The antimicrobial activity of honey depends on many factors, including its botanical origin, geographical and
entomological source. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial potential of honey
varieties from Apis mellifera, Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp. against MDR Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25783, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans SC 5314
and Cryptococcus neoformans. By using standard microbiological procedure, the agar-well diffusion and broth
microdilution methods were used to evaluate honey samples for their antimicrobial and non-peroxidase activity.
Pontential Germicidal Soap of Mangifera Indica Linn. Mango Fruit Peel Extractijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine the potential of Mangifera indica (mango) fruit peel extract to make germicidal soap. The researchers determined the physical properties (e.g. color, melting point, pH) and chemical properties (e.g. acid value, iodine value) of the mango peel soap. An antimicrobial sensitivity test was conducted using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which showed that the prepared soap did not reduce the growth of the microorganisms. Therefore, the researchers concluded that mango peel can be used to make soap but it is not comparable to commercially available germicidal soaps.
Screening of antimicrobial activity of Balsamodendron myrrha and Viola oderat...iosrphr_editor
The study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Balsamodendron myrrha and Viola oderata against six pathogenic bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extracts showed higher antimicrobial activity than the cold and hot water extracts. The most susceptible bacterium was Escherichia coli. The preliminary screening revealed that the ethanol extracts of both plants exhibited greater antibacterial activity compared to their cold and hot water extracts.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaves and seeds from Bixa orellana L. against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Leaf extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity, inhibiting all tested pathogens with inhibition zones up to 18mm against Salmonella typhi and Acinetobacter sp. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and other compounds in both extracts. Scanning electron microscopy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated with leaf extract showed cell disintegration and aggregation. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined to be 15.62μg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus treated with leaf extract. Overall, the results suggest
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
The Effect of Fura De Nunu on Selected Clinical Isolates of Bacteria-331Oladayo Abiodun
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the antimicrobial effects of fura de nunu, a fermented cow's milk product from northern Nigeria, on three clinical isolates of bacteria (Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Undiluted and diluted samples of fura de nunu were tested for inhibitory effects using an agar cup diffusion technique. All concentrations of fura de nunu inhibited bacterial growth, with minimum inhibitory concentrations varying between isolates and dilutions. This suggests fura de nunu has antimicrobial properties that could reduce public health risks from its consumption.
A Comparative study of the Antimicrobial activities of five varieties of esse...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The combined effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on wound heali...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): This study was aimed at investigating the synergy effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on the healing rate of the cutting wounds.
Materials and Methods: In order to determine the concentration of silver nanoparticles in Aloe vera gel, the MBC methods were applied on the most common bacteria infecting wounds, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cutting wounds with Full-thickness skin were dorsally created on rats; then the rats were divided into 4 groups. The treatments groups included: mixture of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles, Aloe vera gel alone and silver nanoparticles alone in addition to control groups. The treatment was carried out for 2 weeks and the size of the wound closures were measured by an image software analysis.
Results:There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in healing rate between the control and mixture group. However, there were significant differences between the silver nanoparticles and Aloe vera groups using Tukey’s analysis on the 6th, 8th and 10th days.
Conclusion:The Aloe vera gel increased the rate of wound healing whereas the silver nanoparticles had a delay effect; and when they were mixed, it was similar to the average effect of both Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles.
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Pontential Germicidal Soap of Mangifera Indica Linn. Mango Fruit Peel Extractijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine the potential of Mangifera indica (mango) fruit peel extract to make germicidal soap. The researchers determined the physical properties (e.g. color, melting point, pH) and chemical properties (e.g. acid value, iodine value) of the mango peel soap. An antimicrobial sensitivity test was conducted using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, which showed that the prepared soap did not reduce the growth of the microorganisms. Therefore, the researchers concluded that mango peel can be used to make soap but it is not comparable to commercially available germicidal soaps.
Screening of antimicrobial activity of Balsamodendron myrrha and Viola oderat...iosrphr_editor
The study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Balsamodendron myrrha and Viola oderata against six pathogenic bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extracts showed higher antimicrobial activity than the cold and hot water extracts. The most susceptible bacterium was Escherichia coli. The preliminary screening revealed that the ethanol extracts of both plants exhibited greater antibacterial activity compared to their cold and hot water extracts.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaves and seeds from Bixa orellana L. against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Leaf extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity, inhibiting all tested pathogens with inhibition zones up to 18mm against Salmonella typhi and Acinetobacter sp. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and other compounds in both extracts. Scanning electron microscopy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated with leaf extract showed cell disintegration and aggregation. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined to be 15.62μg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus treated with leaf extract. Overall, the results suggest
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha Lijtsrd
Excoecaria agallocha L. is an important medicinal plant inhabited in mangrove regions. Early researches focused on antimicrobial activity of leaves of concerned plant with various solvents among which ethanol, chloroform and methanol were Used. Ella. Sai Kumar "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Excoecaria Agallocha L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30276.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/30276/evaluation-of-antimicrobial-activity-of-excoecaria-agallocha-l/ella-sai-kumar
The Effect of Fura De Nunu on Selected Clinical Isolates of Bacteria-331Oladayo Abiodun
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the antimicrobial effects of fura de nunu, a fermented cow's milk product from northern Nigeria, on three clinical isolates of bacteria (Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Undiluted and diluted samples of fura de nunu were tested for inhibitory effects using an agar cup diffusion technique. All concentrations of fura de nunu inhibited bacterial growth, with minimum inhibitory concentrations varying between isolates and dilutions. This suggests fura de nunu has antimicrobial properties that could reduce public health risks from its consumption.
