrial sectors. A typical compressed air system contains multiple compressors, dryers, and filters to provide clean, dry air for applications like pneumatic controls and critical valves. Compressed air compressors increase air pressure and common types include reciprocating and rotary compressors. Instrument air requires very low moisture content to prevent corrosion and malfunctions in pneumatic instrumentation.
Pranav Vikas (India) Pvt. Ltd. is a heat exchanger manufacturer established in 1982 in Faridabad, India. Over the past 30 years, it has become one of the largest heat exchanger manufacturers in India with a strong R&D team and facilities for design and manufacturing. The company aims to be a world-leading heat exchanger manufacturer and benchmark in technology, design, manufacturing, and quality. Pranav Vikas produces aluminum heat exchangers for various applications and has received ISO and quality certifications. It also operates in other industries such as automotive air conditioning.
Delivery volume is the quantity of air that a compressor delivers to a system.
It is specified in terms of air at normal atmospheric conditions.
There are two types of delivery volumes
Ex:
For a reciprocating compressor, the theoretical delivery volume is the product of volume of air swept in one revolution of its rotating element and the number of revolutions per unit time.
Effective delivery volume
Depends on the type of compressor.
To pneumatic personnel, only the effective delivery volume is of interest as this air volume is available for driving and controlling pneumatic equipment.
When air is compressed, work is done, and a part of this work
appears as heat in the compressed air.
The heat produced must be removed by cooling the air. Good cooling extends the life of the compressor.
Cooling methods
Selection of a suitable cooling system depends on the amount of heat produced.
Cooling fins on smaller air-cooled compressors permit the heat to be
removed by radiation.
A large compressor is usually equipped with an additional fan to take away the heat. In the case of a compressors with a drive power in excess of 30 kw are equipped with a water circulation cooling system.
To match the delivery volume of the compressor with the fluctuating air consumption and as a safety measure, it is necessary to regulate the pressure developed by the compressor.
Various methods of regulation are employed for this purpose.
Start/Stop (On-off Regulation)
Pressure (switching) limits Pmax and Pmin that can be set on a regulator. The drive motor is switched off on reaching a preset maximum pressure, Pmax The motor is switched on again when the pressure has dropped to a preset minimum pressure, Pmin.
Start/Stop (On-off Regulation)
It keeps the motor running continuously, but unloads compressor when the discharge pressure is adequate.
Unloaded rotary screw compressors typically consume 15-35% of their full load power demand, while producing no useful compressed air output.
Optional unload timers are available that will save energy by automatically turning off the compressor and placing it in standby if the unit runs unloaded for a period of time (usually 15 minutes).
Regulation methods
Modulating Control
This mode of control varies the compressor output to meet flow requirements by adjusting the inlet valve, resulting in air restrictions to the compressor.
Variable Displacement
Some lubricated rotary screw compressors vary their output capacity using special capacity control valves, also called spiral, turn or poppet valves.
With a variable displacement control scheme, the output pressure and compressor power consumption can be closely controlled without having to start/stop or load/unload the compressor.
Regulation methods
Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
This control method varies the speed of the compressor to respond to changes in air demand.
Both lubricated and oil free screw compressors can be purchased equipped with variable speed drive controls that c
The document discusses Toyota's Pulsed Secondary Air Injection (PAIR) system which introduces additional air into the exhaust flow to allow combustion to continue into the exhaust system, lowering HC and CO emissions. The PAIR system uses a valve, vacuum switching valve, check valve, and resonator controlled by the ECM to draw air into the exhaust manifold during cold engine operation and deceleration. An inoperative PAIR system can increase emissions by lacking the oxygen needed to promote emission oxidation in the exhaust manifold and catalytic converter.
This document discusses low cost automation using pneumatic systems. It begins with an overview of automation and pneumatics, explaining that pneumatics can provide low cost automation solutions through reducing labor costs, machine investment costs, and increasing productivity. The document then covers various pneumatic components and applications, advantages and disadvantages of pneumatics, pneumatic standards, classifications of pneumatic elements, and examples of pneumatic circuits.
Here you will find an example of an Air Demand Analysis (ADA) that we performed for a customer of ours earlier this year. Many times in our industry we meet with a customer that is looking for a more efficient compressed air system. We at Palmetto Compressors, Inc. strive to provide our customers with accurate information and educated recommendations. Often we hear that "our competitor is doing a free air study", which is normally based completely on theoretical data and unknowns and usually tailored by the vendor to promote their "best product". With our ADA we are not walking in and installing just amp clamps. With our ADA we are installing KW meters, multiple pressure transducers, amp monitors, flow meters and logging equipment. By doing so we are able to log accurate data and provide our customers with exactly what their air usage is. By using the information logged while completing the ADA, we work with the engineers at Kaeser Compressors to put this information into a detailed report explaining all of the findings. As you look through the attached report you will see on page 11 that we were able to provide this customer with options that could save them as much as $10,000 per year in power cost alone. Not to mention provide them with a solution that lowered their maintenance cost. In many situations we are able to work with our customer's energy provider to initiate rebates for the purchase of energy efficient equipment.
If you would like to learn more about our Air Demand Analysis please feel free to contact me at 864-266-5670 or by email at Jtacker@palmettocompressors.com. It could very well save your company thousands.
Sincerely,
Jason T. Acker
The document discusses various types of air brake systems used in trains. It begins with an introduction to developments in air brake systems, including twin pipe and automatic load sensing systems. It then describes the classification of air brake systems as direct or graduated release, and as single or twin pipe. The key components and working of a graduated twin pipe air brake system are explained. Advantages of twin pipe systems include improved braking performance and reduced drag on the train.
