The document discusses the complement system and inflammation. It defines the complement system as part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens and damaged cells. The complement system consists of proteins that are activated in a cascade to stimulate phagocytes, promote inflammation, and attack cell membranes. Inflammation is defined as the body's immune response to harmful stimuli and is characterized by symptoms like redness, swelling, heat, and pain that help remove pathogens and begin the healing process. Chronic inflammation can potentially lead to diseases if not resolved.
The complement system is a collection of circulating and cell membrane proteins that play important roles in host defense against microbes and in antibody mediated tissue injury. It has three major pathways of activation - the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. Activation leads to the generation of effector molecules that help eliminate microbes through lysis, opsonization, and inflammation. Deficiencies in complement components increase susceptibility to certain bacterial and viral infections as well as immune complex diseases.
The complement system is an important part of the innate immune system that activates through three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative. Activation leads to the formation of C3 and C5 convertases that generate inflammatory molecules like C3a and C5a, and opsonins like C3b that promote phagocytosis. It ultimately forms the membrane attack complex that lyses target cells. Complement is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells and excessive inflammation. Deficiencies in complement components can increase risk of certain infections.
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM IS DEFINED AS THE PART OF IMMUNE SYSTEM WHICH ENHANCES THE IMMUNITY OF AN INDIVIUAL. IT INCLUDES 30 SOLUBLE PROTEINS PRESENT IN PLASMA.
The complement system consists of three pathways - the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. The lectin pathway is activated when mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binds to mannose sugars on microbial surfaces. This binding activates MASP-1 and MASP-2, analogous to C1r and C1s in the classical pathway. MASP-1 and MASP-2 then cleave C4 and C2 to form the C3 convertase, which activates the remainder of the complement cascade. The lectin pathway thus provides an antibody-independent mechanism for complement activation in response to microbial pathogens.
The document discusses the complement system, which kills cells by forming pores on cell membranes. It describes the three pathways of complement activation (classical, lectin, and alternative), the components and steps in each pathway, and the functions of complement including opsonization, inflammation, and direct lysis of pathogens. It also discusses deficiencies that can result in disease and the roles of anaphylotoxins and complement receptors.
The complement system is part of the innate immune system and consists of over 30 proteins. It was originally identified in the 1890s by Jules Bordet and Paul Ehrlich as a heat-labile component of serum that enhanced the ability of antibodies to kill bacteria. There are three complement activation pathways: the classical pathway which is initiated by antibody-antigen complexes, the lectin pathway which is activated by mannose-binding lectin, and the alternative pathway which is spontaneously activated by microbial surfaces. Complement activation results in opsonization, inflammation, and formation of the membrane attack complex to kill microbes. Deficiencies in specific complement components can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
The complement system is part of the immune system and consists of over 30 proteins produced by the liver. It kills microbes in three ways: opsonization, inflammation, and cytolysis. It works as a cascade system where the activation of one protein triggers the activation of others. There are two pathways - the classical pathway which relies on antibodies, and the alternative pathway which does not require antibodies. Both pathways result in the formation of the membrane attack complex that causes cell lysis.
The complement system is a collection of circulating and cell membrane proteins that play important roles in host defense against microbes and in antibody mediated tissue injury. It has three major pathways of activation - the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. Activation leads to the generation of effector molecules that help eliminate microbes through lysis, opsonization, and inflammation. Deficiencies in complement components increase susceptibility to certain bacterial and viral infections as well as immune complex diseases.
The complement system is an important part of the innate immune system that activates through three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative. Activation leads to the formation of C3 and C5 convertases that generate inflammatory molecules like C3a and C5a, and opsonins like C3b that promote phagocytosis. It ultimately forms the membrane attack complex that lyses target cells. Complement is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells and excessive inflammation. Deficiencies in complement components can increase risk of certain infections.
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM IS DEFINED AS THE PART OF IMMUNE SYSTEM WHICH ENHANCES THE IMMUNITY OF AN INDIVIUAL. IT INCLUDES 30 SOLUBLE PROTEINS PRESENT IN PLASMA.
The complement system consists of three pathways - the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. The lectin pathway is activated when mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binds to mannose sugars on microbial surfaces. This binding activates MASP-1 and MASP-2, analogous to C1r and C1s in the classical pathway. MASP-1 and MASP-2 then cleave C4 and C2 to form the C3 convertase, which activates the remainder of the complement cascade. The lectin pathway thus provides an antibody-independent mechanism for complement activation in response to microbial pathogens.
The document discusses the complement system, which kills cells by forming pores on cell membranes. It describes the three pathways of complement activation (classical, lectin, and alternative), the components and steps in each pathway, and the functions of complement including opsonization, inflammation, and direct lysis of pathogens. It also discusses deficiencies that can result in disease and the roles of anaphylotoxins and complement receptors.
