Composite resins are composed of three main components: a cross-linked polymeric matrix, coupling agents, and glass/resin fillers. They have evolved from macrofilled composites in the 1960s to modern nanofilled and self-adhesive composites. Composites are classified based on filler size and type, as well as their intended application area. Photocuring units such as LED lamps are used to activate the initiator-accelerator system and initiate polymerization. Properties such as degree of conversion, matrix constraint, and wear resistance are influenced by factors like filler loading and size. Recent advancements continue to improve longevity, placement time, and biocompatibility of these resin-based materials.

1. COMPOSITE RESINS
BY METTINA
POSTGRADUATE STUDENT

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• History
• Definition
• Composition
• Classification
• Activation systems
• Photocuring units
• Properties of Resin based composites
• Recent Advancements
• References
• Conclusion
Chemical activation
Photoactivation

3. DEFINITION
• “It may be defined as a compound of two or more distinctly different materials
with properties that are superior or intermediate to those of the individual
constituents.”
OR
“ A highly crosslinked polymeric material reinforced by dispersion of Amorphous
silica, glass, crystalline, mineral or organic resin filler particles &/ or short fibres
bonded to the matrix by a coupling agent.”
Anusavice 12th edition

4. INTRODUCTION
• Dental resin based composites are structures composed of three major
components
Cross linked
polymeric
matrix
Coupling
agents
Glass
/Resin
fillers

5. HISTORY
• 1980- Posterior composites
• 1990- Hybrid, Flowable, Packable , Compomers
• 1998- Ormocers were developed.
• 2000- Nanofilled composites
• 2009- Self adhesive composites
• 1955- Buonocore – Acid etch
technique.
• 1956- Bowen resin- Bis GMA
• 1960- Traditional or Macrofilled
composites
• 1962- Silane coupling agents
• 1970- Microfilled & Light initiated
composites

6. CLASSIFICATION- ANUSAVICE 11TH EDITION
• ,

7. CLASSIFICATION- STURDEVANT
• Classification of composites based on filler particle size-
• Megafill – In this one or two large glass inserts 0.5 to 2 mm in size are placedinto compoosites at points
of occlusal contact.
• Macrofill – particle size range between 10 to 100 microns in diameter.
• Midifill- particle size range between 1 to 10 microns in diameter, traditional or conventional composites.
• Minifill – particle size range between 0.1- 1 microns in diameter.
• Microfill- particle size range between 0.01- 0.1 microns.
• Nanofill- particle size range between 0.005- 0.01 microns.

9. ADA SPECIFICATION NO.27
• Type 1 – polymer based materials for occlusal surface.
• Type 2- other polymer based materials.
• Class 1- self cure materials
• Class 2 –light cure materials
group 1 – energy applied intraorally
group 2 - energy applied extraorally
• Class 3 – Dual cure materials.

10. • Based on method of curing
• - Chemical
• - Lightcure
• UV, Visible
• -Dual cure
• DCNA-
• Type 1 – microfill with fumed silica
• Type 2- others with crushed quartz/ glass

11. • Based on inorganic loading
• - Heavy filler material-75%
• - Light filler material - 66%
• Based on consistency-
• Light body- Flowable
• Medium body- homogenous microfills, macrofills and midifills
• Heavy body- Packable hybrid, minifills

12. • Based on matrix
• - Composites based on Bis GMA
• - Composites based on UDMA
• Based on their area of application.
• - Anterior
• - Posterior

14. METHODS OF POLYMERIZATION

15. FLOWABLE COMPOSITES
• Introduced in late 1996.
• It is a modification of small particle composite and hybrid composite.
• Have a lower viscosity – reduced filler loading
• Ready flow, uniform spread & intimate adaptation to cavity form.

16. FLOWABLE COMPOSITES
Advantages
• Low viscosity
• Easy to use
• Improved marginal adaptation
• High wettability
• High depth of cure
• Penetration
• High flexibility
Disadvantages
• Wear
• Poor mechanical properties
• Increased polymerization shrinkage
• Sticks to instruments

17. PACKABLE COMPOSITES
• Condensable or packable composites were developed as amalgam substitutes.
• Increased filler content.
• Fibrous filler particles of 100 microns in length.
• Compared to amalgam, placement technique is more time consuming.

