In this paper information retrieval system for local databases are discussed. The approach is to search the web both semantically and syntactically. The proposal handles the search queries related to the user who is interested in the focused results regarding a product with some specific characteristics. The objective of the work will be to find and retrieve the accurate information from the available information warehouse which contains related data having common keywords. This information retrieval system can eventually be used for accessing the internet also. Accuracy in information retrieval that is achieving both high precision and recall is difficult. So both semantic and syntactic search engine are compared for information retrieval using two parameters i.e. precision and recall.
Extracting and Reducing the Semantic Information Content of Web Documents to ...ijsrd.com
Ranking and optimization of web service compositions represent challenging areas of research with significant implication for realization of the "Web of Services" vision. The semantic web, where the semantics information is indicated using machine-process able language such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL) "Semantic web service" use formal semantic description of web service functionality and enable automated reasoning over web service compositions. These semantic web services can then be automatically discovered, composed into more complex services, and executed. Automating web service composition through the use of semantic technologies calculating the semantic similarities between outputs and inputs of connected constituent services, and aggregate these values into a measure of semantics quality for the composition. It propose a novel and extensible model balancing the new dimensions of semantic quality ( as a functional quality metric) with QoS metric, and using them together as a ranking and optimization criteria. It also demonstrates the utility of Genetic Algorithms to allow optimization within the context of a large number of services foreseen by the "Web of Service" vision. To reduce the semantics of the web documents then to support semantic document retrieval by using Network Ontology Language (NOL) and to improve QoS as a ranking and optimization.
Extracting and Reducing the Semantic Information Content of Web Documents to ...ijsrd.com
Ranking and optimization of web service compositions represent challenging areas of research with significant implication for realization of the "Web of Services" vision. The semantic web, where the semantics information is indicated using machine-process able language such as the Web Ontology Language (OWL) "Semantic web service" use formal semantic description of web service functionality and enable automated reasoning over web service compositions. These semantic web services can then be automatically discovered, composed into more complex services, and executed. Automating web service composition through the use of semantic technologies calculating the semantic similarities between outputs and inputs of connected constituent services, and aggregate these values into a measure of semantics quality for the composition. It propose a novel and extensible model balancing the new dimensions of semantic quality ( as a functional quality metric) with QoS metric, and using them together as a ranking and optimization criteria. It also demonstrates the utility of Genetic Algorithms to allow optimization within the context of a large number of services foreseen by the "Web of Service" vision. To reduce the semantics of the web documents then to support semantic document retrieval by using Network Ontology Language (NOL) and to improve QoS as a ranking and optimization.
Intelligent Semantic Web Search Engines: A Brief Survey dannyijwest
The World Wide Web (WWW) allows the people to share the information (data) from the large database repositories globally. The amount of information grows billions of databases. We need to search the information will specialize tools known generically search engine. There are many of search engines available today, retrieving meaningful information is difficult. However to overcome this problem in search engines to retrieve meaningful information intelligently, semantic web technologies are playing a major role. In this paper we present survey on the search engine generations and the role of search engines in intelligent web and semantic search technologies.
Technical Whitepaper: A Knowledge Correlation Search Engines0P5a41b
For the technically oriented reader, this brief paper describes the technical foundation of the Knowledge Correlation Search Engine - patented by Make Sence, Inc.
Context Based Indexing in Search Engines Using Ontology: Reviewiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
MLIS Course Code 5501-Information Retrieval and Dissemination- Workshop AIOU 2013, Information Management, Information Retrieval and Dissemination, Information Retrieval, Information Dissemination, Workshop, AIOU, Computer Science, Information science, Information technology, Hardware, Software, Computer basics,
Annotation Approach for Document with Recommendation ijmpict
An enormous number of organizations generate and share textual descriptions of their products, facilities, and activities. Such collections of textual data comprise a significant amount of controlled information, which residues buried in the unstructured text. Whereas information extraction systems simplify the extraction of structured associations, they are frequently expensive and incorrect, particularly when working on top of text that does not comprise any examples of the targeted structured data. Projected an alternative methodology that simplifies the structured metadata generation by recognizing documents that are possible to contain information of awareness and this data will be beneficial for querying the database. Moreover, we intend algorithms to extract attribute-value pairs, and similarly devise new mechanisms to map such pairs to manually created schemes. We apply clustering technique to the item content information to complement the user rating information, which improves the correctness of collaborative similarity, and solves the cold start problem.
Aspect Oriented Programming Through C#.NETWaqas Tariq
.NET architecture was introduced by Microsoft as a new software development environment based on components. This architecture permits for effortless integration of classical distributed programming paradigms with Web computing. .NET describes a type structure and introduces ideas such as component, objects and interface which form the vital foundation for distributed component-based software development. Just as other component frameworks, .NET largely puts more emphasis on functional aspects of components. Non-functional interfaces including CPU usage, memory usage, fault tolerance and security issues are however not presently implemented in .NET’s constituent interfaces. These attributes are vital for developing dependable distributed applications capable of exhibiting consistent behavior and withstanding faults.
The story so far of "Supporter To Reporter Medals" - an international youth/schools project incorporating social media and badges to support, encourage and reward young peoples learning in real world settings.
S2R Medals is a Mozilla Open Badge project developed by DigitalMe (www.digitalme.co.uk) and Makewaves (Makewav.es) supported by Digital Media and Learning.