The complement system is part of the innate immune system and consists of over 30 proteins. It was originally identified in the 1890s by Jules Bordet and Paul Ehrlich as a heat-labile component of serum that enhanced the ability of antibodies to kill bacteria. There are three complement activation pathways: the classical pathway which is initiated by antibody-antigen complexes, the lectin pathway which is activated by mannose-binding lectin, and the alternative pathway which is spontaneously activated by microbial surfaces. Complement activation results in opsonization, inflammation, and formation of the membrane attack complex to kill microbes. Deficiencies in specific complement components can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
The complement system is part of the immune system and consists of over 30 proteins produced by the liver. It kills microbes in three ways: opsonization, inflammation, and cytolysis. It works as a cascade system where the activation of one protein triggers the activation of others. There are two pathways - the classical pathway which relies on antibodies, and the alternative pathway which does not require antibodies. Both pathways result in the formation of the membrane attack complex that causes cell lysis.
Presentation is good for MBBS (undergraduate) class. Complement system includes normal serum proteins that augment the function of immune system. There are three possible paths through which complement system can proceed. then common path follows leading to the formation of MAC complex that causes bacterial cell lysis. Opsonisation, Viral neutralization, clearing of immune complexes, etc. are other functions of complement system. Important diseases are linked to abnormal regulation of immune system.
The document discusses the complement system, which consists of over 20 proteins that play a key role in the immune system. There are three complement activation pathways: the classical pathway, which is initiated by the binding of antibodies to antigens; the lectin pathway, which is initiated when mannose-binding lectin binds to pathogens; and the alternative pathway, which is spontaneously activated by pathogens. All three pathways result in the formation of the membrane attack complex that causes lysis of pathogens. The complement system enhances phagocytosis, causes inflammation, and lyses cells through its activation cascade and production of factors such as C3a and C5a.
1) The document discusses the complement cascade and its three activation pathways: the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. It also discusses complement deficiency diseases.
2) Case A is about a man with meningitis whose lab results show low C5 levels. Low C5 would impair the membrane attack complex and increase risk of infection.
3) Case B is about a girl with swelling and abdominal pain whose labs show low C4 and C1 inhibitor. Low C1 inhibitor causes hereditary angioedema by impairing complement regulation and the kinin system.
This presentation is organized with the help of other presentations, text book of immunology and some internet resources for better understanding of students.
The classical pathway of complement activation begins with the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that induce conformational changes in IgM or IgG antibodies, exposing a binding site for the C1 complex. C1 complex consists of C1q and C1r and C1s molecules. Binding of C1q to the antibody causes C1r to activate C1s as a protease. C1s then cleaves C4 and C2, forming the C3 convertase C4b2a that cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b. C3b binds to C4b2a to form the C5 convertase that cleaves C5, initiating formation of the membrane attack complex.
The complement system is made up of over 30 proteins that play an important role in the immune response. It is involved in opsonization, inflammation, cell lysis, and enhances the immune response. There are three complement activation pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative. All three pathways converge at the activation of C3 and involve a cascade of proteins cleaving and activating downstream components. Ultimately this leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex which can lyse target cells. Complement is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies in complement proteins are associated with various diseases.
Innate immune system is very important in case of fish. Complement system is the part of innate immune system. In this presentation there is a overview of the complement system.
The document discusses the complement system, which was discovered in 1894 and plays an important role in host defense against pathogens. It summarizes the key proteins in the complement pathways, including the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. It also describes the biological activities of complement activation products and how deficiencies in specific complement components can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
"Complement" describes a system of about 20 proteins, many of which are enzyme precursors. The principal actors in this system are 11 proteins designated C1 through C9, B, and D,
All these are present normally among the plasma proteins in the blood as well as among the proteins that leak out of the capillaries into the tissue spaces.
The enzyme precursors are normally inactive, but they can be activated mainly by the so-called classic pathway.
The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood that helps antibodies and phagocytic cells destroy pathogens. It is activated via three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative. Activation leads to a cascade of reactions that results in the formation of the membrane attack complex, which punches holes in the pathogen's cell membrane, killing it. Complement also aids in inflammation, phagocytosis, and immune adherence. The system is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies can cause diseases like hereditary angioedema.
Complement is a series of serum proteins involved in the immune response that help opsonize pathogens, attract phagocytes, and lyse bacteria and infected cells. It was discovered in 1894 and consists of around 30 circulating and membrane-bound proteins synthesized in the liver and by inflammatory cells. The classical, lectin, and alternative pathways activate different complement components through cleavage by C1, mannose-binding lectin, or spontaneous hydrolysis. Activated components have roles in opsonization, anaphylaxis, and membrane attack. Deficiencies increase risk for infections and autoimmune diseases depending on the pathway and component affected.
COMPLEMENT - A group of serum proteins which can be activated (= "fixed") by antigen-antibody complexes or other substances, which may result in lysis of a microbial target, or a variety of other biological effects important in both innate and adaptive immunity. (The majority of these proteins are produced by the liver.)The complex of serum proteins known as COMPLEMENT plays key roles in the lytic and inflammatory properties of antibodies. The CLASSICAL pathway is initiated
by antigen-antibody complexes (via complement components C1, C4, and C2), while the activation of the ALTERNATE pathway (via components B, D and P), and the MBLECTIN ("mannan-binding lectin") pathway may be initiated by other substances independently of adaptive immune responses; all three pathways share those complement components involved in the inflammatory and lytic consequences, namely C3, C5, C6,
C7, C8 and C9. The INFLAMMATION which is a consequence of complement fixation is illustrated by the manifestations of SERUM SICKNESS, and complement is also seen
to be central to the normal process of clearing immune complexes, which is important in preventing IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASE.