A Comparative study of the Antimicrobial activities of five varieties of esse...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The combined effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on wound heali...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): This study was aimed at investigating the synergy effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on the healing rate of the cutting wounds.
Materials and Methods: In order to determine the concentration of silver nanoparticles in Aloe vera gel, the MBC methods were applied on the most common bacteria infecting wounds, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cutting wounds with Full-thickness skin were dorsally created on rats; then the rats were divided into 4 groups. The treatments groups included: mixture of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles, Aloe vera gel alone and silver nanoparticles alone in addition to control groups. The treatment was carried out for 2 weeks and the size of the wound closures were measured by an image software analysis.
Results:There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in healing rate between the control and mixture group. However, there were significant differences between the silver nanoparticles and Aloe vera groups using Tukey’s analysis on the 6th, 8th and 10th days.
Conclusion:The Aloe vera gel increased the rate of wound healing whereas the silver nanoparticles had a delay effect; and when they were mixed, it was similar to the average effect of both Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles.
Bioactivity of Locally Available Plants on Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci an...IJEAB
Aqueous, diethyl ether, chloroform, petroleum ether, N-hexane and benzene extracts of locally available plant species were tested for phytochemical and insecticidal bioactivity against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under controlled conditions. This study is within bioprospection context, for utilizing local plant species as alternative in sustainable agriculture development. The leaf and stem extract was used. The whole plant extract of T.procumbens followed by N.oleander and V.rosea showed repellent and toxic effect against adult and second nymphal instars. Leaf extract of all three plants showed high inhibition activity against nymphal instars. In case of flower extract less inhibition activity was shown respectively. Fungi which grow on the cotton plant was screened, characterized and checked for antifungal activity against the extracts of the plant material. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out by standard protocols.
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of neem extract against 13 microbial pathogens of animal origin, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Results showed that neem extract had greater antibacterial activity at lower concentrations of 10-50% compared to higher concentrations. Diluted neem extract was more effective against gram-negative bacteria, inhibiting the growth of several species. Neem extract significantly reduced bacterial counts in ground beef and inhibited the growth of E. coli O157 inoculated in ground meat. The study concluded that neem extract has potent antimicrobial properties at low concentrations and can decrease microbial contamination in foods.
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidumijtsrd
Mushroom has multi beneficial effects for human welfare. The Medicinal mushrooms are widely used as traditional medicinal components for the treatment of various diseases and related health problems. Most of the medicinal extracts from mushroom are different forms of polysaccharides which strengthens the human immune system with no side effect. Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma species investigation has focused on the biological response of microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy of various solvent extracts 20g ml of Ganoderma lucidum was treated against five different bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp and four different fungal pathogens like Aspergillus niger, Fussarium sp, Penicillum sp and Candida sp. Ethanol extract exhibited maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity, while the most susceptible bacterium observed was Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi was fusarium sp. respectively. N. Tamilselvan | K. Rajesh ""Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23522.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/23522/antimicrobial-efficacy-of-medicinal-mushroom-ganoderma-lucidum/n-tamilselvan
ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF TACHYSPERMUM AMMI FRUITSSriramNagarajan19
This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial activity of Tachyspermum ammi fruits extracts. In the present study, the anti-bacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tachyspermum ammi fruits was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar disc diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested against Gram-positive—Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative—Escherichia coli human pathogenic bacteria. Zone of inhibition of extracts were compared with that of different standard drugs. The results showed that the remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth was shown against the tested organisms. The phytochemical analyses of the plants were carried out. The antibacterial activity of the Tachyspermum ammi fruits was due to the presence of various secondary metabolites. Hence, these plants can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals research activities.
