Complex tone & pitch height
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This document discusses tone and pitch in English. It describes common tone symbols used to denote intonation, including level, falling, and rising tones. More complex tones like fall-rise and rise-fall are also noted, though they are less common. Each speaker has their own normal pitch range, and intonation typically occurs in the lower part of this range, but with strong feelings the pitch height can increase. Different tones convey different attitudes, such as a fall for a neutral statement and rise for a question.
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1) Phonological processes are sound changes that occur in spoken language. This document discusses several English phonological processes including aspiration of consonants, flapping of /t/ and /d/, vowel lengthening before voiced consonants, and assimilation which causes sounds to become more similar to neighboring sounds.
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2) Sonority theory proposes that syllables correspond to peaks in airflow, with more sonorous segments like vowels forming syllable nuclei.
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This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the scientific study of human speech sounds, including their production (articulatory phonetics), transmission (acoustic phonetics), and reception (auditory phonetics). Phonology is the study of how speech sounds are organized and used in a particular language. The document outlines the major consonant sounds in English, including plosives, fricatives, nasals, affricates, laterals, and approximants/semi-vowels. It emphasizes that phonetics examines speech sounds in general, while phonology focuses on how a language organizes those sounds.
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A presentation prepared in this regards is being shared herewith for the records and general sharing. :)
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intonation
The document discusses intonation patterns in English. It explains that intonation refers to how the voice rises and falls in speech. The two main intonation patterns in English are falling intonation and rising intonation. Falling intonation occurs with statements and wh-questions, while rising intonation is used for yes-no questions. The document provides examples of different sentences and questions to illustrate the intonation patterns.
The English Syllable
This document discusses the structure of the English syllable. It defines a syllable as consisting of a center with less obstruction to airflow, known as the nucleus, surrounded by optional onset and coda elements with greater obstruction. The minimum syllable contains just a vowel nucleus, while other syllables may include up to three consonants in the onset before the vowel and up to four consonants in the coda after the vowel. In some cases, a consonant such as /l/, /r/, or nasal can act as the syllabic nucleus instead of a vowel.
English Intonation
This document provides an overview of prosodic features and the functions and structure of English intonation. It defines key terminology like stress, pitch, intonation, rhythm, and tone. It explains the attitudinal, grammatical, focusing, discourse, and psychological functions of intonation. It outlines the key elements of intonation phrases including the nucleus, head, tail, and pre-head. It provides examples of different intonation patterns and their meanings. It recommends a reference book on intonation for further practice.
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This document discusses the functions and uses of intonation in English. It identifies four main functions: 1) the attitudinal function, where intonation conveys feelings and attitudes; 2) the accentual function, where stress is placed on important words; 3) the grammatical function, where intonation clarifies ambiguous sentences; and 4) the discourse function, where intonation focuses listener attention. It also describes the uses of falling, rising, and falling-rising tones to indicate definiteness, uncertainty, and contrast respectively. Examples are provided to illustrate how intonation conveys meaning.
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This document discusses long vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs in phonology. It defines long vowels as vowels that are longer than short vowels, and provides examples of the six long vowels in English. It then explains diphthongs as sounds consisting of a movement from one vowel to another, categorizing them as centering, closing, or ending diphthongs. Finally, it defines triphthongs as a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third vowel, providing examples of triphthongs in English.
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A comparison of narrow and broad transcription is summarized.
A definition of phonological rule and specific examples of common rules of the English language with words that illustrate each.
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Phoneme consists of two parts: phon and eme. Phon refers to the shape of a sound, and phoneme is formed when eme is added to phon. A phoneme is the smallest unit in a language that can change meaning. A phoneme is a set of allophones, which are variants of the same phoneme that do not change meaning. An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively in a language.
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This document provides information about a Phonetics and Phonology course being offered on Saturdays from 12-15 in Room 44. The course facilitator is Dr. Salama Embark and will cover topics like consonants, vowels, phonology, and the production of speech sounds over 14 lectures. Key readings include books by Peter Roach, Peter Ladefoged, and Susan Cameron. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their production, while phonology examines how sounds pattern and function in languages.