This document summarizes the complement system, which consists of over 30 serum proteins that act in a cascade pathway. There are three activation pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative. The classical pathway is activated by antibody-antigen complexes and involves a cascade of proteins like C1, C4, C2, and C3. The complement cascade results in opsonization, cell lysis, inflammation, and immune clearance. The system is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells.
The complement system is a collection of soluble proteins and membrane receptors that function in host defense against microbes and inflammatory reactions. It consists of more than 20 proteins numbered C1 through C9. The complement system works through three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative - that ultimately activate C3 and C5 convertases, cleaving C3 and C5 into fragments that opsonize pathogens, induce inflammation, and form the membrane attack complex to lyse microbes. Complement activation is tightly regulated by inhibitory proteins to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies in complement proteins can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
The complement system is a protective cascading system composed of 25 proteins that can be activated via the classical and alternative pathways, culminating in phagocytosis, lysis, and inflammation. It is present in normal sera and composed of complex protein networks. The classical pathway involves 9 proteins and the alternative pathway involves 13 proteins. Complement activation results in opsonization to enhance phagocytosis, attraction of phagocytes, lysis of bacteria and infected cells, and clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells. Deficiencies in specific complement components can increase susceptibility to certain infections due to impaired opsonization or membrane attack functions.
This presentation describes the Fish Complement system and different types of pathways involved and the mechanism behind the regulation of complement proteins. It gives a basic and a detailed explanation regarding the topic.
The complement system consists of over 30 proteins that circulate in the blood and tissues. It helps destroy harmful microbes via opsonization, phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation. There are 3 major pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative - that are initiated by different mechanisms but all generate C3 and C5 convertases and the membrane attack complex (MAC). Complement proteins include initiators, enzymes, opsonins, anaphylatoxins, membrane attack components, receptors, and regulators. Together they help bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses.
Complement system and innate immunity - classical & alternative pathways neeru02
The complement system is part of the innate immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens. It consists of around 20 proteins that are activated via three pathways: the classical pathway activated by antigen-antibody complexes, the lectin pathway activated by lectins binding to pathogens, and the alternative pathway which is continuously active at low levels. Complement activation leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex that forms pores in pathogen cell membranes to kill them directly or mark them for phagocytosis.
The document discusses the complement system, which consists of over 30 proteins produced by the liver that function in the immune system but are not antibodies. It works as a cascade system where one activation triggers another in a chain reaction. Complement activation can lead to cell lysis and generation of inflammatory substances. It plays a role in defense against bacteria and in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. There are three complement activation pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. The classical pathway is antibody-dependent while the alternative and lectin pathways are antibody-independent. Complement activation results in opsonization, inflammation, clearance of immune complexes, and lysis of pathogen cells.
This file contains detail study of the complement system of immunology. This document includes the introduction to complement system, different pathways including classical pathway, alternative pathway and lectin pathway and also the functions of complement system.
Complement System comprises of Complement proteins that function to augment the antibodies in killing bacteria by the formation of Membrane Attack Complex.
This ppt describes the different pathways of activation complement proteins and MAC formation.
Presentation is good for MBBS (undergraduate) class. Complement system includes normal serum proteins that augment the function of immune system. There are three possible paths through which complement system can proceed. then common path follows leading to the formation of MAC complex that causes bacterial cell lysis. Opsonisation, Viral neutralization, clearing of immune complexes, etc. are other functions of complement system. Important diseases are linked to abnormal regulation of immune system.
The document discusses the complement system, which consists of over 20 proteins that play a key role in the immune system. There are three complement activation pathways: the classical pathway, which is initiated by the binding of antibodies to antigens; the lectin pathway, which is initiated when mannose-binding lectin binds to pathogens; and the alternative pathway, which is spontaneously activated by pathogens. All three pathways result in the formation of the membrane attack complex that causes lysis of pathogens. The complement system enhances phagocytosis, causes inflammation, and lyses cells through its activation cascade and production of factors such as C3a and C5a.
1) The document discusses the complement cascade and its three activation pathways: the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. It also discusses complement deficiency diseases.
2) Case A is about a man with meningitis whose lab results show low C5 levels. Low C5 would impair the membrane attack complex and increase risk of infection.
3) Case B is about a girl with swelling and abdominal pain whose labs show low C4 and C1 inhibitor. Low C1 inhibitor causes hereditary angioedema by impairing complement regulation and the kinin system.
This presentation is organized with the help of other presentations, text book of immunology and some internet resources for better understanding of students.
The classical pathway of complement activation begins with the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that induce conformational changes in IgM or IgG antibodies, exposing a binding site for the C1 complex. C1 complex consists of C1q and C1r and C1s molecules. Binding of C1q to the antibody causes C1r to activate C1s as a protease. C1s then cleaves C4 and C2, forming the C3 convertase C4b2a that cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b. C3b binds to C4b2a to form the C5 convertase that cleaves C5, initiating formation of the membrane attack complex.