It is a sterile solution derived from the concentrated, soluble products of growth of the tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis) prepared in a special medium
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Calotropis gigantea leaf extracts. The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvents. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against pathogens like Candida albicans and Proteus mirablis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm that C. gigantea extracts have antibacterial and antifungal properties against human pathogens.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antifungal activities and phytochemical composition of Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur) extracts. Leaf extracts of X. strumarium in distilled water and methanol were tested against 5 fungi (Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici, Sclerotium rolfsii) at concentrations from 50-250 mg/ml. Both extracts inhibited fungal growth, with methanol extracts completely inhibiting some fungi at higher concentrations. F. oxysporum was most susceptible while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were most resistant. Phytochem
Hydrotropic Cream Preparation from Licorice Extractijtsrd
The current work aimed to formulate a stable w o cream containing Glycyrrhiza glabra extract and studying its effects on skin pigment. Glycyrrhiza glabra Extract obtained by concentrating the alcoholic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of W O emulsion. Base containing no active material and a formulation containing ethanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra 1 were prepared. Samples of base and formulation were stored at different accelerated conditions 8°C, 25°C, 40°C, 40°C 75 RH for four weeks to predict the stability of creams. Base and formulation were stable at all accelerated conditions regarding color, liquefaction and phase separation. Both creams were good for sensory evaluation. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Ms. Rutika U. More | Mrs. Pooja S. Bhandare "Hydrotropic Cream Preparation from Licorice Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/26435/hydrotropic-cream-preparation-from-licorice-extract/ms-chetana-d-patil
Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Asparagus Racemosus Willd–A Medici...IJSTA
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd, a medicinal plant, against various bacteria and fungi. Crude extracts were obtained from the plant's leaves using solvents like petroleum ether, methanol, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, and water. The effect of these extracts was tested on gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas), and the yeast Candida utilis using an agar well diffusion method. The methanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. The study supports the traditional use of the whole plant as a
This study aims to quantify anthocyanins in castor bean plants using UV/Vis spectroscopy. Four extraction methods are compared: 1) using varying ethanol/HCl solutions adjusted to pH 1, 2) adjusting solutions to pH 1 and 4.5 before and after shaking and centrifuging, 3) preparing methanol/HCl solutions and extracting over multiple shakes, and 4) using a commercial INA method. Castor bean leaves and stems were collected, freeze-dried, and ground before anthocyanins were extracted and concentrations measured via spectroscopy. The optimal method will be determined for quantifying anthocyanins and evaluating chemical defense strategies in castor beans.
An assessment of medicinal cocus nucifera plant extracts as natural antibioti...Alexander Decker
1. The study assessed the antimicrobial properties of Cocus nucifera plant extracts against five bacterial strains using the agar well diffusion method.
2. Ethanol extracts of C. nucifera roots showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with zones of inhibition ranging from 5.55mm to 13.08mm. The highest activity was seen against Escherichia coli.
3. Phytochemical analysis of C. nucifera root extracts revealed the presence of compounds such as saponins, tannins and flavonoids that are associated with antimicrobial effects and support the traditional use of this plant to treat infectious diseases.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Erythrina variegate bark extracts. Key findings include:
- Preliminary analysis found the extracts contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides and flavonoids.
- The extracts showed some toxicity to brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 1.41 to 3.66 μg/ml.
- n-Hexane extract contained the highest amount of flavonoids.
- Ethanol extract had the highest total antioxidant capacity.
The study concludes the plant extracts possess several antioxidant activities supporting traditional medicinal uses.
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that screened extracts from the epidermis and epidermal mucus of Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Tinfoil barb fish) for antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. The ethanol extract exhibited antibacterial activity against four bacterial pathogens, while the dichloromethane extract was active against three pathogens. The minimum cell viability in a cytotoxicity assay using mouse fibroblast cells was shown at an epidermal mucus concentration of 10 mg/ml. The results suggest that mucus and epidermal extracts from B. schwanenfeldii may be a potential source of antimicrobial agents against human pathogens.
This document describes microbiological assays for various vaccines including diphtheria, rabies, and tetanus vaccines. It discusses the principles, procedures, test animals, preparations, and interpretations for biological assays of these vaccines. The assays involve comparing the potency of a test vaccine to a reference vaccine by determining the dose needed to protect animals from challenges with toxins or viruses. The document provides technical details on how to conduct the assays and evaluate results to validate the tests and determine if a vaccine meets potency requirements.
ANTI-MlCROBIAL EFFECTS OF BEE HONEY ON CLINICAL ISOLATE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUR...JOHSAT ZUNGERU POLY
The document summarizes a study that tested the antimicrobial effects of bee honey on Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium commonly found in wounds. The study found that honey exhibited significant zones of inhibition against S. aureus ranging from 6mm to 14mm for honey concentrations between 10% to 100%. Based on these results, the study concludes that honey has potent antimicrobial properties and could be used to treat infections caused by S. aureus, making it a potential alternative to conventional antibiotic drugs for wound treatment.