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Phonology is the study of speech sounds and sound patterns within languages. It examines an inventory of sounds in a language and the rules for how those sounds interact and are organized. Phonology analyzes the significant sound patterns of a particular language, determining which phonetic sounds are important and how native speakers interpret those sounds. It is related to other areas of linguistics like phonetics, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics. Phonetics studies speech sound production, while phonology focuses on the sound system of a specific language. Different models of phonology, like phonemics and generative phonology, provide different frameworks for understanding phonological representations and processes.
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This document discusses intonation in English. It begins by defining intonation as the pitch patterns used when speaking. It then discusses the differences between tone languages like Chinese and Vietnamese versus non-tone languages like English. The rest of the document covers tone units, the structure of tone units including the tonic syllable, head, pre-head and tail. It also discusses the different forms of intonation such as fall, rise-fall, fall-rise, rise and level. Finally, it examines the common uses of these tones with different types of sentences and questions.
Allophone presentation
This document discusses phonology and the relationship between phonemes and allophones. It defines phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, while allophones are predictable variants of phonemes that are conditioned by their context. Phonemes group sets of similar-sounding allophones. For example, [p] and [ph] in English are allophones of the same /p/ phoneme because they occur in complementary distribution and can be substituted without changing a word's meaning. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes that follow language-specific rules.
Affricate sounds 2010
An affricate sound is a consonant sound that is a combination of a plosive sound followed immediately by a fricative sound produced with the same articulators. There are two affricate sounds in English: /tʃ/ as in "chip" and /dʒ/ as in "judge". Both involve an initial plosive sound (/t/ or /d/) followed by a fricative sound produced in the post-alveolar region. For a sound to be considered an affricate, the plosive and fricative components must be homorganic or use the same place of articulation in the vocal tract.
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The document discusses the concept of the syllable in phonology. It defines a syllable as a unit of sound that is larger than a phoneme but smaller than a word. A syllable typically consists of three elements - the onset, nucleus (peak), and coda. The nucleus is obligatory and is usually a vowel or syllabic consonant, while the onset and coda are optional consonant segments. There are also discussions around different theories that attempt to define the syllable, such as theories based on sonority, prominence, or chest pulses during speech. The document also examines issues relating to syllable structure, types (open vs. closed), weight (light vs. heavy), and syllabification in English words.
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This document discusses voicing and consonants in English. It describes the anatomy and functions of the larynx, including the vocal folds and their role in voicing. It explains how the position of the vocal folds produces voiced, voiceless, and fricative sounds. It also analyzes the four phases of articulation for plosive consonants and how they differ in initial, medial, and final positions based on voicing and aspiration. The document concludes that voicing is a complex phenomenon and has provided details on articulation of speech sounds.
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This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the scientific study of human speech sounds, including their production (articulatory phonetics), transmission (acoustic phonetics), and reception (auditory phonetics). Phonology is the study of how speech sounds are organized and used in a particular language. The document outlines the major consonant sounds in English, including plosives, fricatives, nasals, affricates, laterals, and approximants/semi-vowels. It emphasizes that phonetics examines speech sounds in general, while phonology focuses on how a language organizes those sounds.
Phonology
The document discusses phonology, which is concerned with how speech sounds are classified and organized in language. It covers the basic units of phonology including phones, phonemes, and allophones. It also describes segmental phonology, which involves sound changes like assimilation, elision, and linking, as well as phonotactics. Suprasegmental phonology involves word stress, sentence stress, and tones. Word stress refers to emphasizing certain syllables to distinguish words' meanings, while sentence stress emphasizes important information words.
INTONATION - TONE UNIT - PHONOLOGY
This document discusses prosodic features of speech, including:
- Utterances with different numbers of syllables as examples
- The presence or absence of pitch accents (tonic syllables) in utterances
- Marking the positions of pitch accents and heads/tails in example utterances
- Finding the most prominent/tonic syllable in example tone units
Phonetics & phonology
Phonetics and phonology are both linguistic fields that are interested in the role of sound in language. The importance of learning phonetics and phonology for someone whose first language is not English is paramount.