This document provides information about a project to disengage a compressor from its pulley drive during unloading. It includes details about the project team, company overview, literature review on thermal analysis of reciprocating compressors, current controlling mechanisms used, and possible solutions like clutch pulley, alternator de-coupler pulleys, and fast and loose pulley. The goal is to allow the compressor to disengage from the drive when pressure in the storage tank reaches the required limit.
1. The document provides information about an air compressor at Asian Paints Khandala plant, including its specifications, components, electrical and control systems.
2. It describes the oil injected screw compressor as having a capacity of 1500 CFM@7.5Bar powered by a 250KW motor.
3. The key components are the suction air filter, unloading valve, compression unit, oil separator, oil cooler, oil filter and air cooler; and the compressor is controlled through a main control system that monitors sensors for temperature, pressure and alarms.
Compressed air Energy saving possibilities in textile millsAshok Sethuraman
The textile mills are aware now that in their total Electricity units consumed per day towards compressed air, they are losing more than 30 % units in compressed air. But, in the total Electricity units per day consumption, the mill can achieve only around 5 to 10 % reduction in that Units Per Day after the energy audit & implementation.
But here in compressed air, they find the Low Hanging Fruit with zero & low cost payback. Compressed air leakage is a hidden losses daily happening in the mill and if not identified and corrected today, this aggravates the losses, which are accelerating now.
When the mill goes for modernization, the automated production demands more compressed air usage. So instead of arresting the existing air leakages, now the mill buys more compressors so satisfy the production demands, but leakage increases more.
Compressor Selection in Refrigeration Systems (Example)Ali Faizan Wattoo
selection of a compressor for a given refrigeration system, explained with a solved example,,,, rotary vane compressors,,,, r 717 ammonia refrigerant,,,,, compressor sizing,,,, compressor rating
The document discusses an oxygen plant that produces gaseous and liquid oxygen at high purity levels for medical and industrial use. [1] The plant can produce 100m3/hr of 99.5-99.6% pure oxygen gas or liquid oxygen at 150 bars of pressure. [2] It uses ambient air as its raw material, which is 21% oxygen, and separates oxygen from other gases like nitrogen through a cryogenic process involving cooling air to below -150 degrees Celsius. [3] The plant has several units including an air compressor, air booster, cooling system, molecular sieve batteries, cryogenic expander, air separation unit, and liquid oxygen pump.
This document provides information about Sanden Vikas India Limited, an automotive air conditioning manufacturer. It discusses the company's establishment in 1982 as a joint venture, locations, awards, mission, R&D team, products including compressors, HVAC units, and parts like condensers and evaporators. Sanden Vikas aims to be a leading Indian automotive air conditioning company and benchmarks with global standards of technology, design, manufacturing and quality.
This document provides information on Ingersoll Rand reciprocating air compressors. It summarizes the company's history of innovation in compressor technology since 1872. It then provides details on their single-stage and two-stage compressor models for various applications, including packaged options, available voltages, dimensions and other specifications. The document emphasizes Ingersoll Rand compressors' efficiency, reliability and longevity through proven design and enhancements over many decades.
- The document summarizes the internship report of Adnan Hatim Nek at the Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL) Sui Gas Field.
- It describes the various departments and processes at the Sui Field Gas Compression Station including QHSE, administration, planning, operations, machinery, and compression.
- Key parts of the compression process are described involving slug catchers, scrubbers, knockout drums, low pressure and high pressure compression and cooling.
General overview of HVAC Technology
General overview of VRF Technology
Benefits of VRF
General overview of Refrigerant
General overview of Ton
General overview of Compressor
This document provides an overview of pneumatic systems for FIRST robots, including key components in the 2010 kit of parts, basic pneumatic principles, calculations for determining cylinder force, examples of typical pneumatic applications, and tips for design and safety. It covers topics such as air compressors, tanks, regulators, solenoid valves, cylinder sizing, energy usage calculations, gripper and braking system examples, and considerations around the pros and cons of pneumatics.
Compressed air and refrigeration systemD.Pawan Kumar
The document discusses various aspects of improving energy efficiency in compressed air systems. It describes how only 10% of the energy used by an air compressor typically reaches the point of use, with the rest lost as heat. It then discusses different types of compressors, system components, distribution systems, factors affecting power consumption like temperature and pressure, and methods to reduce leaks and recover waste heat. Measures like proper sizing of pipes, cooling compressors, reducing pressure drops and leaks can significantly improve the efficiency of compressed air systems.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial flow types, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Key components are the cylinder, piston, valves. Selection depends on factors like operating conditions, safety, economics.
Compressors system Designing 919825024651Sdsplit Split
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial compressors, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Selection depends on operating conditions like flow rate and pressure ratio. Applications include HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial processes.
The document discusses the concept of smart cities, outlining key elements like smart governance, smart mobility, smart living, and using technologies like IoT, GPS and ICT to improve services, infrastructure, and sustainability in urban areas. It provides examples of smart city initiatives in areas like waste management, water supply, and transportation from cities in India and abroad. The presentation evaluates challenges in implementing smart city projects and emphasizes the importance of public participation.
This document provides information about different types of valves, their components, and testing procedures. It discusses the main types of valves including gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, and check valves. For each type it provides details on their design, advantages, and disadvantages. It also covers common valve components, connections, materials, and how to read a trim chart. Finally, it describes the various testing methods for valves outlined in API 598 including shell tests, backseat tests, and high and low pressure closure tests. It provides guidelines for test pressures, fluids, durations, and acceptable leakage rates.