ABSTRACT With the rise in prevalence of antibiotic- resistant bacteria, honey is increasingly valued for its antibacterial activity. To characterize all bactericidal factors in a medical-grade honey, we used a novel approach of successive neutralization of individual honey bactericidal factors. All bacteria tested, including Bacillus subtilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus au- reus, extended-spectrum J3-lactamase producing Esche- richia coli, ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aerugi- nosa, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, were killed by 10 –20% (v/v) honey, whereas >40% (v/v) of a honey-equivalent sugar solution was required for similar activity. Honey accumulated up to 5.62 ±
0.54 mM H2O2 and contained 0.25 ± 0.01 mM methyl-
glyoxal (MGO). After enzymatic neutralization of these two compounds, honey retained substantial activity. Using B. subtilis for activity-guided isolation of the additional antimicrobial factors, we discovered bee defensin-1 in honey. After combined neutralization of H2O2, MGO, and bee defensin-1, 20% honey had only minimal activity left, and subsequent adjustment of the pH of this honey from 3.3 to 7.0 reduced the activity to that of sugar alone. Activity against all other bacteria tested depended on sugar, H2O2, MGO, and bee defensin-1. Thus, we fully characterized the antibacterial activity of medical-grade honey.—Kwak- man, P. H. S., te Velde, A. A., de Boer, L., Speijer, D., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M. J. E., Zaat, S. A. J. How honey kills bacteria. FASEB J. 24, 2576 –2582 (2010).
Biochemical screening of pure honey and its antibacterial activity on some ba...inventionjournals
The document discusses a study that analyzed the biochemical components and antibacterial activity of pure honey. Biochemical analysis found reducing sugars, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids present in the honey, but not phenols or tannins. Testing showed the honey had antibacterial activity against common pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with zone of inhibitions ranging from 18-30mm. The honey generally demonstrated stronger antibacterial efficacy than the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, suggesting honey could be suitable for treating infections caused by these bacteria.
Bioactive compounds and antibacterial activities in crystallized honey liquef...HaloCantik
The effect of ultrasound on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoids, Maillard products and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys was studied. Three multifloral honeys (M), one monofloral (MO) and one honeydew (HD) honey were used. Ultrasound was performed at 42 kHz for different times (0, 5, 10 and 15 min). The antibacterial activities were tested against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In all honeys, the parameters analyzed had significant differences ((P < 0.05)). After 15 min of ultrasound the HD had increments of 44 mg of gallic acid/100 g of honey in phenols, and some M showed increase in flavonoids (5.64 mg of quercitin /100 g of honey) and improvement in inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium was 13.1%. In some honeys the correlation between phenols or flavonoids and antibacterial activity were significant ((P < 0.05)). No correlation was found between Maillard products and antibacterial activity. The ultrasound treatment effect on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoid, Maillard products, and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys were different in each honey.
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of neem extract against 13 microbial pathogens of animal origin, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Results showed that neem extract had greater antibacterial activity at lower concentrations of 10-50% compared to higher concentrations. Diluted neem extract was more effective against gram-negative bacteria, inhibiting the growth of several species. Neem extract significantly reduced bacterial counts in ground beef and inhibited the growth of E. coli O157 inoculated in ground meat. The study concluded that neem extract has potent antimicrobial properties at low concentrations and can decrease microbial contamination in foods.
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidumijtsrd
Mushroom has multi beneficial effects for human welfare. The Medicinal mushrooms are widely used as traditional medicinal components for the treatment of various diseases and related health problems. Most of the medicinal extracts from mushroom are different forms of polysaccharides which strengthens the human immune system with no side effect. Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma species investigation has focused on the biological response of microorganisms. The antimicrobial efficacy of various solvent extracts 20g ml of Ganoderma lucidum was treated against five different bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp and four different fungal pathogens like Aspergillus niger, Fussarium sp, Penicillum sp and Candida sp. Ethanol extract exhibited maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity, while the most susceptible bacterium observed was Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi was fusarium sp. respectively. N. Tamilselvan | K. Rajesh ""Antimicrobial Efficacy of Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23522.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/23522/antimicrobial-efficacy-of-medicinal-mushroom-ganoderma-lucidum/n-tamilselvan
ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF TACHYSPERMUM AMMI FRUITSSriramNagarajan19
This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial activity of Tachyspermum ammi fruits extracts. In the present study, the anti-bacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Tachyspermum ammi fruits was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar disc diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested against Gram-positive—Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative—Escherichia coli human pathogenic bacteria. Zone of inhibition of extracts were compared with that of different standard drugs. The results showed that the remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth was shown against the tested organisms. The phytochemical analyses of the plants were carried out. The antibacterial activity of the Tachyspermum ammi fruits was due to the presence of various secondary metabolites. Hence, these plants can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals research activities.