The complement system is made up of over 30 proteins that play an important role in the immune response. It is involved in opsonization, inflammation, cell lysis, and enhances the immune response. There are three complement activation pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative. All three pathways converge at the activation of C3 and involve a cascade of proteins cleaving and activating downstream components. Ultimately this leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex which can lyse target cells. Complement is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies in complement proteins are associated with various diseases.
Innate immune system is very important in case of fish. Complement system is the part of innate immune system. In this presentation there is a overview of the complement system.
The document discusses the complement system, which was discovered in 1894 and plays an important role in host defense against pathogens. It summarizes the key proteins in the complement pathways, including the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. It also describes the biological activities of complement activation products and how deficiencies in specific complement components can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
"Complement" describes a system of about 20 proteins, many of which are enzyme precursors. The principal actors in this system are 11 proteins designated C1 through C9, B, and D,
All these are present normally among the plasma proteins in the blood as well as among the proteins that leak out of the capillaries into the tissue spaces.
The enzyme precursors are normally inactive, but they can be activated mainly by the so-called classic pathway.
The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood that helps antibodies and phagocytic cells destroy pathogens. It is activated via three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative. Activation leads to a cascade of reactions that results in the formation of the membrane attack complex, which punches holes in the pathogen's cell membrane, killing it. Complement also aids in inflammation, phagocytosis, and immune adherence. The system is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies can cause diseases like hereditary angioedema.
Complement is a series of serum proteins involved in the immune response that help opsonize pathogens, attract phagocytes, and lyse bacteria and infected cells. It was discovered in 1894 and consists of around 30 circulating and membrane-bound proteins synthesized in the liver and by inflammatory cells. The classical, lectin, and alternative pathways activate different complement components through cleavage by C1, mannose-binding lectin, or spontaneous hydrolysis. Activated components have roles in opsonization, anaphylaxis, and membrane attack. Deficiencies increase risk for infections and autoimmune diseases depending on the pathway and component affected.
COMPLEMENT - A group of serum proteins which can be activated (= "fixed") by antigen-antibody complexes or other substances, which may result in lysis of a microbial target, or a variety of other biological effects important in both innate and adaptive immunity. (The majority of these proteins are produced by the liver.)The complex of serum proteins known as COMPLEMENT plays key roles in the lytic and inflammatory properties of antibodies. The CLASSICAL pathway is initiated
by antigen-antibody complexes (via complement components C1, C4, and C2), while the activation of the ALTERNATE pathway (via components B, D and P), and the MBLECTIN ("mannan-binding lectin") pathway may be initiated by other substances independently of adaptive immune responses; all three pathways share those complement components involved in the inflammatory and lytic consequences, namely C3, C5, C6,
C7, C8 and C9. The INFLAMMATION which is a consequence of complement fixation is illustrated by the manifestations of SERUM SICKNESS, and complement is also seen
to be central to the normal process of clearing immune complexes, which is important in preventing IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASE.
This document summarizes the complement system, which consists of over 30 serum proteins that act in a cascade pathway. There are three activation pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative. The classical pathway is activated by antibody-antigen complexes and involves a cascade of proteins like C1, C4, C2, and C3. The complement cascade results in opsonization, cell lysis, inflammation, and immune clearance. The system is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells.
The complement system is a collection of soluble proteins and membrane receptors that function in host defense against microbes and inflammatory reactions. It consists of more than 20 proteins numbered C1 through C9. The complement system works through three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative - that ultimately activate C3 and C5 convertases, cleaving C3 and C5 into fragments that opsonize pathogens, induce inflammation, and form the membrane attack complex to lyse microbes. Complement activation is tightly regulated by inhibitory proteins to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies in complement proteins can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
The complement system is a protective cascading system composed of 25 proteins that can be activated via the classical and alternative pathways, culminating in phagocytosis, lysis, and inflammation. It is present in normal sera and composed of complex protein networks. The classical pathway involves 9 proteins and the alternative pathway involves 13 proteins. Complement activation results in opsonization to enhance phagocytosis, attraction of phagocytes, lysis of bacteria and infected cells, and clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells. Deficiencies in specific complement components can increase susceptibility to certain infections due to impaired opsonization or membrane attack functions.
This presentation describes the Fish Complement system and different types of pathways involved and the mechanism behind the regulation of complement proteins. It gives a basic and a detailed explanation regarding the topic.
The complement system consists of over 30 proteins that circulate in the blood and tissues. It helps destroy harmful microbes via opsonization, phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation. There are 3 major pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative - that are initiated by different mechanisms but all generate C3 and C5 convertases and the membrane attack complex (MAC). Complement proteins include initiators, enzymes, opsonins, anaphylatoxins, membrane attack components, receptors, and regulators. Together they help bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses.
Complement system and innate immunity - classical & alternative pathways neeru02
The complement system is part of the innate immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens. It consists of around 20 proteins that are activated via three pathways: the classical pathway activated by antigen-antibody complexes, the lectin pathway activated by lectins binding to pathogens, and the alternative pathway which is continuously active at low levels. Complement activation leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex that forms pores in pathogen cell membranes to kill them directly or mark them for phagocytosis.