Compressed air is a key utility used across many industrial sectors. A typical compressed air system contains multiple compressors, dryers, and filters to provide clean, dry air for applications like pneumatic controls and critical valves. Compressed air compressors increase air pressure and common types include reciprocating and rotary compressors. Instrument air requires very low moisture content to prevent corrosion and malfunctions in pneumatic instrumentation.
Pranav Vikas (India) Pvt. Ltd. is a heat exchanger manufacturer established in 1982 in Faridabad, India. Over the past 30 years, it has become one of the largest heat exchanger manufacturers in India with a strong R&D team and facilities for design and manufacturing. The company aims to be a world-leading heat exchanger manufacturer and benchmark in technology, design, manufacturing, and quality. Pranav Vikas produces aluminum heat exchangers for various applications and has received ISO and quality certifications. It also operates in other industries such as automotive air conditioning.
Delivery volume is the quantity of air that a compressor delivers to a system.
It is specified in terms of air at normal atmospheric conditions.
There are two types of delivery volumes
Ex:
For a reciprocating compressor, the theoretical delivery volume is the product of volume of air swept in one revolution of its rotating element and the number of revolutions per unit time.
Effective delivery volume
Depends on the type of compressor.
To pneumatic personnel, only the effective delivery volume is of interest as this air volume is available for driving and controlling pneumatic equipment.
When air is compressed, work is done, and a part of this work
appears as heat in the compressed air.
The heat produced must be removed by cooling the air. Good cooling extends the life of the compressor.
Cooling methods
Selection of a suitable cooling system depends on the amount of heat produced.
Cooling fins on smaller air-cooled compressors permit the heat to be
removed by radiation.
A large compressor is usually equipped with an additional fan to take away the heat. In the case of a compressors with a drive power in excess of 30 kw are equipped with a water circulation cooling system.
To match the delivery volume of the compressor with the fluctuating air consumption and as a safety measure, it is necessary to regulate the pressure developed by the compressor.
Various methods of regulation are employed for this purpose.
Start/Stop (On-off Regulation)
Pressure (switching) limits Pmax and Pmin that can be set on a regulator. The drive motor is switched off on reaching a preset maximum pressure, Pmax The motor is switched on again when the pressure has dropped to a preset minimum pressure, Pmin.
Start/Stop (On-off Regulation)
It keeps the motor running continuously, but unloads compressor when the discharge pressure is adequate.
Unloaded rotary screw compressors typically consume 15-35% of their full load power demand, while producing no useful compressed air output.
Optional unload timers are available that will save energy by automatically turning off the compressor and placing it in standby if the unit runs unloaded for a period of time (usually 15 minutes).
Regulation methods
Modulating Control
This mode of control varies the compressor output to meet flow requirements by adjusting the inlet valve, resulting in air restrictions to the compressor.
Variable Displacement
Some lubricated rotary screw compressors vary their output capacity using special capacity control valves, also called spiral, turn or poppet valves.
With a variable displacement control scheme, the output pressure and compressor power consumption can be closely controlled without having to start/stop or load/unload the compressor.
Regulation methods
Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
This control method varies the speed of the compressor to respond to changes in air demand.
Both lubricated and oil free screw compressors can be purchased equipped with variable speed drive controls that c
The document discusses Toyota's Pulsed Secondary Air Injection (PAIR) system which introduces additional air into the exhaust flow to allow combustion to continue into the exhaust system, lowering HC and CO emissions. The PAIR system uses a valve, vacuum switching valve, check valve, and resonator controlled by the ECM to draw air into the exhaust manifold during cold engine operation and deceleration. An inoperative PAIR system can increase emissions by lacking the oxygen needed to promote emission oxidation in the exhaust manifold and catalytic converter.
This document discusses low cost automation using pneumatic systems. It begins with an overview of automation and pneumatics, explaining that pneumatics can provide low cost automation solutions through reducing labor costs, machine investment costs, and increasing productivity. The document then covers various pneumatic components and applications, advantages and disadvantages of pneumatics, pneumatic standards, classifications of pneumatic elements, and examples of pneumatic circuits.
Here you will find an example of an Air Demand Analysis (ADA) that we performed for a customer of ours earlier this year. Many times in our industry we meet with a customer that is looking for a more efficient compressed air system. We at Palmetto Compressors, Inc. strive to provide our customers with accurate information and educated recommendations. Often we hear that "our competitor is doing a free air study", which is normally based completely on theoretical data and unknowns and usually tailored by the vendor to promote their "best product". With our ADA we are not walking in and installing just amp clamps. With our ADA we are installing KW meters, multiple pressure transducers, amp monitors, flow meters and logging equipment. By doing so we are able to log accurate data and provide our customers with exactly what their air usage is. By using the information logged while completing the ADA, we work with the engineers at Kaeser Compressors to put this information into a detailed report explaining all of the findings. As you look through the attached report you will see on page 11 that we were able to provide this customer with options that could save them as much as $10,000 per year in power cost alone. Not to mention provide them with a solution that lowered their maintenance cost. In many situations we are able to work with our customer's energy provider to initiate rebates for the purchase of energy efficient equipment.
If you would like to learn more about our Air Demand Analysis please feel free to contact me at 864-266-5670 or by email at Jtacker@palmettocompressors.com. It could very well save your company thousands.