18. PACKABLE COMPOSITES
• ADVANTAGES
• Non-sticky
• Easily transferrable & packable
• Moisture tolerant
• Increased depth of cure
• High critical bond strength
• Cures rapidly with minimal residual stress.
• Less shrinkage
• DISADVANTAGES
• Reduced polishability
• Limited shades
• Increased post Op sensitivity
• Increased sensitivity to ambient light.

19. COMPOSITE -CLASSIFICATION
• TRADITIONAL COMPOSITE
• SMALL PARTICLE COMPOSITE
• MICROFILLED COMPOSITE
• HYBRID COMPOSITE

20. TRADITIONAL/MACROFILLED COMPOSITES
These consist of finely ground amorphous
silica or quartz fillers.
Filler size 8-12 microns.
Filler loading- 70-80 wt % 60-70 vol%
Indications- used in class II and class IV
restorations.

21. TRADITIONAL COMPOSITES- DISADVANTAGES
• Difficult to polish
• Surface roughness
• Staining / Plaque
• Occlusal wear
• Poor esthetics- Discoloration

22. SMALL PARTICLE COMPOSITES
Filler- Amorphous silica, glasses containing heavy metals.
Filler size- 0.5-3 microns
Filler loading 80-90 wt%, 65-77 vol%
Indication- high stress and abrasion prone areas.
Advantages –
• Good mechanical properties
• Smoothness
• Less polymerization shrinkage
• Radiopacity
Disadvantages- Prone to wear

23. MICROFILLED COMPOSITE
• Filler and colloidal silica particles agglomerate.
• 0.04- 0.4 microns
• Filler loading- 60-70 wt%, 50 vol%
Indication-
• esthetic restoration for anteriors.
• Restoring subgingival areas.
• Carious lesion on smooth surface.

24. SMALL PARTICLE COMPOSITES
ADVANTAGES
• Best surface finish
• Excellent wear resistance
• DISADVANTAGES
• Tensile strength
• Decreased water sorption & CTE
• Fracture resistance
• Radiolucence
• Decreased polymerization shrinkage

25. HYBRID COMPOSITES
• Filler- colloidal silica & ground particles of glass containing heavy fillers.
• Filler loading- 70-80 wt %
• Filler size 0.4-1 microns.
• INDICATION
• Anterior restoration
• Non stress bearing area in posterior teeth.
• ADVANTAGES-
• Good physical properties
• Improved wear resistance
• Superior surface morphology
• Good esthetics.

26. NANOFILLED COMPOSITES
• These particles are extremely small 0.005- 0.01 microns & virtually invisible.
• Particle size range- below the wavelength of visible light, thus they do not absorb or scatter visible
light.
• Nanofillers provide ways of incorporating Radiopacifiers that do not interfere with esthetic
properties.

28. COMPOSITION
Resin
matrix
Coupling
agents
Inorganic
fillers

29. COMPOSITION
Activator –
Initiator
system
Inhibitors
Color
stabilizers
Optical
modifiers
Pigments

30. RESIN MATRIX
• “A plastic resin material that binds the filler particles & forms a continuous state.”
• The matrix forms a continuous state in which the reinforcing filler is dispersed.
• Principal monomers- Bis – GMA or UDMA is used.
• It is necessary to use lower molecular weight monomers such as TEGDMA/ EGDMA & HEMA to balance the
viscosity.

31. RESIN MATRIX
• “A plastic resin material that binds the filler particles & forms a continuous state.”
• The matrix forms a continuous state in which the reinforcing filler is dispersed.
• Principal monomers- Bis – GMA or UDMA is used.
• It is necessary to use lower molecular weight monomers such as TEGDMA/ EGDMA & HEMA to balance the
viscosity.

32. FILLERS
• Reinforcing particles or fibres dispersed in the matrix.
• Improve material properties.
• Functions:
• Reinforcement of matrix strength/ hardness.
• Decreased polymerization shrinkage-3%, wear.
• Decreased thermal expansion.
• Increased viscosity & radiopacity.
• Decreased water sorption
• Contribute to esthetics.