The document discusses the complement system, which consists of over 30 proteins produced by the liver that function in the immune system but are not antibodies. It works as a cascade system where one activation triggers another in a chain reaction. Complement activation can lead to cell lysis and generation of inflammatory substances. It plays a role in defense against bacteria and in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. There are three complement activation pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin. The classical pathway is antibody-dependent while the alternative and lectin pathways are antibody-independent. Complement activation results in opsonization, inflammation, clearance of immune complexes, and lysis of pathogen cells.
This file contains detail study of the complement system of immunology. This document includes the introduction to complement system, different pathways including classical pathway, alternative pathway and lectin pathway and also the functions of complement system.
Complement System comprises of Complement proteins that function to augment the antibodies in killing bacteria by the formation of Membrane Attack Complex.
This ppt describes the different pathways of activation complement proteins and MAC formation.
The document discusses the complement system, which consists of over 30 proteins that work together to help antibodies clear pathogens from the body. It summarizes the three complement activation pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative. The classical pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes, the lectin pathway by mannose-binding proteins, and the alternative pathway through spontaneous activation of C3. All three pathways result in the formation of C3 and C5 convertases that cleave complement proteins, and ultimately form the membrane attack complex to lyse cells. The complement system also promotes inflammation, chemotaxis, opsonization, and activation of B cells.
Compliment system, Cellular immunity and Humoral immunity, Immune mechanism...Vamsi kumar
The complement system is part of the immune system and consists of proteins that interact in a regulated cascade to eliminate pathogens. There are three pathways of complement activation: classical, alternative, and mannose-binding lectin. The classical pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes, the alternative pathway by microbial surfaces, and the mannose-binding lectin pathway by lectins binding mannose residues on microbes. All three pathways result in the formation of the membrane attack complex that lyses microbes. Complement proteins also promote inflammation, antibody production, immune complex clearance, and phagocytosis of pathogens. Deficiencies or dysregulation of the complement system can cause various infectious and autoimmune diseases.
1. Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies that are secreted and perform effector functions at distant sites from their production. Antibodies neutralize microbes and microbial toxins.
2. The complement system assists antibodies in lysing bacteria. It involves a cascade of proteins that are activated sequentially and amplify the immune response. Activation can occur via the classical, lectin, or alternative pathways.
3. The classical pathway is initiated by the binding of the C1 complex to antibodies bound to pathogens. This activates a protease cascade leading to formation of the membrane attack complex that lyses microbes. The lectin pathway uses mannose-binding lectin and ficolins instead of antibodies. The alternative pathway is antibody
The complement system is a defensive system consisting of over 30 proteins produced by the liver found in blood serum. It kills microbes through opsonization, inflammation, and cytolysis. There are two pathways for complement activation - the classical pathway which relies on antibodies, and the alternative pathway which does not require antibodies. Both pathways result in the formation of the membrane attack complex that causes cytolysis of microbes. The complement system works through a cascade of protein cleavages and complex formations that amplify the immune response.
The document discusses the complement system of teleost fish. It has three pathways - the classical pathway, lectin pathway, and alternative pathway. All three pathways involve a cascade of complement components that ultimately lead to the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) on pathogen surfaces. The MAC forms pores that lyse pathogens. The complement system also opsonizes pathogens and generates inflammatory peptides like C3a and C5a. Strict regulation is needed to prevent damage to host cells, mediated by factors such as C1 inhibitor, factor H, decay accelerating factor, and CD59.
This document summarizes the complement system. It describes the three main pathways of complement activation: the classical pathway activated by antibody-antigen complexes, the alternative pathway activated by microbial surfaces, and the lectin pathway activated by mannose-binding lectin. All three pathways generate C3 and C5 convertases and ultimately form the membrane attack complex. Complement activation leads to opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. The complement system is tightly regulated by several fluid-phase and membrane-bound regulatory proteins to prevent damage to host cells.
The complement system comprises over 30 proteins that augment the immune response. It has three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative. The classical pathway is antibody-dependent and initiates with C1 binding to antigen-antibody complexes. The lectin pathway involves mannose-binding lectin and is antibody-independent. The alternative pathway is also antibody-independent and initiates with C3 binding directly to pathogens. All three pathways form C3 and C5 convertases and the membrane attack complex (MAC) to lyse target cells. Complement effectors also mediate inflammation and opsonization. The system is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies can increase susceptibility to infection.
The document summarizes the complement system, which comprises a group of serum proteins that play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. There are three pathways of complement activation - classical, lectin, and alternative. All three pathways lead to cleavage of C3 and C5, generating factors that opsonize pathogens, recruit inflammatory cells, and directly kill pathogens. Complement activation is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies in complement proteins can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
The document discusses the complement system, including:
1) Complement represents a group of serum proteins that augment immune responses when activated. They constitute about 5% of normal serum proteins and are synthesized mainly in the liver.
2) There are three complement pathways - classical, alternative, and lectin. The classical pathway is antibody-dependent while the alternative and lectin pathways are antibody-independent.
3) Complement activation occurs via cleavage of inactive zymogens into active fragments. This activation cascade leads to formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) which causes target cell lysis.
1. The document summarizes the complement system, which consists of serum proteins that are activated in a cascade reaction to disrupt cell membranes and destroy microorganisms.