Intelligent Semantic Web Search Engines: A Brief Survey dannyijwest
The World Wide Web (WWW) allows the people to share the information (data) from the large database repositories globally. The amount of information grows billions of databases. We need to search the information will specialize tools known generically search engine. There are many of search engines available today, retrieving meaningful information is difficult. However to overcome this problem in search engines to retrieve meaningful information intelligently, semantic web technologies are playing a major role. In this paper we present survey on the search engine generations and the role of search engines in intelligent web and semantic search technologies.
Technical Whitepaper: A Knowledge Correlation Search Engines0P5a41b
For the technically oriented reader, this brief paper describes the technical foundation of the Knowledge Correlation Search Engine - patented by Make Sence, Inc.
Context Based Indexing in Search Engines Using Ontology: Reviewiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
MLIS Course Code 5501-Information Retrieval and Dissemination- Workshop AIOU 2013, Information Management, Information Retrieval and Dissemination, Information Retrieval, Information Dissemination, Workshop, AIOU, Computer Science, Information science, Information technology, Hardware, Software, Computer basics,
Annotation Approach for Document with Recommendation ijmpict
An enormous number of organizations generate and share textual descriptions of their products, facilities, and activities. Such collections of textual data comprise a significant amount of controlled information, which residues buried in the unstructured text. Whereas information extraction systems simplify the extraction of structured associations, they are frequently expensive and incorrect, particularly when working on top of text that does not comprise any examples of the targeted structured data. Projected an alternative methodology that simplifies the structured metadata generation by recognizing documents that are possible to contain information of awareness and this data will be beneficial for querying the database. Moreover, we intend algorithms to extract attribute-value pairs, and similarly devise new mechanisms to map such pairs to manually created schemes. We apply clustering technique to the item content information to complement the user rating information, which improves the correctness of collaborative similarity, and solves the cold start problem.
Aspect Oriented Programming Through C#.NETWaqas Tariq
.NET architecture was introduced by Microsoft as a new software development environment based on components. This architecture permits for effortless integration of classical distributed programming paradigms with Web computing. .NET describes a type structure and introduces ideas such as component, objects and interface which form the vital foundation for distributed component-based software development. Just as other component frameworks, .NET largely puts more emphasis on functional aspects of components. Non-functional interfaces including CPU usage, memory usage, fault tolerance and security issues are however not presently implemented in .NET’s constituent interfaces. These attributes are vital for developing dependable distributed applications capable of exhibiting consistent behavior and withstanding faults.
The story so far of "Supporter To Reporter Medals" - an international youth/schools project incorporating social media and badges to support, encourage and reward young peoples learning in real world settings.
S2R Medals is a Mozilla Open Badge project developed by DigitalMe (www.digitalme.co.uk) and Makewaves (Makewav.es) supported by Digital Media and Learning.
Intelligent Semantic Web Search Engines: A Brief Survey dannyijwest
The World Wide Web (WWW) allows the people to share the information (data) from the large database repositories globally. The amount of information grows billions of databases. We need to search the information will specialize tools known generically search engine. There are many of search engines available today, retrieving meaningful information is difficult. However to overcome this problem in search engines to retrieve meaningful information intelligently, semantic web technologies are playing a major role. In this paper we present survey on the search engine generations and the role of search engines in intelligent web and semantic search technologies.
NATURE: A TOOL RESULTING FROM THE UNION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NATURA...ijaia
This paper presents the final results of the research project that aimed for the construction of a tool which
is aided by Artificial Intelligence through an Ontology with a model trained with Machine Learning, and is
aided by Natural Language Processing to support the semantic search of research projects of the Research
System of the University of Nariño. For the construction of NATURE, as this tool is called, a methodology
was used that includes the following stages: appropriation of knowledge, installation and configuration of
tools, libraries and technologies, collection, extraction and preparation of research projects, design and
development of the tool. The main results of the work were three: a) the complete construction of the
Ontology with classes, object properties (predicates), data properties (attributes) and individuals
(instances) in Protegé, SPARQL queries with Apache Jena Fuseki and the respective coding with
Owlready2 using Jupyter Notebook with Python within the virtual environment of anaconda; b) the
successful training of the model for which Machine Learning algorithms were used and specifically
Natural Language Processing algorithms such as: SpaCy, NLTK, Word2vec and Doc2vec, this was also
performed in Jupyter Notebook with Python within the virtual environment of anaconda and with
Elasticsearch; and c) the creation of NATURE by managing and unifying the queries for the Ontology and
for the Machine Learning model. The tests showed that NATURE was successful in all the searches that
were performed as its results were satisfactory
UML MODELING AND SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR AGENT BASED INFORMATION RETRIEVALijcsit
In this current technological era, there is an enormous increase in the information available on web and
also in the online databases. This information abundance increases the complexity of finding relevant
information. To solve such challenges, there is a need for improved and intelligent systems for efficient
search and retrieval. Intelligent Agents can be used for better search and information retrieval in a
document collection. The information required by a user is scattered in a large number of databases. In this
paper, the object oriented modeling for agent based information retrieval system is presented. The paper
also discusses the framework of agent architecture for obtaining the best combination terms that serve as
an input query to the information retrieval system. The communication and cooperation among the agents
are also explained. Each agent has a task to perform in information retrieval.