33. Filler loading
50-80% by
weight.
50-400
meter
square/gm
Refractive
index 1.50
Particle
shape
Large spherical
Large irregularly shaped
Blends

34. FILLER PARTICLE SYNTHESIS
Filler particles are commonly produced by grinding or milling quartz.
Submicron silica particles obtained by pyrolytic or precipitation process.

35. FILLER MATERIALS
• Pure silica
• Amorphous silica
• Organic fillers
• Fiber fillers
• Single crystals
• Crystalline polymers
• Fluoride containing fillers.

36. Crystalline
Crystoballite
Tridymite
Quartz
Non
crystalline
Glass
Modifications
by ions- Li, Al,
Ba

37. FILLERS
1. Quartz- It is made by grinding or milling quartz, was used in early composites
• Drawbacks- Hardness
- Difficult to grind to a finer size
- Difficult to polish
- causes abrasion of opposing tooth.
2. Silica- Obtained by pyrolytic or precipitation process.
Helps in high scattering & light transmission.
Pure silica Fused silica
Colloidal
silica

38. 3.Glasses- Aluminosilicates & Borosilicates- provides radiopacity
4. Other fillers- Tricalcium phosphate & Zirconium dioxide.
• Recently- fluoride fillers like yttrium trifluoride & ytterbium trifluoride.
• Esthetics- translucency of fillers , similar to tooth structure.

39. COUPLING AGENTS
• Bonding agent that promotes adhesion between filler and
resin matrix.
• Types –
• Organosilanes
• Titanates
• Zirconates
• Methoxy group silanol group + silanols
•
• Siloxane bond

40. FUNCTIONS OF COUPLING AGENTS
• Bind filler particles to resin.
• Allow more flexible polymer matrix to transfer stresses to higher modulus filler particles.
• Impart improved physical and mechanical properties.
• Inhibit leaching by preventing water from penetrating along resin- Filler interface.
• Benzoyl peroxide initiator, Aromatic tertiary amine activator ( N,N dimethyl –p – toluidine)

41. ACTIVATOR- INITIATOR SYSTEM
• 1. CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED SYSTEM
• Two pastes-Benzoyl peroxide initiator, Aromatic tertiary amine activator ( N,N dimethyl –p –
toluidine).
• In self cure resins when the two pastes are mixed together, the amine reacts with benzoyl peroxide
to form free radicals.

42. ACTIVATOR INITIATOR SYSTEM
Drawbacks of chemical activation
• During mixing it is almost impossible to avoid incorporating air into the mix., forming pores that weaken the
structure.
• No control over working time.
• Formation of oxygen inhibited layer.
• The thickness of the unpolymerized film is dependent on the viscosity, solubility of oxygen & initiating system
used.
• Diacrylate monomer + Accelerator + Initiator
• CROSS LINKED POLYMER

43. ACTIVATOR- INITIATOR SYSTEM
• Camphoroquinone initiator- 0.2% wt
• Organic aliphatic amine initiator- Dimethylaminoethyl initiator ( DMAEMA) -0.15% wt
• These compounds absorb light & generate free radicals.
• For system using UV light initiation, benzoin alkyl ester is used.
• For systems using visible light- a Diaketone such as Camphoroquinone is used.
• Camphoroquinone absorbs blue light -400- 500nm & produces an excited state of CQ+ Amine
radicals

44. CURING LAMPS
• Light emitting Diode lamps
• Quartz Tungsten halogen lamps
• Plasma arc curing lamps
• Argon laser lamps

45. LED LAMPS
These light sources emit radiation only in blue part of the visible
spectrum, between 440-480nm
Advantages
• Low wattage
• Generate no heat
• Quiet
• Cooling fan not required.

46. QUARTZ TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS
QTH lamps have a quartz bulb with a tungsten filament
Irradiate both UV and white light
400-500nm
Require a filter to remove heat and all other light
wavelengths.

47. PLASMA ARC CURING LAMPS
PAC lamps use XENON Gas that is ionized to produce
plasma
The high intensity White light is filtered to remove heat.
The filter limits the wavelength (440-500nm)

48. ARGON LASER LAMPS
Argon laser lamps have the highest intensity and emit at
a single wavelength.
Currently available lamps emit at a wavelength-490nm

49. DUAL CURE RESINS
• Dual cure resins are commercially available and comprise of two light curable pastes.
• One containing Benzoyl peroxide, the other- tertiary amine accelerator.
• Intial slow self cure which is accelerated by light curing
• Advantages- completion of cure throughout.
• Disadvantages- Porosity, less color stability.