Learning phonetics will help a foreign speaker sound more like a native speaker by making them aware of the different sounds that English makes use of.
A presentation prepared in this regards is being shared herewith for the records and general sharing. :)
Acoustic phonetics
Vowel sounds contain multiple pitches that give each vowel its distinctive quality. The lowest three formants distinguish vowels from one another. Formants arise from echoes in the vocal tract as sound waves reflect between the vocal folds and lips. Changes in vocal tract shape alter the formant frequencies, while pitch is determined by vocal fold vibration rate. Computer programs like Praat and WaveSurfer are used to analyze sounds and visualize formants on spectrograms.
Producing vowels
This document summarizes how vowels are produced based on tongue position and movement. It describes vowels according to three factors: tongue height (high, mid, low), tongue fronting (front, back, central), and lip position. Vowels can be plotted on a vowel quadrilateral based on these factors. Common vowels like [i], [a], and [u] are given as examples. The document also discusses diphthongs, which are vowel sounds where the tongue moves from one position to another within the same syllable like [aʊ] in "bout." Triphthongs involve three vowel positions like [aɪə] in "tire."
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Phonetics and Phonology: Long Vowels, Diphthongs and Thripthong
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Phonetics & phonology, INTRODUCTION, Dr, Salama Embarak
Phonetics & phonology (The way Vowels and Consonant of English are articulated)
Phonetics & phonology (The way Vowels and Consonant of English are articulated)
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INTONATION AND ITS FUNCTIONS
Intonation refers to variations in pitch when speaking and helps convey meaning. It has several key components including pitch, sentence stress, and rhythm. Intonation patterns differ between languages like English and Ukrainian. In English, falling intonation is most common and used for statements while rising intonation expresses questions, lists, and lack of certainty. Ukrainian uses rising and falling intonation differently, with pitch changes occurring on accented syllables. Speakers must be careful not to transfer intonation patterns from their native language when speaking English.
Presentation intonation
Intonation refers to the melody or pattern of pitch changes in speech. It serves various functions including marking prominence or emphasis on certain words, indicating grammatical roles such as questions versus statements, and organizing spoken discourse. The document discusses intonation patterns in English and approaches for learning intonation through interaction, instruction, and setting realistic goals.
Fnctions Of Intonation
Intonation serves several important functions in speech. It helps express attitudes and emotions, accentuate important words, distinguish statements from questions, and clarify grammatical relationships and discourse structure. Intonation patterns include falling, rising, fall-rising and rise-falling tones, which take on different meanings based on factors like voice quality, pitch range, and placement within utterances. While intonation is challenging to analyze, it plays a key role in conveying meaning in spoken language.
rising and falling intonation
The document describes an echo game conducted by a teacher where the pupils repeat the teacher's questions and answers. It then provides a dialogue between Cora and Mario where they plan to meet at the park that afternoon. It asks comprehension questions about the dialogue and defines intonation and when rising and falling intonation is used.
Teaching Intonation
This document discusses intonation in language and provides examples of how intonation can change the meaning of what is said. It notes that intonation exists in all languages and is used to indicate emotional meaning and the feelings of the speaker. It emphasizes that awareness of intonation aids communication and that wrong intonation can cause misunderstandings. The document then provides various exercises and examples to demonstrate how intonation works in practice.
Intonation
Intonation refers to the pitch patterns used in speech. It is how we say things rather than what we say, and without intonation it is impossible to understand expressions and thoughts conveyed through words. Intonation patterns group words into tone units that package information and convey attitudes. The placement of stress and pitch movement within and between tone units is important for meaning.
Study Of English Stress And Intonation
The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to stress and intonation in English, including:
1) Stress refers to relative emphasis on certain syllables in a word through loudness, length, or pitch. In English, stressed syllables are louder, longer, and higher pitched.
2) Words have primary, secondary, and tertiary stresses. Primary stress is on the most prominent syllable.