2. The complement system was discovered by Jules Bordet through experiments showing that heated serum could still agglutinate bacteria through heat-labile components, which he termed "complement".
3. There are three main pathways of complement activation - the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. They involve a cascade of proteins that ultimately form the membrane attack complex to lyse cells.
There are three pathways of complement activation: the classical pathway, which is triggered directly by pathogen or indirectly by antibody binding to the pathogen surface; the MB-lectin pathway; and the alternative pathway, which also provides an amplification loop for the other two pathways
The complement system is part of the innate immune system and consists of over 20 proteins that complement the function of antibodies and immune cells. It can be activated via the classical pathway by antibodies binding to pathogens or via the alternative pathway through direct binding of C3 protein to pathogens. Both pathways result in the formation of the membrane attack complex that creates pores in the pathogen's membrane to kill it. The complement system is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells and deficiencies can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
Through this presentation you will be able to learn about the detailed knowledge of complement system and its functions along with the complement activation pathways [classical, alternative, lectin pathway ]
The document provides an overview of the complement system. It discusses the history and components of the three complement pathways: the classical pathway, lectin pathway, and alternative pathway. It also describes the roles of complement components in opsonization, chemotaxis, and formation of the membrane attack complex to lyse cells. The complement system is regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies in complement proteins can increase susceptibility to certain infections.
The document describes the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system. It enhances antibody and phagocyte ability to opsonize pathogens and recruit immune cells. There are over 30 complement proteins involved in three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative. The classical pathway is activated by antibody-antigen complexes and involves C1-C9. The lectin pathway involves mannose-binding lectin and MASPs. The alternative pathway does not require pathogen recognition. All three pathways converge in generating C3 convertase and forming the membrane attack complex to lyse cells. The functions and roles of complement proteins in the pathways are also outlined.
1. The complement system consists of over 20 proteins that interact to promote inflammation and cell injury. It has three activation pathways: classical, lectin-binding, and alternative.
2. Complement activation results in the formation of C3 and C5 convertases that generate inflammatory anaphylatoxins like C3a and C5a, and opsonins like C3b that promote phagocytosis.
3. The membrane attack complex forms from C5b, C6, C7, C8 and multiple C9 molecules, causing pores in cell membranes and lysing bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. This is a major effector mechanism of innate immunity.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. Introduction-
The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies
and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation,
and attack the pathogen's cell membrane. It is part of the innate immune system. The complement
system can recruited and brought into action by antibodies generated by the adaptive immune
system.
The complement system consists of a number of small proteins that are synthesized by the liver,
and circulate in the blood as inactive precursors. When stimulated by one of several triggers,
proteases in the system cleave specific proteins to release cytokines and initiate an amplifying
cascade of further cleavages. The end result of this complement activation or complement fixation
cascade is stimulation of phagocytes to clear foreign and damaged material, inflammation to attract
additional phagocytes, and activation of the cell-killing membrane attack complex.
Definition-
The complement system is a part of the immune system, consists of a series of proteins that
interact with one another in a highly regulated manner, in order to eliminate pathogens. It helps
antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens and damaged cells; promote inflammation and
attack pathogen’s plasma membrane.
3. Features of the complement pathway-
• Complements are soluble proteins and glycoproteins mostly produced by hepatocytes.
• More than 20 types of complements are present in serum, found circulating normally in human body in
inactive forms (called as zymogens or proenzymes).
• Thus the complement system works in both innate and acquired immunity.
• Complements are activated only during inflammatory reactions. During the inflammation, more amount of
complements reaches to the interstitial area of the infected tissue through dilated blood vessels, which are
then activated by proteolytic cleavage.
• Complements are mainly denoted by the capital letter C with numbers; like, C1, C2, C3, and so on. Some
have only alphabet, like, B, D. Some are simply represented by names, like, homologous restriction factor.
• C1 has three sub-units; C1q, C1r and C1s. C2-C5 have two components, a and b. Larger subunits are denoted
by b whereas the smaller are denoted by a (except C2a, which is larger than C2b).
Complement Activation and cell lysis-
The complement activation occurs via three pathways; which are:
1. Classical pathway
2. Alternative pathway
3. Lectin pathway (or mannose binding lectin pathway)
4. 1. Classical Pathway-
The classical pathway begins with the formation of antigen-antibody complex (immune complex). When an
antigen enters the body, the antibody (IgM/IgG) binds to it. This induces conformational changes in the Fc
portion of the antibody which exposes a binding site for C1 protein. Hence, the antibody activates the
complement system only when bound to an antigen.