50. • INHIBITORS
• Inhibitors are added to resin systems to minimize or prevent spontaneous or accidental
polymerization of Monomers.
• React with free radicals.
• Butylated Hydroxytoluene ( BHT).
Two functions-
• To extend the resin’s storage life
• To ensure sufficient working time.

51. OPTICAL MODIFIERS
• Optical modifiers affect light transmission through a composite .
• For a natural shading, dental composites should have visual shading and translucency similar to the
tooth.
• Shading – achieved by pigments- metal oxide particles

52. PROPERTIES OF RESIN BASED COMPOSITES
• Degree of conversion
• Matrix constraint
• Toughness
• Curing shrinkage & Shrinkage stress
• Wear
• Longevity of composites
• Placement time of composites
• Biocompatibility of composites

53. DEGREE OF CONVERSION
Measure of carbon- carbon double bonds that have been
converted to single bonds.
Higher the DC better the strength, wear resistance etc.
Conversion of 50-60% commonly achieved using either
curing system.

54. MATRIX CONSTRAINT
The presence of filler partices bonded to the matrix
through coupling agent , reduces thermal expansion/
contraction of composite.
Filler has lower COTE ,during expansion this prevents, the
matrix from expanding.
During cooling the space occupied by the filler contracts
while the filler does not, preventing contraction.

55. TOUGHNESS
The strength of composites depends on the ability of the
coupling agent to transfer stresses from the weak matrix
to the strong filler particles.
During crack propagation, the energy required for the
crack to travel through the bonded filler interface is
greater
Crack blunting.
Cross linked polymer matrix increases toughness.

56. CURING SHRINKAGE
Curing shrinkage occurs as the monomer is converted to
polymer & the free space it occupies reduces.
Produces unrelieved stresses.
Polymerization shrinkage is affected by-
Total volume of composite material
Type of composite
Polymerization speed
Ratio of bonded /unbonded surfaces- C factor

57. WEAR/ ABRASION
• Occlusal & interproximal wear is a common problem in case of posterior composites.
• Wear rate differences of 10-20 microns per year .
• Composites in which the filler particles are small, high in concentration and well bondedto the matrix
are more resistant.
• Size of the restoration,, chewing habits, force levels & variations in oral environment- some other
factors.

58. LONGEVITY
• Studies indicate a survival rate of 91.7% for posterior composites at 5 years & 82.2% at 10 years.
Opdam et al 2007
• 76% success rate for 85 UV cured posterior composites after 17 years. Wilder et al 1999
• The survival rate for composites in permanent teeth after 7 years was 67.4% whereas for amalgam- 94.5%
Chadwick et al 2001
• Class II composite restorations show a high percentage of failure at the gingival margin of the proximal box.
Chadwick et al

59. PLACEMENT TIME
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Amalgam Composite Inlay
Placement time required for various Dental materials
Class 1 Class II MOD Cusp coverage

60. BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF COMPOSITES
• Biocompatibility of restorative materials- Effect on pulp from
• 1. Inherent chemical toxicity of the material
• 2. Marginal leakage of oral fluids.
• Inadequately cured composite materials at the floor of a cavity causes long term pulpal inflammation.
Bacterial ingrowthMarginal leakage
Polymerization
shrinkage

61. BISPHENOL A TOXICITY
• Bisphenol A a precursor of Bis GMA, is a
Xenoestrogen.
• Mimics the effects of estrogen by having
an affinity for estrogen receptors.
• Causes testicular cancer, decreased sperm
count, has anti androgenic activities.
• Sealant application led to Xenoestrogen
exposure in children, BPA collected in
saliva after sealant placement.
- Olea et al

62. RECENT ADVANCES IN COMPOSITES
• Advances in curing protocol
• Advancements in monomer formulations
• Advancements in polymerization mechanism
• Filler modifications
• Gingival masking composites
• Esthet X Flow
• Compomers
• Giomers
• Ormocers
• Smart composites
• Antibacterial composites
• Fluoride releasing composites
• Compobonds
• Art Glass
• Ceromers
• Fiber reinforced systems
• Composite splints
• Root posts
• Carbon nanotubes
• Quantum dot materials
• Self repair composites