It is a sterile solution derived from the concentrated, soluble products of growth of the tubercle bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis) prepared in a special medium
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This study evaluated the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Calotropis gigantea leaf extracts. The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol, chloroform and n-hexane solvents. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi using the agar well diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity against pathogens like Candida albicans and Proteus mirablis. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids in the extracts. The results confirm that C. gigantea extracts have antibacterial and antifungal properties against human pathogens.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antifungal activities and phytochemical composition of Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur) extracts. Leaf extracts of X. strumarium in distilled water and methanol were tested against 5 fungi (Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici, Sclerotium rolfsii) at concentrations from 50-250 mg/ml. Both extracts inhibited fungal growth, with methanol extracts completely inhibiting some fungi at higher concentrations. F. oxysporum was most susceptible while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were most resistant. Phytochem
Hydrotropic Cream Preparation from Licorice Extractijtsrd
The current work aimed to formulate a stable w o cream containing Glycyrrhiza glabra extract and studying its effects on skin pigment. Glycyrrhiza glabra Extract obtained by concentrating the alcoholic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots was entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of W O emulsion. Base containing no active material and a formulation containing ethanolic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra 1 were prepared. Samples of base and formulation were stored at different accelerated conditions 8°C, 25°C, 40°C, 40°C 75 RH for four weeks to predict the stability of creams. Base and formulation were stable at all accelerated conditions regarding color, liquefaction and phase separation. Both creams were good for sensory evaluation. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Ms. Rutika U. More | Mrs. Pooja S. Bhandare "Hydrotropic Cream Preparation from Licorice Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/26435/hydrotropic-cream-preparation-from-licorice-extract/ms-chetana-d-patil
Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Asparagus Racemosus Willd–A Medici...IJSTA
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd, a medicinal plant, against various bacteria and fungi. Crude extracts were obtained from the plant's leaves using solvents like petroleum ether, methanol, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, and water. The effect of these extracts was tested on gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas), and the yeast Candida utilis using an agar well diffusion method. The methanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. The study supports the traditional use of the whole plant as a
This study aims to quantify anthocyanins in castor bean plants using UV/Vis spectroscopy. Four extraction methods are compared: 1) using varying ethanol/HCl solutions adjusted to pH 1, 2) adjusting solutions to pH 1 and 4.5 before and after shaking and centrifuging, 3) preparing methanol/HCl solutions and extracting over multiple shakes, and 4) using a commercial INA method. Castor bean leaves and stems were collected, freeze-dried, and ground before anthocyanins were extracted and concentrations measured via spectroscopy. The optimal method will be determined for quantifying anthocyanins and evaluating chemical defense strategies in castor beans.
An assessment of medicinal cocus nucifera plant extracts as natural antibioti...Alexander Decker
1. The study assessed the antimicrobial properties of Cocus nucifera plant extracts against five bacterial strains using the agar well diffusion method.
2. Ethanol extracts of C. nucifera roots showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with zones of inhibition ranging from 5.55mm to 13.08mm. The highest activity was seen against Escherichia coli.
3. Phytochemical analysis of C. nucifera root extracts revealed the presence of compounds such as saponins, tannins and flavonoids that are associated with antimicrobial effects and support the traditional use of this plant to treat infectious diseases.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Erythrina variegate bark extracts. Key findings include:
- Preliminary analysis found the extracts contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides and flavonoids.
- The extracts showed some toxicity to brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 1.41 to 3.66 μg/ml.
- n-Hexane extract contained the highest amount of flavonoids.
- Ethanol extract had the highest total antioxidant capacity.
The study concludes the plant extracts possess several antioxidant activities supporting traditional medicinal uses.
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that screened extracts from the epidermis and epidermal mucus of Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Tinfoil barb fish) for antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. The ethanol extract exhibited antibacterial activity against four bacterial pathogens, while the dichloromethane extract was active against three pathogens. The minimum cell viability in a cytotoxicity assay using mouse fibroblast cells was shown at an epidermal mucus concentration of 10 mg/ml. The results suggest that mucus and epidermal extracts from B. schwanenfeldii may be a potential source of antimicrobial agents against human pathogens.
This document describes microbiological assays for various vaccines including diphtheria, rabies, and tetanus vaccines. It discusses the principles, procedures, test animals, preparations, and interpretations for biological assays of these vaccines. The assays involve comparing the potency of a test vaccine to a reference vaccine by determining the dose needed to protect animals from challenges with toxins or viruses. The document provides technical details on how to conduct the assays and evaluate results to validate the tests and determine if a vaccine meets potency requirements.
ANTI-MlCROBIAL EFFECTS OF BEE HONEY ON CLINICAL ISOLATE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUR...JOHSAT ZUNGERU POLY
The document summarizes a study that tested the antimicrobial effects of bee honey on Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium commonly found in wounds. The study found that honey exhibited significant zones of inhibition against S. aureus ranging from 6mm to 14mm for honey concentrations between 10% to 100%. Based on these results, the study concludes that honey has potent antimicrobial properties and could be used to treat infections caused by S. aureus, making it a potential alternative to conventional antibiotic drugs for wound treatment.