Cluster Based Web Search Using Support Vector MachineCSCJournals
Now days, searches for the web pages of a person with a given name constitute a notable fraction of queries to Web search engines. This method exploits a variety of semantic information extracted from web pages. The rapid growth of the Internet has made the Web a popular place for collecting information. Today, Internet user access billions of web pages online using search engines. Information in the Web comes from many sources, including websites of companies, organizations, communications and personal homepages, etc. Effective representation of Web search results remains an open problem in the Information Retrieval community. For ambiguous queries, a traditional approach is to organize search results into groups (clusters), one for each meaning of the query. These groups are usually constructed according to the topical similarity of the retrieved documents, but it is possible for documents to be totally dissimilar and still correspond to the same meaning of the query. To overcome this problem, the relevant Web pages are often located close to each other in the Web graph of hyperlinks. It presents a graphical approach for entity resolution & complements the traditional methodology with the analysis of the entity-relationship (ER) graph constructed for the dataset being analyzed. It also demonstrates a technique that measures the degree of interconnectedness between various pairs of nodes in the graph. It can significantly improve the quality of entity resolution. Using Support vector machines (SVMs) which are a set of related Supervised learning methods used for classification of load of user queries to the sever machine to different client machines so that system will be stable. clusters web pages based on their capacities stores whole database on server machine. Keywords: SVM, cluster; ER.
Semantic Search of E-Learning Documents Using Ontology Based Systemijcnes
The keyword searching mechanism is traditionally used for information retrieval from Web based systems. However, this system fails to meet the requirements in Web searching of the expert knowledge base based on the popular semantic systems. Semantic search of E-learning documents based on ontology is increasingly adopted in information retrieval systems. Ontology based system simplifies the task of finding correct information on the Web by building a search system based on the meaning of keyword instead of the keyword itself. The major function of the ontology based system is the development of specification of conceptualization which enhances the connection between the information present in the Web pages with that of the background knowledge.The semantic gap existing between the keyword found in documents and those in query can be matched suitably using Ontology based system. This paper provides a detailed account of the semantic search of E-learning documents using ontology based system by making comparison between various ontology systems. Based on this comparison, this survey attempts to identify the possible directions for future research.
Effective Performance of Information Retrieval on Web by Using Web Crawling dannyijwest
World Wide Web consists of more than 50 billion pages online. It is highly dynamic [6] i.e. the web
continuously introduces new capabilities and attracts many people. Due to this explosion in size, the
effective information retrieval system or search engine can be used to access the information. In this paper
we have proposed the EPOW (Effective Performance of WebCrawler) architecture. It is a software agent
whose main objective is to minimize the overload of a user locating needed information. We have designed
the web crawler by considering the parallelization policy. Since our EPOW crawler has a highly optimized
system it can download a large number of pages per second while being robust against crashes. We have
also proposed to use the data structure concepts for implementation of scheduler & circular Queue to
improve the performance of our web crawler. (Abstract)
The Use of Java Swing’s Components to Develop a WidgetWaqas Tariq
Widget is a kind of application provides a single service such as a map, news feed, simple clock, battery-life indicators, etc. This kind of interactive software object has been developed to facilitate user interface (UI) design. A user interface (UI) function may be implemented using different widgets with the same function. In this article, we present the widget as a platform that is generally used in various applications, such as in desktop, web browser, and mobile phone. We also describe a visual menu of Java Swing’s components that will be used to establish widget. It will assume that we have successfully compiled and run a program that uses Swing components.
3D Human Hand Posture Reconstruction Using a Single 2D ImageWaqas Tariq
Passive sensing of the 3D geometric posture of the human hand has been studied extensively over the past decade. However, these research efforts have been hampered by the computational complexity caused by inverse kinematics and 3D reconstruction. In this paper, our objective focuses on 3D hand posture estimation based on a single 2D image with aim of robotic applications. We introduce the human hand model with 27 degrees of freedom (DOFs) and analyze some of its constraints to reduce the DOFs without any significant degradation of performance. A novel algorithm to estimate the 3D hand posture from eight 2D projected feature points is proposed. Experimental results using real images confirm that our algorithm gives good estimates of the 3D hand pose. Keywords: 3D hand posture estimation; Model-based approach; Gesture recognition; human- computer interface; machine vision.
Camera as Mouse and Keyboard for Handicap Person with Troubleshooting Ability...Waqas Tariq
Camera mouse has been widely used for handicap person to interact with computer. The utmost important of the use of camera mouse is must be able to replace all roles of typical mouse and keyboard. It must be able to provide all mouse click events and keyboard functions (include all shortcut keys) when it is used by handicap person. Also, the use of camera mouse must allow users troubleshooting by themselves. Moreover, it must be able to eliminate neck fatigue effect when it is used during long period. In this paper, we propose camera mouse system with timer as left click event and blinking as right click event. Also, we modify original screen keyboard layout by add two additional buttons (button “drag/ drop” is used to do drag and drop of mouse events and another button is used to call task manager (for troubleshooting)) and change behavior of CTRL, ALT, SHIFT, and CAPS LOCK keys in order to provide shortcut keys of keyboard. Also, we develop recovery method which allows users go from camera and then come back again in order to eliminate neck fatigue effect. The experiments which involve several users have been done in our laboratory. The results show that the use of our camera mouse able to allow users do typing, left and right click events, drag and drop events, and troubleshooting without hand. By implement this system, handicap person can use computer more comfortable and reduce the dryness of eyes.
A Proposed Web Accessibility Framework for the Arab DisabledWaqas Tariq
The Web is providing unprecedented access to information and interaction for people with disabilities. This paper presents a Web accessibility framework which offers the ease of the Web accessing for the disabled Arab users and facilitates their lifelong learning as well. The proposed framework system provides the disabled Arab user with an easy means of access using their mother language so they don’t have to overcome the barrier of learning the target-spoken language. This framework is based on analyzing the web page meta-language, extracting its content and reformulating it in a suitable format for the disabled users. The basic objective of this framework is supporting the equal rights of the Arab disabled people for their access to the education and training with non disabled people. Key Words : Arabic Moon code, Arabic Sign Language, Deaf, Deaf-blind, E-learning Interactivity, Moon code, Web accessibility , Web framework , Web System, WWW.