63. ADVANCES IN CURING PROTOCOL
1. Photoinitiation
• Camphoroquinone absorbs photon to generate short lived excited state species that complexes with tertiary
amine and forms Alpha amino alkyl initiating radical.
• Naturally occurring 1,3 benzodioxole & its derivatives replacements for conventional amine Co-initiators
• Their properties were similar to systems initiated by CQ/EDMAB (Ethyl-4- dimethylaminobenzoate).
Liu et al
2. Alternatives to Camphoroquinone/ Amine systems
• Phosphine oxide initiators ( Guo et al 2008)
• Benzoyl germanium derivatives ( Canster et al 2008)
• PPD ( 1 Phenyl 1,2 propanedione), Lucirin TPO ( Monoacylphosphine oxide) & Irgacure 819
( Bisacylphosphineoxide).
• OPPI (p- octyloxyphenyl- phenyl iodonium hexafluoroantimonate) Ogunyinka et al 2007

64. ADVANCES IN CURING PROTOCOL
Soft start curing originated with Unterbrink & Mussner.
Reduced irradiation intensity at the strt of polymerization allows stress relaxation to occur prior to
Vitrification.

65. MONOMER FORMULATIONS
• The Resin phase is composed of Dimethacrylate monomers- Bis GMA, Bis EMA or UDMA- Low
Methacrylate conversion, large amounts of unreacted monomer that can leach out.
• 1. Multimethacrylates- Bile acids were used as starting materials to form multimethacrylate monomers.
• Polyhedral oligomeric silsoquioxane methacrylates (POSS-MA) evaluated as alternatives to Bis GMA ,
Fang et al

66. MONOMER FORMULATIONS
• 2.Ultrarapid Monomethacrylates- Monovinyl monomers changed with the development of a monovinyl
methacrylate monomers, exhibited greatly enhanced Polymerization Kinetics.
• These were studied as alternatives to TEGDMA. (Lue et al 2005).
• Incorporating acidic monomers into the methacrylates showed improved overall performance.
Lopez et al

67. ADVANCES IN POLYMERIZATION MECHANISMS
• Specific methacrylate monomers which were miscible liquids but phase separated at higher conversions
were incorporated into the conventional resins.
• When phase separation occurs the volume expands leading to elimination of volume shrinkage that
arises from methacrylate polymerization.
• Dimer acid derived Dimethacrylate (DADMA monomers), High conversion, low shrinkage, low
shrinkage stress.
• Hybrid polymerization reactions formed from co- monomers from different reactive groups that
polymerize via different curing mechanisms to synergistically achieve desired properties.

68. ADVANCES IN POLYMERIZATION MECHANISMS
• Ring opening polymerization
• A ring opening reaction relies on the opening of a cyclic structure to facilitate intermonomer bonding and
crosslinking.
• Commercial release of cationically photopolymerizable Silorane material ( FilltekLS By 3M)
Weinmann et al 2005

69. FILLER MODIFICATIONS
• A study on the influence of mono, bi & Tri modal distribution of fillers on the wear properties of composites
showed tht Filler size & shape influence wear resistance .
• Nano sized filler incorporation- enhanced properties. Turscci et al 2005
• Incorporation of single walled carbon nanotubes showed enhanced properties. ( increased flexural strength)
Zhung et al 2008
• Silane treatment of inorganic fillers – Surface treatment of fillers is necessary to
1. Reduce filler surface energy
2. To provide a functional interface that permits covalent attachment between polymer matrix and the higher
modulus filler.
• Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) most widely used.

71. GINGIVAL MASKING COMPOSITES
An esthetic Gingiva shaded light cured composite resin was recently introduced .
This allows for correction of gingival recession with minimall invasive procedure.
Pink colored composite available in one transluscent gingival color and three flowable opaquers.