ABSTRACT With the rise in prevalence of antibiotic- resistant bacteria, honey is increasingly valued for its antibacterial activity. To characterize all bactericidal factors in a medical-grade honey, we used a novel approach of successive neutralization of individual honey bactericidal factors. All bacteria tested, including Bacillus subtilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus au- reus, extended-spectrum J3-lactamase producing Esche- richia coli, ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aerugi- nosa, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, were killed by 10 –20% (v/v) honey, whereas >40% (v/v) of a honey-equivalent sugar solution was required for similar activity. Honey accumulated up to 5.62 ±
0.54 mM H2O2 and contained 0.25 ± 0.01 mM methyl-
glyoxal (MGO). After enzymatic neutralization of these two compounds, honey retained substantial activity. Using B. subtilis for activity-guided isolation of the additional antimicrobial factors, we discovered bee defensin-1 in honey. After combined neutralization of H2O2, MGO, and bee defensin-1, 20% honey had only minimal activity left, and subsequent adjustment of the pH of this honey from 3.3 to 7.0 reduced the activity to that of sugar alone. Activity against all other bacteria tested depended on sugar, H2O2, MGO, and bee defensin-1. Thus, we fully characterized the antibacterial activity of medical-grade honey.—Kwak- man, P. H. S., te Velde, A. A., de Boer, L., Speijer, D., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M. J. E., Zaat, S. A. J. How honey kills bacteria. FASEB J. 24, 2576 –2582 (2010).
Biochemical screening of pure honey and its antibacterial activity on some ba...inventionjournals
The document discusses a study that analyzed the biochemical components and antibacterial activity of pure honey. Biochemical analysis found reducing sugars, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids present in the honey, but not phenols or tannins. Testing showed the honey had antibacterial activity against common pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with zone of inhibitions ranging from 18-30mm. The honey generally demonstrated stronger antibacterial efficacy than the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, suggesting honey could be suitable for treating infections caused by these bacteria.
Bioactive compounds and antibacterial activities in crystallized honey liquef...HaloCantik
The effect of ultrasound on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoids, Maillard products and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys was studied. Three multifloral honeys (M), one monofloral (MO) and one honeydew (HD) honey were used. Ultrasound was performed at 42 kHz for different times (0, 5, 10 and 15 min). The antibacterial activities were tested against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In all honeys, the parameters analyzed had significant differences ((P < 0.05)). After 15 min of ultrasound the HD had increments of 44 mg of gallic acid/100 g of honey in phenols, and some M showed increase in flavonoids (5.64 mg of quercitin /100 g of honey) and improvement in inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium was 13.1%. In some honeys the correlation between phenols or flavonoids and antibacterial activity were significant ((P < 0.05)). No correlation was found between Maillard products and antibacterial activity. The ultrasound treatment effect on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoid, Maillard products, and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys were different in each honey.
Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indi...iosrphr_editor
This document reports on a study that investigated the phytochemical composition and in-vitro antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica (mango) kernel against Aeromonas caviae. Phytochemical screening of the mango kernel methanol extract revealed the presence of various compounds including carbohydrates, triterpenes, and flavonoids. Testing of aqueous and methanol extracts of the kernel showed that the methanol extract inhibited the growth of A. caviae at concentrations ranging from 16±2.41 mm to 24 ± 0.58 mm, while the aqueous extract was only slightly active at lower concentrations. The study concludes that mango kernel extracts possess antibacterial properties against A. caviae likely due to their phytoc
Antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on some clinical bac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study investigated the antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on two clinical bacterial isolates - Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Honey samples tested included honey fortified with ginger, honey fortified with lemon, unfortified honey, and natural honey. The agar ditch method was used to determine zones of inhibition. Results showed that honey fortified with lemon produced the largest zones of inhibition against both bacteria, indicating it had the highest antibacterial activity. This was attributed to antibacterial compounds in lemon combining synergistically with honey's natural compounds. Unfortified honey showed less activity than fortified honey. The study demonstrated that fortifying honey, especially with lemon, can increase its antibacterial properties.
The document describes a study that tested the antifungal activity of a novel nanoemulsion (X8W60PC) against various clinically important yeasts and filamentous fungi. The main findings were:
1) 0.1% X8W60PC killed Candida albicans and C. tropicalis yeast cells in 15 minutes, reducing their numbers by over 4 and 6 logs, respectively.
2) The minimum inhibitory concentration of X8W60PC was 0.08% for C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and several filamentous fungi.
3) Electron microscopy images showed that X8W60PC disrupted the integrity of C. albic
This study investigated an anticancer effect of different honeys from Poland on tumor cell line - glioblastoma multiforme U87MG. Anti-proliferative activity of honeys and its interferences with temozolomide were determined by a cytotoxicity test and DNA binding by [H3]-thymidine incorporation. Results suggest that Polish honeys have an anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effect on U87MG cell line. Therefore, natural bee honey can be considered as a promising adjuvant treatment for brain tumors
Unifloral ajwain honey ameliorates differential inhibition of matrix metallop...HaloCantik
Free radicals lead to inflammation, which in turn could intervene several chronic diseases including cancer. The promising scientific finding for anti-cancer properties of honey is an area of great interest.