Unlike classical pathway, alternative pathway, does not require Ag-Ab complex for the initiation of
complement pathway. It is initiated by cell surface constituents that are foreign to the host. These surface
molecules may be lipopolysaccharide etcC1 is a large, multimeric, protein complex composed of one
molecule of C1q and two molecules each of C1r and C1s subunits. C1q binds to the antigen bound antibody
(Fc portion). C1r and C1s are proteases which help to cleave C4 and C2.
a) The immune complex bound to C1 calls another protein C4 which is cleaved into C4a and C4b. C4a goes
away whereas activated C4b attaches to the target surface near C1q.
b) Now, C4b attracts C2 which is also cleaved into C2a and C2b. C2a binds C4b forming the C4b2a complex
whereas C2b goes away.
c) The active C4bC2a activates C3. The C4b2a complex is also known as C3 convertase as this converts C3 into
an active form by separating C3a and C3b. One molecule of C4b2a can cleave a large number of C3
molecules. C3b binds to the microbial surface or to the convertase itself.
d) C3b when binds to C3 convertase forms C4bC2aC3b (C5 convertase) which activates C5
5. f) C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b. C5a diffuses away but C5b is stabilized by binding C6.
g) Then C5bC6 binds to C7. C5bC6C7 complex is then inserted into the phospholipid bilayer of the cell
membrane which further binds C8.
h) These all (C5b678) activate C9 to form a macromolecular structure called the membrane attack complex
(MAC).
Importance of Classical pathway-
a) This makes hole in the bacterium, as a result, the intracellular contents leak out and unwanted substances
get in. Thus, the cell cannot maintain its osmotic stability and the lysis occurs by an influx of water and loss
of electrolytes.
b) This is more effective in Gram negative bacteria than in Gram positive bacteria because MAC formation is
easy in the outer membrane in Gram negatives whereas it is difficult in the rigid thick layer of peptidoglycan
in Gram positives
7. 2. Alternative Pathway-
Unlike classical pathway, alternative pathway, does not require Ag-Ab complex for the initiation of complement
pathway. It is initiated by cell surface constituents that are foreign to the host. These surface molecules may be
lipopolysaccharide etc.
Process to formation of Alternative pathway-
a) When a bacterium enters the host body, as a result of inflammation, complements reach towards the site,
where C3 molecules directly touch antigen and become active.
b) In this pathway, serum C3 containing an unstable thioester bond undergoes slow spontaneous hydrolysis to
yield C3a and C3b. C3b binds the surface of foreign cell and then binds to another serum protein called
factor B.
c) Now the factor B exposes the site which serves as the substrate for enzymatically active serum protein D.
d) Then factor D cleaves B into Ba and Bb forming C3 convertase (C3bBb). C3 convertase then forms C5
convertase which ultimately forms a MAC as in classical pathway.
9. 3. Mannose binding Lectin (MBL) Pathway-
• Some bacteria can activate complement system without having antibody and endotoxin. This occurs
through MBL pathway which is activated when circulating lectin (MBL) binds to mannose residues on
glycoproteins or carbohydrates on the surface of microorganisms.
• Microorganisms inducing MBL pathway are bacteria, such as Salmonella, Listeria, and Neisseria strains,
some fungi and some viruses including HIV-1.
• MBL is an acute phase protein and its concentration increases during inflammation. The lectin recognizes
and binds the carbohydrate of the target cell which then activates complements.
Process to formation of Lectin pathway-
a) MBL pathway resembles classical pathway as it proceeds through the action of C4 and C2 to produce
activated proteins of the complement system. MBL works same as C1q which it resembles in structure.
b) After the MBL binds to carbohydrate residues on the surface of a cell or pathogen, two components,
MASP-1 and MASP-2 bind to MBL. MASP stands for MBL-associated serine proteases.
c) Two proteases form a tetrameric complex similar to the one formed by C1r and C1s and cleaves C4 and C2
forming C3 convertase. The process now continues to form of C5 convertase and the MAC as in classical
pathway.
11. Functions of Complements-
Opsonization and phagocytosis
C3b, bound to immune complex or coated on the surface of pathogen, activate phagocytic cells. These
proteins bind to specific receptors on the phagocytic cells to get engulfed.
Cell lysis
Membrane attack complex formed by C5b6789 components ruptures the microbial cell surface which kills
the cell.
Chemotaxis
Complement fragments attract neutrophils and macrophages to the area where the antigen is present. These
cell surfaces have receptors for complements, like C5a, C3a, thus, run towards the site of inflammation, i.e.
chemotaxis
Production of antibodies
B cells have receptor for C3b. When C3b binds to B-cell, it secretes more antibodies. Thus C3b is also an antibody
producing amplifiers which converts it into an effective defense mechanism to destroy invading microorganism
Immune clearance
The complement system removes immune complexes from the circulation and deposits them in the spleen
and liver. Thus it acts as anti-inflammatory function. Complement proteins promote the solubilization of these
complexes and their clearance by phagocytes
12. INFLAMMATION
INTRODUCTION
When something harmful or irritating affects a part of our body, there is a
biological response to try to remove it. The signs and symptoms of inflammation can be
uncomfortable but are a show that the body is trying to heal itself.
DEFINATION
Inflammation is part of the body's immune response.
It can be beneficial when, for example, your knee sustains a blow and tissues need care and
protection. However, sometimes, inflammation can persist longer than necessary, causing more harm
than benefit.
FACTS ON INFLAMMATION
a) Inflammation is the body's attempt at self-protection to remove harmful stimuli and begin the
healing process.
b) Inflammation is part of the body's immune response.
13. c) Infections, wounds, and any damage to tissue would not be able to heal without an inflammatory
response.
d) Chronic inflammation can eventually cause several diseases and conditions, including some
cancers and rheumatoid arthritis.
