The document provides guidelines for writing abstracts for journal articles. It discusses the important components of an abstract, including background, objective, methodology, results, and conclusion. It explains that abstracts should be brief, concise, and informative. The document also provides examples of full and reduced abstract formats and discusses language conventions such as verb tenses. Proper formatting and stylistic elements are emphasized to create an abstract that effectively summarizes the key points of the article in a clear and standardized manner.

1. Composing Journal Abstracts:
Information and Language Convention
Yohanes Kristianto, GradDipFoodSci, MFT
Lektor Kepala bidang Ilmu Teknologi Pangan dan Gizi pada Jurusan Gizi
Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Malan
Kedudukan abstrak sebagai bagian journal artikel sangat penting. Abstrak
merepresentasikan artikel secara keseluruhan. Pembaca artikel berpengalaman
menggunakan abstrak sebagai dasar untuk memutuskan meneruskan membaca artikel
seluruhnya atau tidak. Abstrak yang tidak menarik– atau mungkin membuat pembaca
sulit memahaminya— akan dilewatkan begitu saja. Sebagai bagian yang penting,
abstrak ditempatkan di “hot spot”, bagian awal artikel setelah judul sebelum
pendahuluan. Sebagai pusat perhatian abstrak harus disusun sedemikian rupa
sehingga menarik.
Abstrak yang menarik disusun menggunakan sistem tata tulis yang umum
disepakati di kalangan ilmiah. Dengan cara demikian, maka isi, bahasa, dan cara
pemaparannya standard. Penyusunan abstrak dilakukan secara padat (brief), tepat
(concise), dan informatif. Meskipun ringkas, abstrak mencakup pokok-pokok pikiran
dalam naskah ilmiah. Tepat berarti mengkomunikasikan inti naskah ilmiah dengan
baik,dan tidak banyak menimbulkan penafsiran ganda. Abstrak yang informatif akan
memberikan kepuasan kepada pembaca.
Penyusunan abstrak berbahasa Inggris tidak merupakan translasi kata per kata
atau istilah dari bahasa Indonesianya. Namun, pembuatan abstrak tersebut merupakan
pengekspresian ide dalam bahasa Inggris, sehingga hasilnya lebih natural dan tidak
terlalu kuat kesan inggris-indonesia nya. Translasi langsung ke bahasa Inggris
seringkali mengikutsertakan pola atau gaya bahasa Indonesia -- yang tentunya berbeda
dengan bahasa Inggris. Makalah singkat ini memfokuskan kajian pada aturan dasar
yang lazim dipatuhi dalam membuat abstrak berbahasa Inggris dengan penekanan
pada information and language convention.
A. Informasi dan Urutannya
Informasi yang dicantumkan dalam abstrak berikut urutannya adalah seperti berikut:
1. Full Abstract
B : Background information
O : Objective, principle activity of the study
M : Methodology
R : The most important Results of the study
C/R : Conclusion/Recommendation
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2. Contoh abstrak dengan unsur BOMRC/R:
COMPOSING LETTERS WITH
A SIMULATED LISTENING TYPEWRITER
Abstract. (1) With a listening typewriter, what an author says would be automatically recognised and
displayed in front of him/her. (2) However, speech recognition is not yet advanced enough to provide
people with a reliable listening typewriter.
(3) An aim of our experiments was to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be useful for
composing letters. (4) Participants dictated letters, either in isolated words or in consecutive word
speech. (5) They did this with simulations of listening typewriters that recognised either a limited
vocabulary or unlimited vocabulary.
(6) Results indicated that some versions, even upon first using them, were at least as good as
traditional methods of handwriting and dictating. (7) Isolated word speech with large vocabularies may
provide the basis for a useful listening typewriter.
Sumber: (Weissberg and Buker, 1990.)
2. Reduced Abstract
Journal populer yang menjadi best seller, seringkali mengalami keterbatasan
space karena terlalu banyaknya kontributornya. Sehingga editor dengan ketat
membatasi jumlah kata dalam abstrak. Untuk itu hanya bagian yang terpenting
dari yang penting saja yang ditulis dalam abstrak. Model reduced abstract
adalah:
O+M : Objective + methodology
R : Results of the study
C/R : Conclusion/Recommendation
B. Model Pemaparan
1. Penulis memberikan nama elemen atau judul paragraf:
Background: The new health paradigm of the year 2010 is emphasising on preventive and
promotive measure through the improvement of health behaviour of the population. ……………
Objective: The aim of the study was to examine model of empowering pregnant and lactating
women through the improvement of health and nutrition behaviour by using the method of
Women’s Contact. ……………………
Methods: The study areas were located in Bogor and Tangerang Districts. …………….
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3. Results: The performance of Kontak Ibu in the treatment areas were generally better than that of
in the control areas ……………….
Conclusion: ……………
Suggestion: ……………
Sumber: (Husaini et al, 2001)
2. Penulis tidak memberikan nama elemen atau judul paragraf, tetapi jenis informasi
yang disampaikan dikemas menggunakan pola BOMR/C.