Sincerely,
Jason T. Acker
The document discusses various types of air brake systems used in trains. It begins with an introduction to developments in air brake systems, including twin pipe and automatic load sensing systems. It then describes the classification of air brake systems as direct or graduated release, and as single or twin pipe. The key components and working of a graduated twin pipe air brake system are explained. Advantages of twin pipe systems include improved braking performance and reduced drag on the train.
This document provides information about a project to disengage a compressor from its pulley drive during unloading. It includes details about the project team, company overview, literature review on thermal analysis of reciprocating compressors, current controlling mechanisms used, and possible solutions like clutch pulley, alternator de-coupler pulleys, and fast and loose pulley. The goal is to allow the compressor to disengage from the drive when pressure in the storage tank reaches the required limit.
1. The document provides information about an air compressor at Asian Paints Khandala plant, including its specifications, components, electrical and control systems.
2. It describes the oil injected screw compressor as having a capacity of 1500 CFM@7.5Bar powered by a 250KW motor.
3. The key components are the suction air filter, unloading valve, compression unit, oil separator, oil cooler, oil filter and air cooler; and the compressor is controlled through a main control system that monitors sensors for temperature, pressure and alarms.
Compressed air Energy saving possibilities in textile millsAshok Sethuraman
The textile mills are aware now that in their total Electricity units consumed per day towards compressed air, they are losing more than 30 % units in compressed air. But, in the total Electricity units per day consumption, the mill can achieve only around 5 to 10 % reduction in that Units Per Day after the energy audit & implementation.
But here in compressed air, they find the Low Hanging Fruit with zero & low cost payback. Compressed air leakage is a hidden losses daily happening in the mill and if not identified and corrected today, this aggravates the losses, which are accelerating now.
When the mill goes for modernization, the automated production demands more compressed air usage. So instead of arresting the existing air leakages, now the mill buys more compressors so satisfy the production demands, but leakage increases more.
Compressor Selection in Refrigeration Systems (Example)Ali Faizan Wattoo
selection of a compressor for a given refrigeration system, explained with a solved example,,,, rotary vane compressors,,,, r 717 ammonia refrigerant,,,,, compressor sizing,,,, compressor rating
The document discusses an oxygen plant that produces gaseous and liquid oxygen at high purity levels for medical and industrial use. [1] The plant can produce 100m3/hr of 99.5-99.6% pure oxygen gas or liquid oxygen at 150 bars of pressure. [2] It uses ambient air as its raw material, which is 21% oxygen, and separates oxygen from other gases like nitrogen through a cryogenic process involving cooling air to below -150 degrees Celsius. [3] The plant has several units including an air compressor, air booster, cooling system, molecular sieve batteries, cryogenic expander, air separation unit, and liquid oxygen pump.
This document provides information about Sanden Vikas India Limited, an automotive air conditioning manufacturer. It discusses the company's establishment in 1982 as a joint venture, locations, awards, mission, R&D team, products including compressors, HVAC units, and parts like condensers and evaporators. Sanden Vikas aims to be a leading Indian automotive air conditioning company and benchmarks with global standards of technology, design, manufacturing and quality.
This document provides information on Ingersoll Rand reciprocating air compressors. It summarizes the company's history of innovation in compressor technology since 1872. It then provides details on their single-stage and two-stage compressor models for various applications, including packaged options, available voltages, dimensions and other specifications. The document emphasizes Ingersoll Rand compressors' efficiency, reliability and longevity through proven design and enhancements over many decades.
- The document summarizes the internship report of Adnan Hatim Nek at the Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL) Sui Gas Field.
- It describes the various departments and processes at the Sui Field Gas Compression Station including QHSE, administration, planning, operations, machinery, and compression.
- Key parts of the compression process are described involving slug catchers, scrubbers, knockout drums, low pressure and high pressure compression and cooling.
General overview of HVAC Technology
General overview of VRF Technology
Benefits of VRF
General overview of Refrigerant
General overview of Ton
General overview of Compressor
This document provides an overview of pneumatic systems for FIRST robots, including key components in the 2010 kit of parts, basic pneumatic principles, calculations for determining cylinder force, examples of typical pneumatic applications, and tips for design and safety. It covers topics such as air compressors, tanks, regulators, solenoid valves, cylinder sizing, energy usage calculations, gripper and braking system examples, and considerations around the pros and cons of pneumatics.
Compressed air and refrigeration systemD.Pawan Kumar
The document discusses various aspects of improving energy efficiency in compressed air systems. It describes how only 10% of the energy used by an air compressor typically reaches the point of use, with the rest lost as heat. It then discusses different types of compressors, system components, distribution systems, factors affecting power consumption like temperature and pressure, and methods to reduce leaks and recover waste heat. Measures like proper sizing of pipes, cooling compressors, reducing pressure drops and leaks can significantly improve the efficiency of compressed air systems.
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial flow types, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Key components are the cylinder, piston, valves. Selection depends on factors like operating conditions, safety, economics.
Compressors system Designing 919825024651Sdsplit Split
Compressors are mechanical devices that compress gases. There are two main types - dynamic and positive displacement. Dynamic compressors include centrifugal and axial compressors, which use rotating impellers to add velocity and pressure. Positive displacement compressors trap a fixed amount of air and force it into the discharge pipe; types include rotary and reciprocating compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. Selection depends on operating conditions like flow rate and pressure ratio. Applications include HVAC, refrigeration, and industrial processes.