72. GINGIVAL MASKING COMPOSITES
• Indications
Exposed
cervical
areas
V shaped
defects
Esthetic
corrections
of the
gingival
area
Primary
splinting
Mask
exposed
crown
margins

73. ESTHET X FLOW
• Flows on command
• Good strength & wear resistance
• Radiopaque
• Low shrinkage and porosity.
• 8 VITA shades, 1 opaque & 1 Bleach shade
• Excellent polish & fluoride release,

74. ESTHET X FLOW
Uses
• Low stress applications
• Resurfacing composite or GIC restorations, rebuilding worn composite areas.
• Areas of difficult access/ requiring greater penetration
• Crown margin repairs
• Preventive resin restorations
• Liner in Class II proximal box
• Cementing porcelain veneers
• Inisal edge repair in anteriors.

75. COMPOMERS
• Contains the major ingredient of both composites ( Resin cement) & Glass ionomer cement
(Polyalkenoate acid and glass filler component).
• Resin component- Bulky macromonomers Bis GMA or UDMA with viscosity reducing diluents such as
TEGDMA.
• Fillers- Fluoride containing glasses.
• Strength and wear performance
• GIC- 140 Mpa
• Composite 300 Mpa
• Compomer- 200 -250 Mpa
• Dyract – three times the wear rate of hybrid composite.
• Shows fluoride release for more than 12 months

76. COMPOMER- Indications
Retrograde
filling material
Pit and fissure
sealant
Primary teeth
restorations
Repair of
defective
margins
Minimal cavity
preparations
Lining & Core
build up
Sealing of root
surfaces
Retrograde
filling
materials
Potential
rootcanal
sealers

77. GIOMERS
• Modified Glass ionomer
• True hybrid of two compounds- Glass ionomer & Composite
• GIOMER- Fluoride release & Fluoride recharging of glass ionomer.
• Ease of polishing, Strength of composite.
• Composition-
• Bisphenol A glycidyl Dimethacrylate & TEGDMA
• Aluminoxide, Silica fillers
• Pre reacted glass ionomer filler
• Camphoroquinone

78. GIOMERS

79. GIOMERS Restoration of
class I, II, III,IV
&V
Restoration of
cervical erosion
& root caries
Laminate
veneers & core
build up
Pedodontic
restorations
Repair of
fractured
porcelain &
composite
restoration
INDICATIONS

80. GIOMERS
Advantages
• Fluoride release
• Biocompatibility
• Clinical stability & durability
• Excellent esthetics
• Smooth surface finish
• Excellent bonding
Disadvantages
• Anticariogenicity not as good as that of GIC.
• Long term fluoride release is questionable.
• Auj Yap et al , Hardness value of Giomer less
than that of GIC.
Clinical evaluation of Giomer & Resin modified GIC in class V Non carious cervical lesions- an In Vivo
study….. Jyothi et al
RESULT- Giomer showed superior surface finish to RMGIC

81. ORMOCER
• Dr. Herbert Wolters from Fraunhofer institute for silicate research introduced this class of material in
1994
• Stands for Optically Modified Ceramic- 3 dimensionally crosslinked copolymers
Sillicon Oxide, Filler basic substance with polymerizable methacrylate
sidechains.
Filler 1-1.5 microns in size, 77% filler by weight
Ormocer matrix contains ceramic polysiloxane ( Siliconoxygen chains)

82. SMART COMPOSITES
• Smart composites are active dental polymers that contain Bioactive Amorphous calcium phosphate
(ACP) filler capable of responding to environmental pH changes by releasing calcium & phosphate ions.
• Contains alkaline glass fillers and reduces formation off caries at the margins of the restorations to
reduce the formation of secondary caries.
• Composition- Ba, Al & F silicate glass filler with ytterbium trifluoride, Silicon dioxide & alkaline glass or
Dimethacrylate monomers.
• Ivoclar 1998 Ariston pH control which was claimed to release fluoride.
• Hydroxl calcium, pH< 5.8 neutralizes acid.

83. SILORANES
• Guggenburger & Weinmann (2000)
• Siloxane + Oxiranes
• As silorane based composite polymerizes, ring opening monomers connect by opening, flattening
& extending toward each other.
• As methacrylate based composites cure, the moleculesof these linear monomers connect by
actually shifting closer together in a linear response.

