The document explores the life of Valerie Horton, who, after a tragic past involving her missing sister and terminal illness, reincarnates as a 7-year-old with a mature perspective. It also discusses the evolution of the alphabet from ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs to modern lettering styles, emphasizing their historical significance. Additionally, the document highlights guidelines for letter construction relevant to engineering and professional documentation.

1. Unit III
LETTERING

2. In Valerie Horton's previous life, she was the eldest
daughter of the Horton family, one of the wealthiest
families in Capstead. Yet, one day, her little sister went
missing, and Valerie was cast out for not watching
after her.From then on, Valerie had to live on her own.
On her 20th birthday, she was diagnosed with a
terminal illness. A few months later, she died of
grief.Fortunately, Valerie got to wake up in her 7-year-
old self. Inside the little girl's body was a mature soul.
Because of what she had gone through in her
previous life, she decided to give up on gaining her
family's love this time. Instead, she was determined to

3.  The original alphabet was developed by a Semitic people living
in or near Egypt. Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing
system in the Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian Language.
It is a combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements ,
with some 1,000 distinct characters. They based it on the idea
developed by the Egyptians, but used their own specific
symbols. It was quickly adopted by their neighbors and
relatives to the east and north, the Canaanites, the Hebrews,
and the Phoenicians. The Phoenicians spread their alphabet to
other people of the Near East and Asia Minor, as well as to the
Arabs, the Greeks, and the Etruscans, and as far west as
present day Spain. The letters and names on the left are the
ones used by the Phoenicians. The letters on the right are
possible earlier versions. If you don't recognize the letters,
keep in mind that they have since been reversed (since the

4.  The ancient Greeks changed this form of writing
into what they called bousterophedon writing.
Finally, the ancient Romans modified this into
more readable type of writing which became the
basis for present-day letters of the Roman
alphabet except for J and U which were not in the
Old Roman alphabet. Old Roman and Modern
Roman letters are alike except in thickness of the
stem of the letters and in the shape of their serifs.

7. Various letter styles
Gothic or Sans-serif
Old English or Text
Script
Modern Roman
Italic

9. Modern Roman – Is easy to read and generally used in
printing newspapers, magazines, and books.
Gothic – Is common in posters, billboards signs, and
car cards.
Old English – is cumbersome and is mostly used today in
diplomas and certificates, Bibles, land titles, and some
some wedding invitations.

10. Script – Is also common in wedding
invitations, diplomas, and certificates,
and Christmas cards.
Italic – letters are slanting letters used in the
heading of newspapers columns and
advertisement. Only Roman and Gothic letters
can be italicized.

11. PARTS OF THE MODERN LETTER A

12. SERIF – Is the horizontal thin stroke
added to the end of the thin or thick
stems.
Fillet – Is the curved lines which
connects the stem to the serif

13. SINGLE –STROKE GOTHIC LETTERS
 are generally used in engineering or industrial arts
drawing. Single stroke Gothic means that each stem of the
letter is made with one stroke of pen or pencil.
Above all else, an engineering documentation must be
clear. All text on engineering drawings should be simple
and readable. Most older texts (and the ANSI Standard)
refer to the standard style of lettering as single-stroke
Gothic. This term is somewhat archaic today, but what it
means is simply a style of text that does not have serifs or
ornaments of any kind. The style of text traditionally used
on drawings closely resembles
the Helvetica or Arial typeface. When drawing these
letters by hand, do not reverse the pencil and draw back
across an existing line (this is what single-stroke
implies).

14. There is still value to learning how to letter
manually. Even today, engineers and technicians
often need to document information
manually. Taking time to be careful about the
information you are trying to convey is a hallmark
of a professional attitude. Engineering journals,
purchase requests, even simple notes to other
people are examples of documentation that
should be lettered carefully. If a student practices
enough, these documents can be lettered easily
and quickly. All text on student work should be
lettered carefully.

16. 2 ELEMENTS OF GOTHIC LETTER
STEM – Is the straight line that form
more than four fifths(4/5) of the letters
of the alphabet.
OVAL – are perfect ellipses with well
determined ratio between its major and
minor diameter.

17. In composing capitals or upper case letters either in
vertical od slanting form, each letter is drawn in grid
and units high. The letter’s width may be either five(5)
or six(6) units except letter “I” which no width and
letter “W” which is eight(8)units wide.
The six units letter can be easily remembered
because they spell “XYVAQTOM”. The upper case
characters that are based on straight line are letters E,
F, H, I L, M, N, T, V, W, X, Y, Z; while those base on the
curved line are B, C, D, G, J, O, P, R, S, and U.

20. GUIDELINES
Guidelines ensure consistency in the size of the letter
characters.
If your lettering consists of capitals, draw only the cap line and
base line. If lowercase letters are included as well, draw the waist
line and drop line.

21. Cap line – the upper most horizontal guideline
drawn for upper case letter.
Waist line indicates the upper limit of the
lowercase letters. The ascender is the part of
the lowercase letter that extends above the
body of the letter. All ascenders are as high as
the caps.
Base line – where all letter rest or stand.
Drop line indicates the lower limit of the
lowercase letters. The descender is the part of
the lowercase letter that extends below the
body of the letter.