The document discusses the concept of smart cities, outlining key elements like smart governance, smart mobility, smart living, and using technologies like IoT, GPS and ICT to improve services, infrastructure, and sustainability in urban areas. It provides examples of smart city initiatives in areas like waste management, water supply, and transportation from cities in India and abroad. The presentation evaluates challenges in implementing smart city projects and emphasizes the importance of public participation.
This document provides information about different types of valves, their components, and testing procedures. It discusses the main types of valves including gate valves, globe valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, and check valves. For each type it provides details on their design, advantages, and disadvantages. It also covers common valve components, connections, materials, and how to read a trim chart. Finally, it describes the various testing methods for valves outlined in API 598 including shell tests, backseat tests, and high and low pressure closure tests. It provides guidelines for test pressures, fluids, durations, and acceptable leakage rates.
This document provides an overview of boiler maintenance and operation. It discusses the importance of maintaining proper feed water quality, boiler water quality, fuel quality, and combustion. It outlines daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly maintenance tasks. Key aspects covered include cleaning filters, blowdowns, lubricating parts, checking safeties, and monitoring combustion efficiency. The document also discusses best practices for data management and offers specialized maintenance services from Thermax such as equipment health checks, remaining life assessments, and annual service contracts.
This document provides a method statement for installing an air handling unit (AHU). It outlines the responsibilities of the project manager, quality engineer, site engineer, surveyor, and safety officer to ensure installation is completed safely according to approved plans and specifications. Equipment like mechanical hand tools, a mobile crane, and forklift will be used. The AHU will be stored properly and transported to the installation site using a crane or forklift. It will then be set in place, connected to ductwork and electrical lines. Personal protective equipment and safety measures will be implemented during installation to protect worker health and safety.
The document discusses different types of pumps, including centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. It explains that pumps are mechanical devices that use energy to force fluids from one position to another by overcoming head losses. It also covers key pump concepts such as net positive suction head (NPSH), cavitation, discharge pressure, pump characteristics curves, and examples of pump sizing calculations.
1) The document discusses fire classes, types of portable fire extinguishers, their operating procedures, capabilities and limitations.
2) It explains basic firefighting concepts including R.A.C.E. (rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish) and P.A.S.S. (pull, aim, squeeze, sweep).
3) The main types of portable fire extinguishers covered are pressurized water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, halon, wet chemical, and those for combustible metals.
This document provides information on various piping drawings used in piping design and installation. It discusses process flow diagrams (PFDs), piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), piping isometrics, plot plans, and general arrangement drawings. PFDs show the major equipment and process flows at a high level, while P&IDs provide more detailed piping information along with instrumentation and control schemes. Piping isometrics are used for fabrication and show piping runs at an angle for clarity. General arrangement drawings indicate equipment locations and piping layouts from a plan view. Together these drawings provide the necessary information for proper piping system design, installation, and operation.
1. Control valves regulate fluid flow through a pipe in response to a controller signal, manipulating fluid to keep process variables close to set points.
2. Control valves have two major parts - a valve actuator that provides mechanical power to move valve body components, and a valve body containing mechanical elements to influence fluid flow.
3. Within the valve body, components called trim perform the work of throttling or stopping fluid flow in response to actuator movements.
SCADA systems gather data from widely distributed processes and provide limited control capabilities over distant facilities. They consist of field instruments that collect data and control loops that regulate processes. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) gather information from field devices and send it to a Master Terminal Unit (MTU) via communications networks. The MTU allows operators to monitor and control the system through a human-machine interface. SCADA systems are used to supervise critical infrastructure like pipelines and power grids over large areas.
This document lists the names, websites, and regions served for over 200 technology companies. It provides a listing of global technology companies and their locations. The document gives an overview of the worldwide presence of many software and internet companies across different regions.
This document appears to be a presentation about building management systems (BMS) and HVAC systems. It includes sections on the introduction to BMS, HVAC control, building automation and BMS, direct digital control, control theory, control concepts, modes of control, HVAC automation, and HVAC instrumentation. Some key points discussed include the objectives of BMS like energy management and maintenance reporting, different types of HVAC systems like central and unitary systems, and concepts related to HVAC control like temperature, humidity and pressure control loops. It also discusses digital control systems, control algorithms, and various control modes like on/off, proportional and PID control.
David Schurk performed measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels on two United Airlines flights to assess cabin air quality. On the first 2-hour flight from Asheville to Chicago, CO2 levels started at 1511 parts per million (ppm) and remained elevated throughout the flight. Using a modeling tool, he estimated the equivalent ventilation rate was around 7.5 cubic feet per minute (cfm) per person, which is low. On a shorter connecting flight, CO2 levels were lower, between 1149-1400 ppm, perhaps due to a newer plane or better ventilation. While a single test, it showed the potential for elevated CO2 in plane cabins without sufficient fresh air ventilation.
Vermigold produces organic waste digesters that use worms and microorganisms to convert organic waste into nutrient-rich compost on-site. Their award-winning products address the need for sustainable waste management and have been recognized by the UN and Government of India. The digesters use a shredder and organic digester to break down waste into compost with daily collection of fertilizer. They are precisely constructed using stainless steel and galvanized parts for long service with minimal maintenance.
Sign up now for our fall semester classes starting in September. We offer a wide range of undergraduate courses in subjects like business, engineering, arts and sciences. Financial aid is available for eligible students, so don't delay - apply today and start your journey towards a college degree.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
2. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
What is a Compressor?
– A Compressor is a Mechanical Device which sucks in
air or a gas at a lower pressure and delivers it at a
higher pressure .
3. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
How do we measure the performance of a compressor?