Colorectal cancer patients often have anorexia, nausea and vomiting due to diagnostic
procedures and therapeutic side effects leading to inadequate food intake and undernutrition as
well as increased energy requirements and metabolic disorders. Improvement in nutritional status
prior to an operation leads to a better pre and post operative prognosis. Yogurt, a fermented milk,
is easily digested and absorbed. Furthermore yogurt is highly nutritious and well tolerated.
Transferrin is a sensitive parameter for assessing changes in protein nutritional status.
To improve the nutritional status of colorectal cancer patients, an intervention study was carried
out on hospitalised pre-operative and undernourished colorectal cancer patients, for whom
3x160g yogurt plus 3x20g sugar was provided as a food supplement daily for 7 days.
Anthropometric and laboratory assessments were performed at the commencement and the end
of the study.
There was a high prevalence of undernutrition among hospitalised colorectal cancer patients
(74%). Significant increases in body weight and serum transferrin (p < 0.05) were observed after 7
days intervention. This finding suggests that yogurt can improve the nutritional status of colorectal
cancer patients.
Sumber: (Siagian et al, 1996).
C. Verb Tenses
ELEMEN TENSE
Background Present tense
There … a growing body of evidence that abnormalities of the cell
membrane, particularly depletion of n-3 essential fatty acids, ……. found in
patients suffering from schizophrenia.
Sumber: (Warner et al, 1999).
Objective, Past tense/Present perfect
Principle
activities The purpose of the study …. to describe Registered Nurses’ experiences
when taking a web-based course from either the workplace or home, and
the impact of their learning on clinical practice.
Sumber: (Atack, 2003).
Net energy analyses ……………………… for eight trajectories which
convert energy source into heated domestic water.
Sumber: (Weissberg and Buker, 1990).
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4. Methodology Past tense
The study …………….. a prospective design, over a period from 2 months
to 8 years. Detailed observational data of early and later mother–child
interactions …………….., infant prefrontal function (the A not B task) was
assessed, and symptoms of child conduct disorder and hyperactivity were
rated by maternal report at age 5 and 8 years.
Sumber: (Morrel and Murray, 2003).
Thirty prairie dogs ………………. on a cholesterol-supplemented lithogenic
diet. Ten animals …………… 5% psyllium and 10 animals received 5%
cellulose. After 6 weeks all gallbladder ………………for stones; blood and
bile were collected for analysis.
Sumber: (Schwesinger et al, 1999).
Results Past tense
Results of this study ……………… that the fermented soybean tempeh
…………………… liver iron, compared with unfermented soybean, without
promoting lipid peroxidation in iron-deficient anemic rats.
Sumber: (Kasaoka, et al, 1997).
Conclusion/Re Present tense/Tentative verbs/Modal auxiliaries
commendation
The association of blood pressure with sodium intake ……. subtantially
larger that …….. generally appreciated and …………….. with age and initial
blood pressure.
Sumber: (Law et al, 1991).
It ………………… that substantial amounts of soy isoflavones can be
absorbed and are bioavailable in humans; levels depend on dose, gut
microflora and sex, but not on diet and type of soy product.
Sumber: (Xia-Xu, 1996).
Nurses, employers and educators ………………….. computer skills,
computer access and the learning environment when preparing for web-
based learning.
Sumber: (Atack, 2003).
CLD …………… a deleterious effect on the control of hand and eye
coordination and on perception and intelligence. These results thus re-
emphasise the necessity for careful neurodevelopmental follow up of
infants with CLD whether or not they suffered IVH or PVL.
Sumber: (Katz-Salamon et al, 2000).
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5. D. Ungkapan yang Sering Digunakan
Objective, Principle Activities
The present study was carried out to examine ……………
to evaluate …………..
To examine …………….
To evaluate …………….
To assess ……………… studies were conducted 1
To improve ……………..
………………………………… was investigated
was examined.
was evaluated.
Results
Results indicated ……….
The results of this study showed ……….
indicated ………
confirmed ………
Conclusion/Recommendation
It is concluded that ……………..
The results suggest that …………..
…………. can be …….
…………. may …………..
D. Guide to Abstract Editing
1. Quickly scan for BOMRC/R components.
2. Tenses: Uses the correct tenses.
3. Double or missing verbs
Examples:
It is also has………
We are cover your health.
Data presentation using frequency distribution …………….
For further research needed a larger sample size ………….
1
Kalimat yang dimulai dengan to invinitive dianggap bad style.
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6. 4. Agreements
Examples:
- The farmer who work this land specialise in wheat.
- The three oldest dinosaur skeleton are on display at the Dinosaur
Monument.
- The House subcommittees on Poverty and Pollution are meeting today. Its
meeting will be televised.
5. Appropriate Words:
Pilih jargon-jargon yang sudah umum digunakan menurut bidang ilmu terkait.
Penggunaan kamus Indonesia – Inggris atau translasi kata per kata mungkin
menghasilkan terjemahan yang pemilihan katanya tidak tepat pada konteksnya.