Real Time Blinking Detection Based on Gabor FilterWaqas Tariq
New method of blinking detection is proposed. The utmost important of blinking detections method is robust against different users, noise, and also change of eye shape. In this paper, we propose blinking detections method by measuring of distance between two arcs of eye (upper part and lower part). We detect eye arcs by apply Gabor filter onto eye image. As we know that Gabor filter has advantage on image processing application since it able to extract spatial localized spectral features, such line, arch, and other shape are more easily detected. After two of eye arcs are detected, we measure the distance between both by using connected labeling method. The open eye is marked by the distance between two arcs is more than threshold and otherwise, the closed eye is marked by the distance less than threshold. The experiment result shows that our proposed method robust enough against different users, noise, and eye shape changes with perfectly accuracy.
Computer Input with Human Eyes-Only Using Two Purkinje Images Which Works in ...Waqas Tariq
A method for computer input with human eyes-only using two Purkinje images which works in a real time basis without calibration is proposed. Experimental results shows that cornea curvature can be estimated by using two light sources derived Purkinje images so that no calibration for reducing person-to-person difference of cornea curvature. It is found that the proposed system allows usersf movements of 30 degrees in roll direction and 15 degrees in pitch direction utilizing detected face attitude which is derived from the face plane consisting three feature points on the face, two eyes and nose or mouth. Also it is found that the proposed system does work in a real time basis.
Toward a More Robust Usability concept with Perceived Enjoyment in the contex...Waqas Tariq
Mobile multimedia service is relatively new but has quickly dominated people¡¯s lives, especially among young people. To explain this popularity, this study applies and modifies the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to propose a research model and conduct an empirical study. The goal of study is to examine the role of Perceived Enjoyment (PE) and what determinants can contribute to PE in the context of using mobile multimedia service. The result indicates that PE is influencing on Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and directly Behavior Intention (BI). Aesthetics and flow are key determinants to explain Perceived Enjoyment (PE) in mobile multimedia usage.
Collaborative Learning of Organisational KnolwedgeWaqas Tariq
This paper presents recent research into methods used in Australian Indigenous Knowledge sharing and looks at how these can support the creation of suitable collaborative envi- ronments for timely organisational learning. The protocols and practices as used today and in the past by Indigenous communities are presented and discussed in relation to their relevance to a personalised system of knowledge sharing in modern organisational cultures. This research focuses on user models, knowledge acquisition and integration of data for constructivist learning in a networked repository of or- ganisational knowledge. The data collected in the repository is searched to provide collections of up-to-date and relevant material for training in a work environment. The aim is to improve knowledge collection and sharing in a team envi- ronment. This knowledge can then be collated into a story or workflow that represents the present knowledge in the organisation.
Our research aims to propose a global approach for specification, design and verification of context awareness Human Computer Interface (HCI). This is a Model Based Design approach (MBD). This methodology describes the ubiquitous environment by ontologies. OWL is the standard used for this purpose. The specification and modeling of Human-Computer Interaction are based on Petri nets (PN). This raises the question of representation of Petri nets with XML. We use for this purpose, the standard of modeling PNML. In this paper, we propose an extension of this standard for specification, generation and verification of HCI. This extension is a methodological approach for the construction of PNML with Petri nets. The design principle uses the concept of composition of elementary structures of Petri nets as PNML Modular. The objective is to obtain a valid interface through verification of properties of elementary Petri nets represented with PNML.
Development of Sign Signal Translation System Based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 BoardWaqas Tariq
The main aim of this paper is to build a system that is capable of detecting and recognizing the hand gesture in an image captured by using a camera. The system is built based on Altera’s FPGA DE2 board, which contains a Nios II soft core processor. Image processing techniques and a simple but effective algorithm are implemented to achieve this purpose. Image processing techniques are used to smooth the image in order to ease the subsequent processes in translating the hand sign signal. The algorithm is built for translating the numerical hand sign signal and the result are displayed on the seven segment display. Altera’s Quartus II, SOPC Builder and Nios II EDS software are used to construct the system. By using SOPC Builder, the related components on the DE2 board can be interconnected easily and orderly compared to traditional method that requires lengthy source code and time consuming. Quartus II is used to compile and download the design to the DE2 board. Then, under Nios II EDS, C programming language is used to code the hand sign translation algorithm. Being able to recognize the hand sign signal from images can helps human in controlling a robot and other applications which require only a simple set of instructions provided a CMOS sensor is included in the system.
An overview on Advanced Research Works on Brain-Computer InterfaceWaqas Tariq
A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a proficient result in the research field of human- computer synergy, where direct articulation between brain and an external device occurs resulting in augmenting, assisting and repairing human cognitive. Advanced works like generating brain-computer interface switch technologies for intermittent (or asynchronous) control in natural environments or developing brain-computer interface by Fuzzy logic Systems or by implementing wavelet theory to drive its efficacies are still going on and some useful results has also been found out. The requirements to develop this brain machine interface is also growing day by day i.e. like neuropsychological rehabilitation, emotion control, etc. An overview on the control theory and some advanced works on the field of brain machine interface are shown in this paper.