– The performance of a compressor is measured by
following parameters
Capacity in volume per unit time referred as Free
Air Delivery( FAD) . Free air delivery is the volume
of air per unit time measured at discharge referred
to suction conditions of temperature and pressure
4. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
The units of FAD are :-
cum/min,l/s,cum/hr,cfm etc.
But is this enough
No!
When ever FAD is mentioned the suction temperature and
pressure should be clearly mentioned . Otherwise same
compressor can be rated differently at different suction
temperature and pressure .
Remember we always measure FAD under ISO condition and
clearly mention it in our catalogues
5. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Pressure :-
This is the pressure of air delivered by a compressor at the
discharge . Pressure can be measured as Kg/Sq cm, psi etc
There are many units of pressure measurement. Some of these and their
equivalents are listed below.
1 bar = 100000 N/m2
1 bar = 100 kPa
1 bar = 14.50 psi
1 bar = 10197 kgf/m2
When we refer to Pressure we should clearly understand the difference
between the Absolute Pressure and Gauge Pressure .
Any reference to stated Power should clearly refer to the Pressure at
which it is measured.
6. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Pressure Ratio
– The Pressure Ratio is the relation between absolute
pressure on the inlet and outlet sides
Accordingly , a machine that draws in air at
Atmospheric pressure and compresses it to 7 bar
over pressure works with a pressure ratio of
(7+1)/1=8
7. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
DIFFERENT STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENT
ISO 1217
BS 1571
8. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Performance
testing
as per ISO1217
Measurement at
outlet of Pack
Belt drive results in
5-6% power loss
9. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
PERFORMANCE TESTING OF RECIPS
TESTING AS PER BS 1571
– Discharge pressure and
temperature is measured before
after cooler
– Motor power is corrected for
only for speed but not for
altitude
– Transmission loss of 5 % is
extra
– Pressure drop across air filter is
measured
10. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
DIFFERENT STANDARDS OF
MEASUREMENT
– From test report of BS 1571 following is the effect
Power consumption goes up by 5% due to belt loss
Power consumption goes up by 3 % due to altitude correction.
Why
Barometric pressure = 710 mm of Hg column
At 760 mm i.e sea level .285 .285
Power will go up by the ratio p2/p1( p3/p1 -1)/(p2/p1-1)
For measuring FAD at compressor inlet instead of before air filter
FAD is shown to be increased by1.3 %
11. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
DIFFERENT STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENT… Cont
Pressure drop in after cooler and check valve is around 0.4 bar. Considering a
normal 8 % rise for very 1bar rise in discharge pressure this will result in a
rise of 4 %
As a result total effect is 14 % on specific power
All these are not applicable for ISO 1217
Thus to have apple to apple comparison between ISO 1217 and Bs
1571 INCREASE SPECIFIC POWER BY 14 %
12. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
What are different working principles of compressors ?
Compressors are classified into two types based on the working
principle
Two Basic Principals of Air or Gas Compression
Positive Displacement Dynamic Compression
Compressors
13. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Reducing the volume of
a gas increases its pressure
Positive
displacement
principle
What is a positive displacement compressor ?
14. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
DYNAMIC
COMPRESSOR
– Dynamic Principle
Velocity (Kinetic Energy)
1/2 mv 2
converted to pressure
What Is A Dynamic Compressor ?
16. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS ARE :-
1. THERMODYNAMICALLY STABLE AND POWER SAVING
2. THE PERFORMANCE REMAINS UNAFFECTED BY THE
CHANGE IN THE AMBIENT CONDITIONS
3. CAPACITY REMAINS SAME AT DIFFERENT OPERATING
PRESSURES
4. SCREW ,SCROLLAND PISTON COMPRESSORS FALL IN
THIS CATEGORY
5. THEY ARE IDEALLY SUITED FOR CAPAICTIES UPTO
4000 CFM AND PRESSURES UPTO 13 BAR
18. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
DYNAMIC COMPRESSOR :-
•Dynamic Compressors are Thermodynamically Unstable . The
Performance Changes with the Change in Ambient
Temperature.
•The Capacity Band is Limited Between Surge and Stonewall.
•Centrifugal Compressors fall into this category.
•These compressors are suitable for base load operation with
very high flows beyond 4000 cfm and the detailed discussion on
these is outside the scope of this presentation .
Any enquiry on these compressors should be immediately
forwarded to AC representative
19. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Dynamic Compressor - Characteristics
FLOW
P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E
FLOW
SURGE LIMIT SURGE CONTROL LINE
AT 25°C 1 BAR A
60 85 100
P
O
W
E
R
BLOW OFF RANGE
Stonewall Limit
25. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Two Basic Principals of Air or Gas Compression
Screw Reciprocating
PositiveDisplacement Compressors
Classification of Positive Displacement Compressors
26. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Piston compressor
On a piston compressor air is drawn into a compression
chamber ,which is closed from the inlet.Thereafter the volume
of the chamber decreases and air is compressed . When the
pressure has reached the same level as the pressure in the outlet
manifold ,the valve is opened and the air is discharged at a
constant pressure under continued reduction of the
compression chamber volume
39. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
STRENGTH
– LOW INITIAL PRICE
– OLD, TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY
HENCE EASY ACCEPTANCE
WEAKNESS
• WATER-COOLED
• NEEDS HEAVY FOUNDATION
• LOT OF SITE WORK
• HIGH MAINTENANCE
• MANY MOVING PARTS
• HIGH DOWN TIME
• HIGH RUNNING COST – MORE
MAINTENANCE, MORE POWER
40. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
More moving parts - More
Maintenance
MASSIVE FOUNDATION
MAINTENANCE
41. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
More moving parts - More
Maintenance
MASSIVE FOUNDATION
MAINTENANCE
A Two Stage Double Acting Reciprocating Compressors Have
Close to 99 Moving Components
42. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
F 1
F 1
F 2
F 2
“BALANCED” OPPOSED PISTONS
FORCE BALANCE
1. HORIZONTAL FORCES F1 BALANCE OUT
2. UNBALANCED VERTICAL FORCES CAUSE CYLINDER OVALITY,ACTING ALONG
WITH THE PISTON WEIGHT AND ALSO AN UNBALANCED COUPLE NECESSITATING
HEAVY FOUNDATIONS.