84. FILTEK P90- LOW SHRINK POSTERIOR COMPOSITE
RESTORATION
Combines the properties of low shrink Silorane based composite
with a dedicated two step, self etching, bonding system

85. GLASS INSERTS
• An alternative to conventionl composites in which the bulk of the cavity preparation is filled with Beta
quartz glass inserts.
• The inserts are surrounded by Lightcured composites, which bond to the insert via a Silane coupling
agent.
• When fitted into the cavity , they minimize volume of shrinkage.

86. ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOSITES
• Chlorhexidine has been tried in an attempt to reduce plaque accumulation on the surface of
filling materials.
• Imazato et al 1994-attempted to induce antibacterial properties in composite by incorporating a
non- releasing newly synthesized monomer MDBP (Metacrylyolyoxy dodicylpyridinum Bromide)
• MDBP was found to be effective against Actinomyces, Neisseria & Veillonella.
• Silver has also been added to impart antibacterial properties.

87. BIOACTIVE COMPOSITES
• Bioactive composites
• ACP ( Amorphous calcium phosphate -2000)
• ACP+Bis GMA/TEGDMA+ Zirconyl methacrylate.
• Fluoridated Bis GMA analogues.
• ACP- Replaces decayed tooth structure by remineralization.
• Intermediate in Hydroxyapatite formation.
• HAP can be used as a reinforcing filler

88. COMPOBONDS
• Compobonds eliminate the bonding stage necessary and combine the benefits of Self etching Dentin
bonding agents and nanofilled composites and are termec Self- adhering composites.
• Vertise flow was the first compobond introduced in 2009by Kerr USA.
• Opti Bond combines the properties of self adhering flowable composite with a self etching DBA.

91. COMPOBOND
• Incorporates the properties of 7th generation DBA- acts as a shock absorber beneath resin based
composite restorations.
• Bonding to Dentin is two fold-
• Chemical adhesion by phosphate group & micromechanical adhesion by formation of hybrid layer.
• Longer curing time needed.

92. CEROMERS
• The term Ceromer stands for Ceramic optimized polymer- introduced by Ivoclar.
• Composed of fine particle ceramic fillers.- Barium glass, Ytterbium trifluoride & Silicon Dioxide.
• Setting by polymerization of Carbon- Carbon double bonds of Methacrylate.
• Combines the advantages of ceramics & composites
• Durable esthetics
• High abrasion resistance
• Excellent polish.

93. FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES
• Geometrical arrangement of fibres which permit
transfer of stressed from the matrix to the fibres.
• Covalent bond to polymer matrix, Silane coupling
agent to improve adhesion.
• Classification
• Pre impregnated lab products ( Vectris)
• Preimpregnated chairside products (Connect – Kerr)
• Impregnation required – Chairside (glaspan)
• Preimpregnated prefabricated posts (everstick)

94. COMPOSITE SPLINTS
FRCs can be used for composite splinting.

95. QUANTUM DOT COMPOSITES
Quantum dots are unique class of semiconductor particles.
range from 2-10 nm in diameter.
Core shell quantum dots- improve quantum yield, reduce photodegradation

96. CONCLUSION
• Resin composites are promising materials with a great potential to translate
into the gold standard for restorative materials exhibiting superior esthetics &
Amalgam like strength & Durability with continued Research……..

97. REFERENCES
• Phillips’ science of dental materials – 12th edition
• Basic dental materials – John j. Manapallil
• Craig’s restorative dental materials -13th edition.
• www. pubmed.org
• www.google.co.in
• www.wikipedia.org

99. CLINICAL ASPECTS & PLACEMENT TECHNIQUE
• Initial clinical technique
• Isolation
• Shade selection
• Cavity designs for composite restoration
• Etching
• Bonding
• Dentin bonding agents
• Priming/conditioning
• Curing
• Matrix placement
• Finishing & polishing

106. COMPOSITE PLACEMENT

107. ARMAMENTARIUM

108. DENTIN BONDING AGENTS

109. CURING

110. MATRICING

111. FINISHING & POLISHING

112. FINISHING & POLISHING KIT

114. DIRECT COMPOSITE VENEERS

115. COMPOSITE POSTS

116. COMPOSITE INLAYS

117. BIO EMULATION LAYERING TECHNIQUE- COMPOSITE
ARTISTRY