Exploring the Relationship Between Mobile Phone and Senior Citizens: A Malays...Waqas Tariq
There is growing ageing phenomena with the rise of ageing population throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization (2002), the growing ageing population indicates 694 million, or 223% is expected for people aged 60 and over, since 1970 and 2025.The growth is especially significant in some advanced countries such as North America, Japan, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom and so forth. This growing older adult population has significantly impact the social-culture, lifestyle, healthcare system, economy, infrastructure and government policy of a nation. However, there are limited research studies on the perception and usage of a mobile phone and its service for senior citizens in a developing nation like Malaysia. This paper explores the relationship between mobile phones and senior citizens in Malaysia from the perspective of a developing country. We conducted an exploratory study using contextual interviews with 5 senior citizens of how they perceive their mobile phones. This paper reveals 4 interesting themes from this preliminary study, in addition to the findings of the desirable mobile requirements for local senior citizens with respect of health, safety and communication purposes. The findings of this study bring interesting insight to local telecommunication industries as a whole, and will also serve as groundwork for more in-depth study in the future.
Principles of Good Screen Design in WebsitesWaqas Tariq
Visual techniques for proper arrangement of the elements on the user screen have helped the designers to make the screen look good and attractive. Several visual techniques emphasize the arrangement and ordering of the screen elements based on particular criteria for best appearance of the screen. This paper investigates few significant visual techniques in various web user interfaces and showcases the results for better understanding and their presence.
Virtual teams are used more and more by companies and other organizations to receive benefits. They are a great way to enable teamwork in situations where people are not sitting in the same physical place at the same time. As companies seek to increase the use of virtual teams, a need exists to explore the context of these teams, the virtuality of a team and software that may help these teams working virtualy. Virtual teams have the same basic principles as traditional teams, but there is one big difference. This difference is the way the team members communicate. Instead of using the dynamics of in-office face-to-face exchange, they now rely on special communication channels enabled by modern technologies, such as e-mails, faxes, phone calls and teleconferences, virtual meetings etc. This is why this paper is focused on the issues regarding virtual teams, and how these teams are created and progressing in Albania.
Cognitive Approach Towards the Maintenance of Web-Sites Through Quality Evalu...Waqas Tariq
It is a well established fact that the Web-Applications require frequent maintenance because of cutting– edge business competitions. The authors have worked on quality evaluation of web-site of Indian ecommerce domain. As a result of that work they have made a quality-wise ranking of these sites. According to their work and also the survey done by various other groups Futurebazaar web-site is considered to be one of the best Indian e-shopping sites. In this research paper the authors are assessing the maintenance of the same site by incorporating the problems incurred during this evaluation. This exercise gives a real world maintainability problem of web-sites. This work will give a clear picture of all the quality metrics which are directly or indirectly related with the maintainability of the web-site.
USEFul: A Framework to Mainstream Web Site Usability through Automated Evalua...Waqas Tariq
A paradox has been observed whereby web site usability is proven to be an essential element in a web site, yet at the same time there exist an abundance of web pages with poor usability. This discrepancy is the result of limitations that are currently preventing web developers in the commercial sector from producing usable web sites. In this paper we propose a framework whose objective is to alleviate this problem by automating certain aspects of the usability evaluation process. Mainstreaming comes as a result of automation, therefore enabling a non-expert in the field of usability to conduct the evaluation. This results in reducing the costs associated with such evaluation. Additionally, the framework allows the flexibility of adding, modifying or deleting guidelines without altering the code that references them since the guidelines and the code are two separate components. A comparison of the evaluation results carried out using the framework against published evaluations of web sites carried out by web site usability professionals reveals that the framework is able to automatically identify the majority of usability violations. Due to the consistency with which it evaluates, it identified additional guideline-related violations that were not identified by the human evaluators.
Robot Arm Utilized Having Meal Support System Based on Computer Input by Huma...Waqas Tariq
A robot arm utilized having meal support system based on computer input by human eyes only is proposed. The proposed system is developed for handicap/disabled persons as well as elderly persons and tested with able persons with several shapes and size of eyes under a variety of illumination conditions. The test results with normal persons show the proposed system does work well for selection of the desired foods and for retrieve the foods as appropriate as usersf requirements. It is found that the proposed system is 21% much faster than the manually controlled robotics.
Dynamic Construction of Telugu Speech Corpus for Voice Enabled Text EditorWaqas Tariq
In recent decades speech interactive systems have gained increasing importance. Performance of an ASR system mainly depends on the availability of large corpus of speech. The conventional method of building a large vocabulary speech recognizer for any language uses a top-down approach to speech. This approach requires large speech corpus with sentence or phoneme level transcription of the speech utterances. The transcriptions must also include different speech order so that the recognizer can build models for all the sounds present. But, for Telugu language, because of its complex nature, a very large, well annotated speech database is very difficult to build. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to cover all the words of any Indian language, where each word may have thousands and millions of word forms. A significant part of grammar that is handled by syntax in English (and other similar languages) is handled within morphology in Telugu. Phrases including several words (that is, tokens) in English would be mapped on to a single word in Telugu.Telugu language is phonetic in nature in addition to rich in morphology. That is why the speech technology developed for English cannot be applied to Telugu language. This paper highlights the work carried out in an attempt to build a voice enabled text editor with capability of automatic term suggestion. Main claim of the paper is the recognition enhancement process developed by us for suitability of highly inflecting, rich morphological languages. This method results in increased speech recognition accuracy with very much reduction in corpus size. It also adapts Telugu words to the database dynamically, resulting in growth of the corpus.