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of inflammation vary depending on whether the reaction is acute or
chronic.
The effects of acute inflammation can be summed up by the acronym PRISH. They include:
o Pain: The inflamed area is likely to be painful, especially during and after touching. Chemicals that
stimulate nerve endings are released, making the area more sensitive.
o Redness: This occurs because the capillaries in the area are filled with more blood than usual.
o Immobility: There may be some loss of function in the region of the inflammation.
o Swelling: This is caused by a buildup of fluid.
o Heat: More blood flows to the affected area, and this makes it feel warm to the touch.
14. Symptoms of chronic inflammation present in a different way. These can include:
Fatigue, mouth sores, chest pain,
abdominal pain, fever, rash, joint pain
Causes
Inflammation is caused by a number of physical reactions triggered by the immune system in
response to a physical injury or an infection.
Inflammation does not necessarily mean that there is an infection, but an infection can cause
inflammation.
Three main processes occur before and during acute inflammation:
The small branches of arteries enlarge when supplying blood to the damaged region, resulting in
increased blood flow.
Capillaries become easier for fluids and proteins to infiltrate, meaning that they can move between
blood and cells.
The body releases neutrophils. A neutrophil is a type of white blood cell filled with tiny sacs that
contain enzymes and digest microorganisms.
15. TYPES OF INFLAMMATION
There are two types of inflammation 1. Acute Inflammation and 2. chronic inflammation.
Acute inflammation
An acute inflammation is one that starts rapidly and becomes severe in a short space of time. Signs
and symptoms are normally only present for a few days but may persist for a few weeks in some cases.
Examples of diseases, conditions, and situations that can result in acute inflammation include:
Acute bronchitis, Infected ingrown toenail
Sore throat from a cold. Scratch or cut on the skin ,
High-intensity exercise, Acute appendicitis,
Dermatitis. Tonsillitis,
Infective meningitis.
16. Chronic inflammation
This refers to long-term inflammation and can last for several months and even years.
It can result from:
failure to eliminate whatever was causing an acute inflammation
an autoimmune disorder that attacks normal healthy tissue, mistaking it for a pathogen that causes
disease
exposure to a low level of a particular irritant, such as an industrial chemical, over a long period.
Examples of diseases and conditions that include chronic inflammation:
Asthma Chronic peptic ulcer
Tuberculosis Rheumatoid arthritis
Periodontitis Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
Sinusitis Active hepatitis
17. Although damaged tissue cannot heal without inflammation, chronic inflammation can eventually
cause several diseases and conditions including some cancers, rheumatoid arthritis,
atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and hay fever.
People will feel pain, stiffness, discomfort, distress, and even agony, depending on the severity of
the inflammation. The type of pain varies. It can be described as constant and steady, throbbing
and pulsating, stabbing, or pinching.
Inflammation primarily causes pain because the swelling pushes against the sensitive nerve
endings. This sends pain signals to the brain.
Other biochemical processes also occur during inflammation. They affect how nerves behave, and
this can enhance pain.
TREATMENTS
1) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be taken to alleviate the pain
caused by inflammation.
2) They counteract an enzyme that contributes to inflammation. This either prevents or
reduces pain.
Examples of NSAIDs include naproxen, ibuprofen, and aspirin.
18. 3) avoid the long-term use of NSAIDs unless advised by a doctor. They increase a person's risk
of stomach ulcers, which can result in severe, life-threatening bleeding.
4) NSAIDs may also worsen asthma symptoms, cause kidney damage, and increase the risk of
having a stroke or heart attack.
5) Acetaminophen, such as paracetamol or Tylenol, can reduce pain without affecting the
inflammation. They may be ideal for those wishing to treat just the pain while allowing the healing
factor of the inflammation to run its course.
Herbs for Inflammation
Ginger: This has been used for hundreds of years to treat dyspepsia, constipation, colic, and other
gastrointestinal problems, as well as rheumatoid arthritis pain. Ginger may be purchased online in
supplement form.
Turmeric: Current research is looking into the possible beneficial effects of turmeric in treating
arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and some other inflammatory conditions. Curcumin, a substance
found in turmeric, is being invested for the treatment of several illnesses and disorders, including
inflammation.
Cannabis: This contains a cannabinoid, which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory
properties. However, cannabis is not legal in many places.
19. Inflammation diet
There are several foods that can have been shown to help reduce the risk of inflammation, including:
olive oil
tomatoes
nuts, such as walnuts and almonds
leafy greens, including spinach and kale
fatty fish, such as salmon and mackerel
fruit, including blueberries and oranges.
Avoid eating foods that aggravate inflammation, including:
o fried foods, including French fries
o white bread, pastry, and other foods that contain refined carbohydrates
o soda and sugary drinks
o red meat
o margarine and lard
20. The following table shows the key differences between acute and chronic inflammation:
THANK YOU
Acute Inflammation Chronic Inflammation
Caused by Harmful bacteria or tissue injury Pathogens that the body cannot break down,
including some types of virus, foreign bodies that
remain in the system, or overactive immune
responses
Onset Rapid Slow
Duration A few days From months to year
Outcomes Inflammation improves, turns into an
abscess, or becomes chronic.
Tissue death and the thickening and scarring of
connective tissue.