Pistons Require Very Heavy Foundations.
43. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
PISTON COMPRESSORS
EFFECTS OF CYLINDER OVALITY
CYLINDER
PISTON
CYLINDER OVALITY PREVENTS RESUMPTION OF
CAPACITY TO ORIGINAL LEVEL LEADING TO
CONTINUED AI LEAKAGE
POWER COMPARISON-DERATION
There is a 3 to 5 % Deration in capacity every year !!!
44. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
WEAR ITEMS
WEAR ITEMS
A COMPARISON
VEE BELTS (6)
CRANKSHAFTS
MAIN BEARINGS (4)
BIG END BEARINGS (4)
CONNECTING RODS (4)
SMALL END BEARINGS (4)
CROSS HEADS (4)
WIPER RINGS (4 SETS)
PISTONS (4)
PISTON RINGS (16)
CYLINDERS (4)
40 VALVES (SUCTION/DELIVERY)
TOTAL 99 WEAR ITEMS
2 GEARS
6 BEARINGS
2 ROTORS
TOTAL 10 WEAR ITEMS
PISTON
WEAR ALONG WITH OVALITY CAUSES A CAPACITY DERATION OF3-5% PER YEAR.
HIGH NUMBER OF PARTS INCREASES DOWN TIME AND MANPOWER OUTLAY
SCREW
45. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
GENESIS OF SCREW COMPRESSORS
• IN THE 1930S COMPRESSED AIR AND GAS USERS HAD 2 MAIN OPTIONS :
• PISTONS AND CENTRIFUGALS
* PISTONS WERE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT M/CS & WERE :
– THERMODYNAMICALLY STABLE AND POWER SAVING
– SUITABLE TO HANDLE DIRTY GASES
– REQUIRED EXPENSIVE INSTALLATION AND FOUNDATIONS
– MAINTENANCE INTENSIVE - EXPENSIVE/HIGH DOWNTIME
– CAPACITY FELL OVER A PERIOD OF TIME/WITH USE
– CENTRIFUGALS WERE LESS MAINTENANCE INTENSIVE BUT :
– REQUIRED EXPENSIVE INSTALLATION AND FOUNDATIONS
– WERE THERMODYNAMICALLY UNSTABLE
– OPERATING BAND WAS LIMITED
– SENSITIVE TO DUST AND UNSUITABLE FOR DIRTY GASES
– CAPACITY FELL EVEN WITH A FEW MICRON DUST BUILDUP
46. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
GENESIS OF SCREW COMPRESSORS II
PROFESSOR LYSHOLM OF THE ROYAL SWEDISH INSTITUTE OF
SCIENCE DOING RESEARCH ON COMPRESSORS SET ABOUT FINDING AN
IDEAL SYSTEM ON THE FOLLOWING HYPOTHESIS
• TO OVERCOME WEAKNESSES OF THE PISTONS HIS DREAM MACHINE
HAD TO BE ROTARY IN NATURE WITH NO METAL TO METAL CONTACT
• AT THE SAME TIME, TO OVERCOME DISADVANTAGES OF CENTRIFUGALS IT
HAD TO BE A POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINE
THUS WAS BORN THE IDEA OF THE ROTARY SCREW WHICH COMBINED
THERMODYNAMIC AND OPERATIONAL STABILITY AND LOW PARTS
CONSUMPTION BECAUSE OF VERY LOW MAINTENANCE
WITH UNPARALLELED RELIABILITY
47. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
GENESIS OF SCREW COMPRESSORS III
• ATLAS COPCO DREW ON THIS BASIC IDEA AND AFTER INTENSIVE
RESEARCH , COMMERCIALLY INTRODUCED THE U SERIES OF SCREW
COMPRESSORS IN 1957. MANY OF THESE MACHINES ARE STILL
OPERATING THE WORLD OVER
• IN THE 1970S THE ATLAS COPCO RESEARCH CENTRE “THE CERAC
INSTITUTE” IN GENEVA DESIGNED AND PATENTED A REVOLUTIONARY
ASSYMETRIC SCREW PROFILE WHICH IS CURRENTLY USED IN THE G AND Z
SERIES MACHINES
• IN THE WORLD TODAY 9 OUT OF 10 MACHINES PRODUCED AND SOLD IN
THEIR RANGE ARE ROTARY SCREW COMPRERSSORS
48. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Screw Compressor
A Screw Compressor is a Rotary
Positive Displacement Compressor.
It is noiseless,does not require any
foundations,is maintenance
free,energy efficient and delivers
pulsation free air .
49. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Screw compressor
The screw compressor consists of male and female rotors which
move towards each other while the volume between them and the
housing progressively decreases
50. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
The Positive Displacement
Principle As
Applies To Screw
The volume of the air or gas is
progressively reduced along the length of
the screw,causing a pressure increase.