An Improved Approach for Word Ambiguity RemovalWaqas Tariq
Word ambiguity removal is a task of removing ambiguity from a word, i.e. correct sense of word is identified from ambiguous sentences. This paper describes a model that uses Part of Speech tagger and three categories for word sense disambiguation (WSD). Human Computer Interaction is very needful to improve interactions between users and computers. For this, the Supervised and Unsupervised methods are combined. The WSD algorithm is used to find the efficient and accurate sense of a word based on domain information. The accuracy of this work is evaluated with the aim of finding best suitable domain of word. Keywords: Human Computer Interaction, Supervised Training, Unsupervised Learning, Word Ambiguity, Word sense disambiguation
Parameters Optimization for Improving ASR Performance in Adverse Real World N...Waqas Tariq
From the existing research it has been observed that many techniques and methodologies are available for performing every step of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system, but the performance (Minimization of Word Error Recognition-WER and Maximization of Word Accuracy Rate- WAR) of the methodology is not dependent on the only technique applied in that method. The research work indicates that, performance mainly depends on the category of the noise, the level of the noise and the variable size of the window, frame, frame overlap etc is considered in the existing methods. The main aim of the work presented in this paper is to use variable size of parameters like window size, frame size and frame overlap percentage to observe the performance of algorithms for various categories of noise with different levels and also train the system for all size of parameters and category of real world noisy environment to improve the performance of the speech recognition system. This paper presents the results of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Accuracy test by applying variable size of parameters. It is observed that, it is really very hard to evaluate test results and decide parameter size for ASR performance improvement for its resultant optimization. Hence, this study further suggests the feasible and optimum parameter size using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for enhancing resultant accuracy in adverse real world noisy environmental conditions. This work will be helpful to give discriminative training of ubiquitous ASR system for better Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Keywords: ASR Performance, ASR Parameters Optimization, Multi-Environmental Training, Fuzzy Inference System for ASR, ubiquitous ASR system, Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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Comparison of Semantic and Syntactic Information Retrieval System on the basis of Precision and Recall
1. Sanchika Gupta & Dr. Deepak Garg
International Journal of Data Engineering (IJDE), Volume (2) : Issue (3), 2011 93
Comparison of Semantic and Syntactic Information Retrieval
System on the Basis of Precision and Recall
Sanchika Gupta sanchigr8@gmail.com
Student/Computer Sc. & Engg.
Thapar University
Patiala, 147004, India
Dr. Deepak Garg dgarg@thapar.edu
Faculty/Computer Sc. & Engg./Asstt. professor
Thapar University
Patiala, 147004, India
Abstract
In this paper information retrieval system for local databases are discussed. The approach is to
search the web both semantically and syntactically. The proposal handles the search queries
related to the user who is interested in the focused results regarding a product with some specific
characteristics. The objective of the work will be to find and retrieve the accurate information from
the available information warehouse which contains related data having common keywords. This
information retrieval system can eventually be used for accessing the internet also. Accuracy in
information retrieval that is achieving both high precision and recall is difficult. So both semantic
and syntactic search engine are compared for information retrieval using two parameters i.e.
precision and recall.
Keywords: Information Retrieval, Precision, Recall, Semantic, Syntactic.
1. INTRODUCTION
Information Retrieval (IR) is the study of systems for searching, retrieving, clustering and
classifying the data, particularly text or other unstructured forms. IR is finding material of an
unstructured nature that satisfies an information need from within large storage usually from the
computers [1]. IR is also used to facilitate semi structured search, clustering of documents based
on their contents and classification of data. Before the retrieval process can even be initiated, it is
necessary to define the text database which consists of related information from which
information is to be retrieved. After the database is created a query is entered in the search
space. A query is request for information from a database. These are formal statements for
satisfying information needs. In information retrieval a query does not uniquely identify a single
object in the collection. Instead, several objects may match the query, perhaps with different
degrees of relevancy and accuracy. In general, a query is a form of questioning, in a line of
inquiry. The style and format of querying might be different for both syntactic and semantic search
engine.
A semantic information retrieval system attempts to make sense of search results based on
context. It automatically identifies the concepts structuring the texts. For instance, if you search
for “passport” a semantic information retrieval system might retrieve documents containing the
words “visa”, “embassy” and “flights”. Semantic web help computers understand and interpret
information and also finds additional information that might be useful. What this means is that the
search engine through natural language processing will know whether you are looking for a small
animal or a Chinese zodiac sign when you search for “rabbit”.
Every language has its own Syntax and Semantics. Syntax is the study of grammar. Semantics is
the study of meaning. Syntax is how to say something. Semantic is the meaning behind what you
2. Sanchika Gupta & Dr. Deepak Garg
International Journal of Data Engineering (IJDE), Volume (2) : Issue (3), 2011 94
say. Different syntaxes may have the same semantic: x += y, x=x+y. Syntax and semantics are
all about communication.
A web search engine or the syntactic information retrieval system is designed to search for
information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers. The search results are presented in a list of
results and are called hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and
other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open
directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines
operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.
In this paper information retrieval system for local databases are discussed. The approach is to
search the web both semantically and syntactically. The proposal handles the search queries
related to the user who is interested in the focused results regarding a product with some specific
characteristics. The objective of the work will be to find and retrieve the accurate information from
the available information warehouse which contains related data having common keywords. This
information retrieval system can eventually be used for accessing the internet also. Accuracy in
information retrieval that is achieving both high precision and recall is difficult. So both semantic
and syntactic search engine are compared for information retrieval using two parameters i.e.
precision and recall.