3) Stress placement and degree varies between content and function words. Content words receive more stress.
4) Stress indicates new information in responses and contrasts in dialogue.
Stress and intonation
The document discusses various aspects of stress and intonation in English, including how stress is realized through louder, longer, and higher pitched syllables and how intonation contributes to the meaning and expression of utterances through rising and falling tones. Word stress rules and patterns of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary stress are examined along with examples of different types of stress including emphatic, contrastive, tonic, and new information stress.
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Intonation refers to the distinctive patterns of pitch used in speech that carry meaningful information. All spoken languages use intonation. In English, intonation patterns distinguish statements from questions and can change the meaning or function of an utterance. Intonation is analyzed by dividing utterances into tone units with a stressed tonic syllable that determines the intonation pattern of the unit. The pitch movement on the tonic syllable and in the following tail provides cues to the intonation's function. Intonation must be practiced to produce the appropriate pitch contours for a language.
Falls & Rises.ppsx
Default tones in speech include falling tones for statements, exclamations, wh-questions and commands, while rising tones are used for yes-no questions. There are different types of falling tones such as low falls where pitch falls from medium to low and high falls where pitch falls from high to low. Rising tones can be low rises where pitch rises from low to medium and high rises where pitch rises from medium to high. The position of dots in an interlinear transcription indicates the pitch in speech.
Stress
This document discusses stress, intonation, and chunking in speech. It defines stress as syllables pronounced with greater force, with strong syllables being stressed and long vowels, and weak syllables being unstressed with shorter vowels. Intonation is defined as the pitch of the voice, which can rise and fall to express meanings. Chunking refers to breaking speech into manageable rhythmic and tonal units; chunks that are too short hurt fluency while ones that are too long sound flat.
Intonation
Intonation refers to the variation in pitch when speaking. There are two basic intonation patterns in English: 1) Falling tune, where the voice falls at the end of a statement, used for short sentences, questions with question words, and commands. 2) Rising tune, where the voice rises at the end, used for encouraging statements, yes/no questions, questions showing interest, and sentences ending with "please". Understanding intonation helps convey feelings, moods, and the type of statement.
Unit 8 Phonetics
The document discusses intonation and provides the following key points:
1. Intonation refers to pitch movements in speech that provide linguistic information. It serves grammatical, accentual, discourse, attitudinal, and sociolinguistic functions.
2. The basic unit of intonation is the word group, which is divided into a pre-head, head, and nucleus. The nucleus carries the main accent.
3. There are different nuclear tones including high fall, low fall, high rise, and fall-rise that convey meanings like neutral statements versus questions.
4. Intonation tunes involve pre-nuclear and nuclear pitch patterns that together contribute to meanings of
Stress and intonation
The document discusses stress and intonation in English pronunciation. It explains that stress refers to pronouncing certain syllables with more force to make them stand out. Words often have a primary and secondary stressed syllable. Intonation involves variations in pitch to indicate questions, pauses, and emotions. Falling intonation lowers the pitch at the end of statements and some question types, while rising intonation raises the pitch for yes/no questions. Correct stress and intonation are important for intelligible English speech.
Pitch presentation
The document discusses the use of tone and pitch in speech. It notes that tone indicates the speaker's gender, age, and emotional state. It defines four levels of pitch - low, middle, high, and extra high. Tone can express emphasis for emotions like fear or surprise. Lines above or below words indicate the pitch or tone of the word - high, normal, or low. Tone usually changes between syllables but can also change within a syllable. There are two main intonation patterns - rising-falling and rising, which refer to the movement of pitch on the last accented syllable.
pdf-rubric-for-singing fo education used only not mine.docx
This rubric provides criteria for evaluating singing performance in grades 1-8. It assesses elements such as pitch, rhythm, tempo, dynamics, expression, focus, tone quality, diction, and overall vocal performance. For each element, descriptors are provided for different performance levels ranging from developing to excellent. Feedback comments can also be added to further describe the student's strengths and areas for improvement. The purpose is to objectively assess singing skills and provide guidance for musical development.