Penyunting ahli, dengan mudah dapat mengenali apakah kata yang dipilih tepat
atau lazim digunakan untuk bahasa Inggrisnya.
6. Be careful of passive voice uses
According to Aebersold et al, (1985) we should use passive voice when:
a. Agent is not important or is not known
Very little is known about …………
b. Writer wishes to avoid a vague noun or pronoun subject.
The controversery of … versus ... is unlikely to ever be settled definitely.
c. Writer wishes to make a statement sound objective.
It has been proven that certain relationship are unhealthy (This avoids
saying: My studies have proven ………..)
d. Writer wishes to avoid taking sides or laying blame on someone, be tactful.
Progress has been limited (Writer does not wish to say why).
e. Writer wishes to emphasise the end of the sentence, which contains new
information and so acts as a transition to the next sentence (s).
A breakthrough in the study of malaria has been announced by Nobel
Prize winning scientists.
F. Identitas
Untuk memberikan identitas artikel, penulisan abstrak biasanya disertai nama
journal atau aliasnya, tahun, volume, nomor, halaman dimana keseluruhan artikel
dimuat.
Contoh: Am J Cardiol 1997;79:34-37
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1997) 51, 375 – 380
Am J Surg. 1999; 177: 307 - 310
BMJ 1991; 302: 811 - 5
Nama journal, tanggal terbit, volume, dan tahun ditulis pada tiap halaman untuk
mengidentifikasi journal saat hanya sebagian artikel direproduksi.
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7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aebersold J., Kowitz J., Schwarte B., Smith, E., 1985, Critical Thingking, Critical
Choices: Book I Reading and Writing, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
American College of Physicians, 2004, Writing a Research Abstract,
http://www.acponline.org/srf/abstracts/res_abs.htm, 20 Jan 2004
Asian Institute of Technology Extension/Language Center, 2004, Writing up Research:
The Abstract, http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/el21abst.htm, 20 Jan 2004
Atack L, 2003, ‘Becoming a web-based learner: registered nurses’ experiences’, Journal
of Advanced Nursing, vol 44, no 3, pp 289–297.
Husaini, J.K., Widodo, Y., Salimar, 2001, ‘Strategi Baru Penyuluhan Gizi-Kesehatan
dalam Meningkatkan Perilaku Sehat Selama Hamil dan Menyusui’ Penel Gizi
Makan, vol 24, pp 11 – 23.
Kasaoka, S., Astuti, M., Uehara, M., Suzuki, K., Goto, S., 1997, ‘Effect of Indonesian
Fermented Soybean Tempeh on Iron Bioavailability and Lipid Peroxidation in
Anemic Rats’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol 45, no 1, pp 195 –
198.
Katz-Salamon M, Gerner EM, Jonsson B, Lagercrantz H, 2000, ‘Early motor and mental
development in very preterm infants with chronic lung disease’, Arch Dis Child
Fetal Neonatal; vol, 83:F1-F6
Law MR, Frost CD, Wald NJ, 1991, ‘ By How much does dietary salt reduction lower
blood pressure?: I-analysis of observational data among populations’, British
Medical Journal, vol 302, pp 811 – 5.
Murrel J and Murray L, 2003, Parenting and the development of conduct disorder and
hyperactive symptoms in childhood: a prospective longitudinal study’, Journal of
Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol 44, no 4, pp 489–508
Schwesinger WH, Kurtin WE, Page CP, Stewart RM, Johnson R., 1999, ‘Soluble Dietary
Fibre Protects against Cholesterol Gallstone Formation’, The American Journal of
Surgery, vol 177, pp 301 – 310.
Siagian CM, Rumawas JSP, Rahayuningsih S, Pusponegoro AD, 1996, ‘The effect of
yogurt supplementation on the nutritional status of undernourished pre-operative
colorectal cancer patients, Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol 5, no 2:
p127
The Abstract, 2004, http://www.nwe.ufl.edu/~fbarnes/abstract.html , 20 Jan 2004
The Rice University, 2004, Writing Research Papers,
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/tools/report/reportform.html, 20 Jan 2004
Tips on Writing Abstracts, 2004, http://www.aahn.org/abstract.html, 20 Jan 2004
Warner, R., Laugharne, J., Peet, M., Brwon, L., Rogers, N., 1999, ‘Retinal Function as a
Marker for Cell Membrane Omega-3 Fatty Acid Depletion in Schizophrenia: A
Pilot Study’, Biol Psychiatry, vol 45, pp 1138 – 1142.
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8. Waseso MG dan Saukah A, (eds), 2003, Menerbitkan Jurnal Ilmiah, UM Press Malang,
Weisseberg R and Buker S, 1990, Writing up Research: Experimental Research Report
Writing for Students of English, Prentice Hall Regents, New Jersey.
Xia-Xu, 1996, ‘Human Bioavailability and Health Protective Effects of Soy Isoflavones’, J
Fruits Vegetables and Nuts, vol 56, no 8, pp 42 – 51.
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