For the syntactic information retrieval system, a local database is created which consists of
related information and a simple search engine is developed to retrieve information from that
database. For the semantic information retrieval system, ontology with same information as in the
database is created and queries are used to extract information from that.
2. SEMANTIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
The Semantic Web proposes to help computers understand and use the Web. Metadata is added
to Web pages that can make the existing syntactic web machine readable. The main purpose of
the Semantic Web is driving the evolution of the current Web by allowing users to use it to its full
potential, thus allowing them to find, share, and combine information more easily. This won't
bestow artificial intelligence or make computers self-aware, but it will give machines tools to find,
exchange and, to a limited extent, interpret information.
The Semantic Web combined with ontology can be used for visualization techniques in several
different ways, but the visualization is dependent on characteristics of the ontology used.
Ontology helps both people and machines communicate more effectively by providing a common
definition of a domain [13]. The GUI serves as an interface between the user and the system.
OWL (ontology web language) is the language used for developing ontologies. OWL Properties
represent relationships. There are three types of properties-
• Object properties- Object properties depicts the relationships between two individuals.
FIGURE 1: An object property linking the individual A to individual B.
• Datatype properties
3. Sanchika Gupta & Dr. Deepak Garg
International Journal of Data Engineering (IJDE), Volume (2) : Issue (3), 2011 95
FIGURE 2: A datatype property linking the individual A to data literal ‘23’, which is a type of integer.
• Annotation properties- Annotation properties can be used to add information (metadata
— data about data) to classes, individuals and object/datatype properties [4].
FIGURE 3: An annotation property, linking the class ‘facebook’ to the data literal (string) “Mark Zuckerberg”.
TABLE 1: Description logic symbols and the corresponding English language keywords [4].
The "Mediawiki Ontology" consists of information which is related. It helps to find information that
is being searched and also provides the related information that might be helpful. Imagine this
scenario. You want to purchase a car. You have heard about “jaguar” and want to know more
about it, so you search for the term using your favourite search engine. Unfortunately, the results
you’re presented with are hardly helpful. There are listings for jaguar the animal, a cat species
etc. Only after sifting through multiple listings and reading through the linked pages are you able
to find information about the Tata Group production “Jaguar”. On the other hand, the semantic
information retrieval system can interpret and understand what is being searched for [15]. The
semantic web agent helps you to find the required car and also tells you about its features,
functions, price and other available options. FIGURE 4 presents the media wiki ontology graph
which consists of related information.
OWL
DL
Symbol
Manchester
OWL
Syntax
Keyword
Example
someValuesFrom ∃ some hasChild some Man
allValuesFrom ∀ only hasSibling only man
hasValue ∋ value
hasCountryOfOrigin
value England
minCardinality ≥ min hasChild min 3
cardinality = exactly hasChild exactly 3
maxCardinality ≤ max hasChild max 3
4. Sanchika Gupta & Dr. Deepak Garg
International Journal of Data Engineering (IJDE), Volume (2) : Issue (3), 2011 96
FIGURE 4: Mediawiki Ontology graph
3. SYNTACTIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
The term ”search engine” is used to indicate both crawler based search engines and manually
maintained directories, although they gather their indexes in radically different ways. Here we are
discussing the Crawler-based search engines, which are based upon the syntactic information
retrieval system, such as Google which create their catalogues automatically: they crawl the web,
then the users searches through what they have found. On the contrary, a manually maintained
directory, such as the Open Directory, depends on humans: people submits a short description to
the system about a certain site, or appropriate editors write a review for their assigned sites; thus,
a web search looks for matches only in the submitted descriptions [12].
FIGURE 5: Syntactic Information Retrieval System.
FIGURE 5: depicts the syntactic information retrieval system. It consists of a spider which is a
computer program that browses the web in a orderly fashion. It automatically discovers and
collects resources, especially the web pages, from the Internet. This process is called spidering.
Many search engine use spidering to provide up to date data. It provides a copy of all the
documents which has already been visited for faster searches [14]. So when user inputs a query
5. Sanchika Gupta & Dr. Deepak Garg
International Journal of Data Engineering (IJDE), Volume (2) : Issue (3), 2011 97
string in the syntactic information retrieval system, the system then provides a list of ranked
documents, ordered according to the requirement of the user to get high precision and recall.
In the syntactic information retrieval system a database is created “mediawiki” which consists of
same information that is used to build the ontology, and a search engine is implemented using
PHP to search from that database. This search engine retrieves every occurrence of the search
item from the database. For ex. If we searched for “Lion”, then every occurrence of Lion i.e. “Lion-
the panther”, “X Lion- Apple Mac operating system” and “Lion Air- Indonesia’s largest private
carrier airplane” is retrieved. Along with the search items links are also provided to get more
information about them from the internet.
4. COMPARISON BASED ON FUNDAMENTAL SEARCH FACILITIES
This table gives the comparison of semantic and syntactic information retrieval system on the
basis of various fundamental search facilities like symbol used, keywords used in the search
queries, phrases, wildcards, prefixes etc.
Information retrieval
system/ Properties
Semantic
Information
Retrieval system
Syntactic Information
Retrieval system
Symbol ∃, ∋, ≥, =, ≤, ∀ +, -, ( )
Keywords some, value, min,
exactly, max, only
AND, OR, ANDNOT
Phrase “ ”, [ ] “ ”
Wildcards *, ?, $ (*) whole word wildcard
Case sensitive YES NO
Prefixes length,
maxLength,
minLength,
totalDigits,
fractionDigits
filetype, inurl
TABLE 2: Comparison of semantic and syntactic Information Retrieval system.