PPT-UEU-EPP-Session-13.pptxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
- The document discusses concepts in English intonation and phonology, including analyzing pitch, tone units, tonic syllables, head and tail tones, and pitch possibilities.
- Key aspects of intonation are the pitch of the voice and how speakers use rising and falling tones to convey meaning and attitudes.
- Tone languages use distinct tones on syllables to distinguish word meanings, unlike intonation in English which varies pitch for functions like questions versus statements.
- The document examines components of tone units like pre-head, head, and tail syllables and how pitch can fall or continue rising over multiple syllables in a tone unit.
Prosodic or suprasegmental phonology
Supra-segmental phonology analysis those features which extend over more than one segment such as stress, rhythm and intonation.
new intonation pnp blm fix.pptx
The document discusses different aspects of intonation patterns in English, including:
1) Fall-rise and rise-fall tones can be distorted when followed by a syllable tail, breaking up the characteristic pitch movement.
2) Tone units can have high or low heads depending on whether the first stressed syllable is high or low pitched.
3) The tonic syllable is the prominent syllable that carries a pitch movement, or is the most prominent if no movement is detectable.
4) Tone unit boundaries can be identified by a change in pitch level or disruption of rhythmic pattern between units.
Ch. 7 minor scales
This document discusses minor scales and keys. It explains that relative keys share the same key signature, while parallel keys have different key signatures but the same tonic. There are three types of minor scales: natural, harmonic, and melodic. The harmonic minor scale raises the seventh scale degree, while the melodic minor scale raises both the sixth and seventh degrees ascending but uses the natural minor form descending. Fingerings for various minor scales on the keyboard are provided.
Phonetics and phonology iii
This document discusses intonation in spoken language. It covers three systems of intonation: tonality, tonicity, and tone. Tone refers to pitch movement and includes primary tones like fall and rise, and secondary tones regarding degree of pitch change. Falls generally indicate completeness while rises indicate incompleteness. Fall-rise tones can imply reservations or contrast depending on context. The document also examines tones' meanings in statements, questions, commands, and interjections.
Voice and intonation
This document discusses various aspects of voice and intonation in speech. It defines vocal characteristics like pitch, intensity, and quality. It also describes vocal range for different voice types, typical speaking rates in words per minute, and prosody elements like rhythm and intonation patterns. Intonation is the variation in pitch when speaking, with five common tones in English. Stress and timing of content words versus function words are also covered.
Paralanguage
Paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of speech such as volume, pitch, tone, rate of speech, stress, articulation, pronunciation, and silence. These paralinguistic features convey emotions and support the verbal message. Effective use of paralanguage includes adjusting volume based on occasion, varying pitch and tone to show different meanings, stressing important words, and pausing strategically between ideas.
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pdf-rubric-for-singing fo education used only not mine.docx
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Complex tone & pitch height
- 1. Complex Tone & Pitch Height
- 2. TONE SYMBOLS • S y mb o l s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o d e n o t e i n t o n a t i o n .
- 3. English Syllable Simple Tone 1. Level _yes 2. Falling yes 3. Rising /yes
- 4. English Complex tones 1. Fall –Rise P i t c h d e s c e n d s a n d r i s e s a g a i n 2. Rise – Fall P i t c h r i s e s a n d d e s c e n d s Not often encountered & of little importance.
- 5. Speakers’ Pitch Range • Every speaker has his own normal pitch range. a. Top level – highest pitch b. Bottom level – normal • In ordinary speech- intonation tends to take place within the lower part of the speaker´s pitch range. • Only with strong feelings we use extra pitch height.
- 6. Vertical upward arrow E x t r a p i t c h h e i g h t
- 7. U n e mp h a t i c “Y e s ”
- 8. St r ong e m p h a t i c “Y e s ”
- 9. Function of English tones T ONE AT T I T UDE Fall Neutral statement Rise Neutral question, doubt Fall-Rise Skepticism Rise-Fall Emphatic statement Level Boredom, disinterest