WORKING PRINCIPLES
51. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
The Positive Displacement
Principle As
Applies To Screw
The volume of the air or gas is
progressively reduced along the length of
the screw,causing a pressure increase.
WORKING PRINCIPLES
52. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Screw Compressor
Built in Pressure Ratio :-
Each screw element has a built in pressure ratio which
depends upon its length,the pitch of the screw and the form of
the discharge port.
To attain the best efficiency ,the pressure ratio must be adapted
to the required working pressure.
53. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Atlas Copco GA Oil Injected
Screw Compressors Z Oil Free
Screw Compressors •FOUNDATIONLESS
INSTALLATION
•READY TO USE – NO
SITE WORK
•LESS MOVING PARTS
LIKE
•CONSEQUENTLY LESS
MAINTENANCE ,
LOWEST DOWN TIME
& HIGH AVAILABILITY.
•AVAILABLE IN AIR-
COOLED VERSION
•POWER SAVING –
DIRECT DRIVE
54. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Most industrial processes require a varying amount of air
The changes in air demand can be due to:
•Extent of plant utilization
-Time of the day or the day of the week
-Degree of maturity of the process
•Large consumers of air with intermittent demands (Forging hammers,Presses,etc)
•Mass dependent processes such as air separation
•Or simply because the air demand is over-estimated
The compressor therefore requires a control system to regulate the air
generation of the compressor in direct relation to the demand
Compressor Control
55. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
SUNDAY
HOURS
AIR
DEMAND
TYPICAL AIR DEMAND PATTERNS
56. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Screw Compressor Controls-Modulation Control
Full load
•Butterfly valve is fully open with full flow of air
•Compressor operates at the built-in pressure ratio
Intake 1 Bar A
Outlet 8 Bar A
Pressure ratio = 8
Part load
•Restriction at the inlet (Vacuum)
•Outlet pressure remains the same(air net pressure)
Vacuum prevails
Intake 0,5 bar A *
Outlet 8 Bar A
Pressure ratio = 16 Higher than the
BIPR,hence inefficient at part loads
In a modulation control a butterfly valve regulates the intake
SCREW
ELEMENT
* Figures are used for concept demonstration only
57. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Screw Compressor Controls
Load-no load regulation
•In a load-no load control the machine runs either fully loaded or unloaded
•In the loaded condition,the intake valve is fully open and hence the machine
operates at the BIPR
•In the unloaded condition,the intake valve is fully closed and the element is isolated
from the Air-net.
•Hence part load power comes down dramatically and the machine operates
efficiently even at part loads
58. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Screw Compressor Controls
Variable speed drives
In a variable speed control the speed of the machine is continuously adjusted in line with the demand
Schematic:
•P to I convertor senses pressure and generates a proportional 4-20 mA signal
•This current signal is used by the VSD to alter the frequency to the electric motor
•The electric motor speed varies as a function of the frequency
•Variable speed drives constitutes the most efficient compressor control
P/ I convertor
VSD
MOTOR
C
Compressor
Outlet
59. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Screw Compressor Controls
A Comparison
VARIABLE SPEED
CONTROL
60. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Dynamic Compressor Control
P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E
FLOW
SURGE LIMIT SURGE CONTROL
60 85 100
DEMAND FALLS BELOW
SURGE CONTROL
DEMAND IS ABOVE
SURGE CONTROL
2 SCENARIOS:
•CONTROL ABOVE SURGE CONTROL
•CONTROL BELOW SURGE CONTROL
61. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Dynamic Compressor Controls
Control above surge control line
Inlet Throttle Valve Inlet Guide Vane
62. Adjustable inlet guide vanes
provide a pre whirl to the air
or gas,smoothly controlling
capacity without any
turbulence unlike the
throttle valve
9%energy
savings at part load
ZH-series
Efficient centrifugal compressors
Plant demand
Inlet throttle valve
at 100% pressure
Inlet guide vanes
at 100% pressure
Energy savings
Capacity %
Pressure
%
Power
%
60 70 80 90 100 110
70
80
90
100
150
100
63. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Volume flow
Pressure Dynamic Compressor Controls
Control below Surge control line
Re-loading time is long,calling for huge
stored capacities to protect the process
Entails blow-off at partial loads,thus
wasting energy
Auto Dual control Modulated Blow-Off Control
64. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
SIMPLE TILTING PAD TILTED PAD
BEARING CONFIGURATIONS
DYNAMIC MACHINES
JOURNAL SHAFT
•Turbo machines operate above critical speeds and hence need sleeve bearings,which support the
rotating shaft on an oil film.Starting and stopping,frequent load changes and vibrations cause
thinning of the oil film (Film Dispersion)
•Hence Loading Unloading cycles have to be strictly controlled and spaced out for effective
protection of the compressor.
65. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
THE FLEXIPAD BEARINGS
Tilting pad or flexi pad bearings
offer better dampening
characteristics as compared to
the fixed geometry bearings
66. Atlas Copco (India) Limited
Staging of turbo machines
Safety Considerations
THE NUMBER OF STAGES IS DEDUCED AS FOLLOWS :
– With17-4 PH SS as impeller material,the max.tip speed is 450 m/s
– When using 45 Deg impellers,this is attained at a PR of 2,1 per stage.
– Hence a 2 stage machine should not run beyond 3,4 bar.
– And a 3 stage can achieve upto 8,2 bar upto the safe limits.
– Exceeding maximum tip speeds entail serious risks of impeller breakage