.
5. ESTIMATION OF PRECISION AND RECALL
To measure information retrieval effectiveness in the standard way, we need a test collection
consisting of three things [1]:
1. A document collection i.e. a database from which the search is to be performed.
2. Information needs, expressible as queries.
3. A binary assessment of either relevant or non-relevant for each query-document pair.
To measure the effectiveness two parameters are defined: Precision and recall.
Precision (P) is the fraction of retrieved documents that are relevant
Precision = #(relevant items retrieved) / #(retrieved items)
= P(relevant|retrieved)
= P(sum/#)
Recall (R) is the fraction of relevant documents that are retrieved
Recall = #(relevant items retrieved) / #(relevant items)
= P(retrieved|relevant)
=P(num/#)
To measure the precision and recall, both the semantic and syntactic information retrieval
systems are tested for 5 queries and based on the results which are retrieved, the estimation is
made. The search- items (queries) on which estimation are done:
#1: Operating system
#2: Jaguar car
#3: Web Proxy
6. Sanchika Gupta & Dr. Deepak Garg
International Journal of Data Engineering (IJDE), Volume (2) : Issue (3), 2011 98
#4: Fly Kingfisher
#5: Rabbit Zodiac
Search Item Syntactic Information
retrieval system
Semantic Information
retrieval system
P(sum/#) P P(sum/#) P
#1 2.0/3.0 0.67 2.0/3.0 0.67
#2 1.0/4.0 0.25 1.0/1.0 1
#3 1.0/2.0 0.5 1.5/2.0 0.75
#4 1.0/3.0 0.34 1.0/5.0 0.2
#5 1.0/3.0 0.34 1.0/1.0 1
Mean P N/A 0.42 N/A 0.72
TABLE 3: Estimation of Precision
FIGURE 6: Comparison on the basis of precision
Mean precision
• Syntactic Information Retrieval system= 0.42
• Semantic Information Retrieval system= 0.72
Figure 6 gives the graphical representation of the above table. From Table 3, a graph is plotted
which gives the comparison of two environments on the basis of precision. From the graph it can
be inferred that the semantic information retrieval system has a higher precision for the same
search items as compared to the syntactic information retrieval system.
Search Item Syntactic Information
retrieval system
Semantic Information
retrieval system
P(num/#) R P(num/#) R
#1 2.0/3.0 0.67 3.0/3.0 1
#2 1.0/2.0 0.5 1.0/1.0 1
#3 1.0/2.0 0.5 0/2.0 0
#4 1.0/2.0 0.5 1.0/2.0 0.2
#5 1.0/1.0 1 1.0/1.0 1
Mean R N/A 0.634 N/A 0.64
7. Sanchika Gupta & Dr. Deepak Garg
International Journal of Data Engineering (IJDE), Volume (2) : Issue (3), 2011 99
Table 4: Estimation of Recall
FIGURE 7: Comparison on the basis of recall
Mean recall
• Syntactic Information Retrieval system= 0.634
• Semantic Information Retrieval system= 0.64
Figure 7 gives the graphical representation of the above table. A graph is plotted between recall
and the search items to give a comparison of the two search environments. As can be seen from
the graph, semantic information retrieval system, shows a large diversity in the recall ratio for
different search items i.e. for some search items the recall rate is very high and for others, it is
nearly zero. Whereas for syntactic search retrieval system a constant recall rate can be seen.
The graph shows a consistent rate and is not fluctuating.
Though the mean recall rate is approximately the same for both the semantic and syntactic
retrieval systems, it can be inferred that syntactic retrieval system shows a more consistent recall
rate as compared to semantic retrieval system, which has a fluctuating recall rate.
6. CONCLUSION
A competent Information Retrieval system must include the fundamental search facilities that
users are familiar with, which include Boolean logic symbols, phrase searching, wild cards and
use of prefixes. Because the searching capabilities of Information Retrieval system ultimately
determine its performance, absence of these basic functions will severely handicap the search
tool [8]. As we can see in Table 2, a comparison is done based on these search facilities. Both
semantic and syntactic information retrieval system uses various search facilities but popularity of
syntactic web is more as compared to semantic web as the former is widely used and accepted
whereas the semantic web is new.
Retrieval performance is traditionally evaluated on two parameters: precision and recall. While
the two variables can all be quantitatively measured, extra caution should be exercised when one
judges the relevance of retrieved items and estimates the total number of documents relevant to
a specific topic in the retrieval system [8]. FIGURE 6 gives the comparison of precision for both
semantic and syntactic information retrieval system. Clearly it can be seen that semantic
information retrieval system have mean precision of 0.72 which is much higher than that of
syntactic information retrieval system which have a mean precision of 0.42 only. So it can be said
that ratio of relevant items retrieved to total items retrieved for a search query is better in case of
semantic information retrieval system.
8. Sanchika Gupta & Dr. Deepak Garg
International Journal of Data Engineering (IJDE), Volume (2) : Issue (3), 2011 100
Similarly FIGURE 7 gives the comparison on the basis of recall. As can be seen from the table
the mean recall for both semantic and syntactic information retrieval system is almost the same.
So the ratio of number of relevant items retrieved to the total number of relevant items present is
almost same for both the retrieval system. Moreover from FIGURE 7, it can be inferred that the
syntactic retrieval system has a more consistent recall rate as compared to syntactic search
retrieval system which has a fluctuating recall rate.
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International Journal of Data Engineering (IJDE), Volume (2) : Issue (3), 2011 101
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