Objective
The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro biological effects (cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory through differential inhibition of metalloproteinases and antioxidant) of unifloral Ajwain honey along with its physicochemical properties (pH, moisture, ash content, electrical conductivity, color, protein).
Materials and methods
Three Ajwain honey samples (AJ-1, AJ-2, and AJ-3) were collected from different geographical origins of Western Ghats of India. Melissopalynological analysis was carried out to confirm uniflorality. Physicochemical analysis for ash, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, color, and total protein was estimated. Total polyphenol, total flavonoid content, and ferric reducing ability of plasma assay were determined using appropriate methods. The cytotoxic effect was assessed against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of Oroxylum indicum, an endangered medicinal plant, against four bacterial strains. The aqueous extracts of the stem bark were tested using the well diffusion method. Results found that extracts showed inhibitory activity against all bacterial strains tested, with the highest activity observed against Bacillus subtilis at a 1:1 extract concentration. This provides evidence that O. indicum may be a potential source of antimicrobial agents and suggests further investigation is needed to identify active compounds responsible for the antibacterial effects.
DEVELOPMENT & EVALUATION OF ANTI-LICE SHAMPOO.docxJOHNBEBONYAP1
This document discusses research on developing and evaluating an anti-lice shampoo for chickens using soursop leaves. It provides background on soursop leaves and their insecticidal properties. The study aims to determine the most effective concentration of soursop leaf extract that will kill chicken lice. It discusses the methodology, significance, scope and limitations of the study. The document also reviews related literature on herbal treatments for head lice from local and foreign studies.
Potential use of Quercus infectoria gall extracts against urinary tract patho...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of methanol and aqueous extracts of Quercus infectoria galls against pathogens that cause urinary tract infections. Both extracts showed inhibitory effects against tested bacteria at a concentration of 5 mg/disc, with the exception of some bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined for the extracts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified pyrogallol as the major compound in both extracts. The results suggest that Q. infectoria gall extracts have potential as an antibacterial agent for preventing and treating urinary tract infections.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils of Crude Extracts o...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics-resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically-active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. As a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the leaves effectiveness in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude Sesame radiatum leaves extracts. Ethanolic, Methanolic and Aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for their in-vitro antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed the presence of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups in essential oils especially some of the most potent antioxidants like Sesamol, Sesamolin and Sesamin. Both the methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae except on Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed Sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of the Country (Nigeria).
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of dried seed extracts of Maranthes polyandra. Key findings include:
1) Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroidal triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, and trace amounts of alkaloids in the chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts.
2) The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest inhibition zone (29mm) against Candida stellatoidea. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts inhibited growth of many test organisms at a concentration of 3.75mg/mL.
3) The minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration of most extracts against
Anti mdrsa activity of rhizophora apiculata and avicennia marina – an in vitr...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-bacterial activity of extracts from the leaves of two mangrove plants, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, against 100 multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) clinical isolates. Aqueous, ethanol, and methanol extracts were tested using agar well diffusion. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed high levels of anti-MDRSA activity against all isolates. The aqueous extracts showed low or minimal anti-MDRSA activity. The results suggest that ethanol and methanol are better solvents than water for extracting anti-bacterial compounds from the mangrove plant leaves against MDRSA.
Evaluation of in vitro inhibitory effect of Enoxacin on Babesia and Theileria...sherein abdelgayed
Evaluation of in vitro inhibitory effect of Enoxacin on Babesia and Theileria parasites. 9th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic, 24-28 August 2014.
A double-blind study was designed to confirm the antibacterial effect of Pure Bee Venom (PBV) and access the efficacy of cosmetics containing PBV in subjects with acne vulgaris.
Effects of cosmetics containing purified honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) venom on acne vulgaris
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Antifungal Activity of Honey with Curcuma Starch against RhodotorulaBee Healthy Farms
In vitro activity of natural honey alone and in combination with curcuma starch against rhodotorula mucilaginosa in correlation with bioactive compounds and diastase activity.
The mixture of curcuma starch and honey could lead to the development of new combination antibiotics against Rhodotorula infections. This synergistic interaction between two natural agents (non-toxic) against R. mucilaginosa may be helpful for humankind, particularly in this part of the globe, in combating antifungal resistance.
Similar to Comparison of Antimicrobial Potential of Honey Samples from Apis mellifera and Two Stingless Bees from Nsukka, Nigeria (20)
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. Page 2 of 7
J Pharmacogn Nat Prod, an open access journal
ISSN: 2472-0992
Citation: Nweze JA, Okafor JI, Nweze EI, Nweze JE (2016) Comparison of Antimicrobial Potential of Honey Samples from Apis mellifera and Two
Stingless Bees from Nsukka, Nigeria. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod 2: 124. doi: 10.4172/2472-0992.1000124
Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000124
lasted between 18-24 h at 37°
C. The assay was carried out in triplicate
and the diameter of zones was recorded as mean ± standard deviation.
Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC):
Following the initial antimicrobial screening tests, the minimum
inhibitory concentration of each honey was determined by using the
broth tube microdilution method, a modified method of Andrews
[21]. Serial dilutions of each honey sample were made in eppendorf
tubes containing 700 µL of Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) (Oxoid
Ltd., UK) and Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) for bacteria and yeast
respectively, to give a final concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.3%,
3.1% and 1.6% (achieved by adding 700 µL of honey to 700 µL of MHB
or SDB and then serially transferring 700 µL from it to the next tube
and so on). 700 µL was removed from the last tube. About 10 µL of the
standardized test organisms were dispensed into the tubes. Negative
control tubes (for MHB or SDA) prepared as described above with
different concentrations of each honey samples, were not inoculated
with test organism. Positive control tubes contained only 700 µL broth
medium and each of the organisms but no honey.
Also, different concentrations of ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole
as above, for Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 25783 and Candida
albicans SC 5314 respectively were used as positive control drugs.
The tubes were incubated in the dark at 37°
C for 24 h with constant
shaking (at 250 rpm), to prevent adherence and clumping. The MIC
was determined by visually inspecting the tubes for turbidity post-
incubation (matching the mueller hinton broth and sabouraud
dextrose broth respectively with the corresponding negative control
tube of the same concentration). The MIC was reported as the lowest
concentration of test material which results in 100% inhibition of
growth of the test organism (the lowest concentration that has the
same turbidity with the corresponding negative control). The MIC was
determined in triplicates and the values were expressed in % (vol/vol).
Determination of Minimum Biocidal Concentration (MBC)
The Minimum Biocidal Concentration (MBC) of the honey
varieties were determined by further sub-culturing from the tubes
which showed no visible growth in the MIC assay onto fresh sterile
nutrient agar and sabouraud dextrose agar plates respectively. The
culture plates were incubated at 37o
C for 24 h. The MBC was therefore
taken as the lowest concentration or highest dilution of honey that did
not show any visible growth on the sub-cultured NA and SDA plates
[20].
Determination of non-peroxide antimicrobial activities
In order to determine non-peroxidase antimicrobial activities
of the honey varieties, honey dilutions (50-1.6% v/v) were prepared
in MHB/SDB containing catalase solution (Sigma, C-40) at a final
concentration of 0.2% (w/v) (2 mg of catalase in 10 mL of MHB/SDB).
TheassaywasconductedsimilartotheMICdeterminationaspreviously
described. Control tube received broth, catalase only and containing
corresponding honey concentrations (negative control), and bacteria,
broth and catalase (positive control) [20]. After incubation, MBCs were
also determined as described previously.
Statistical analyses
Results were reported as the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate
experiments. One-way ANOVA-Games-Howell Post Hoc Multiple
Comparisons and Kruskal Wallis (KW) and Mann Whitney U-test
were used for comparison of means using a significant level of p<0.05
(SPSS version 23).
despite that, majority of previous studies have been conducted using
honey from the Apis species. As there are no studies that have evaluated
the antimicrobial activity of honeys from these species of stingless bees,
therefore the aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial and
non-peroxidase activity of honeys collected in Nsukka, Nigeria from
Melipona sp. (locally called ifufu in South East Nigeria), Hypotrigona sp.
(Okotobo) and A. mellifera against eight different human pathogenic
microorganisms.
Materials and Methods
Collection of honey samples
Three honey samples each from Hypotrigona spp. (Okotobo) and
Melipona spp. (Ifufu) including Apis mellifera honey (widely known
honey) were collected from keepers at Olido, Enugu Ezike, Igbo Eze
North Local Government Area of Enugu State, between April and
May, 2015. The matured combs, laden with honey, were harvested and
aseptically collected in sterile screwed cups, and kept in a cool and dry
place before transporting to the laboratory.
Test organisms
The test organisms were obtained from the Department of
Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukkka. They are: MDR
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa ATCC 25783, MDR Staphylococcus enterica, Candida
tropicalis, Candida albicans SC 5314 and Cryptococcus neoformans.
The cultures were maintained in their appropriate agar slants at 4°
C
throughout the study and used as stock cultures.
Preparation of standard inocula
The inocula were prepared and standardized according to Clinical
and Laboratory Standards Institute Approved Standard for bacteria
[18]. Stock inoculum suspensions were prepared by taking five colonies
(>1 mm in diameter) from 24 h cultures (37°
C) into 5 mL sterile saline).
Each suspension was shaken for 15 s and density adjusted visually to
0.5 McFarland turbidity standards. The turbidity of each suspension
was compared by holding both the standard and the inoculums tubes
side by side in front of a white paper with black lines. The colony
forming unit per mL (cfu/mL) of each standardized culture was also
determined [19].
Antimicrobial activity
Agar well diffusion method: The agar diffusion technique was
employed according to method used by Allen et al. [20]. The honey
samples were first inoculated separately on standard nutrient media
(Oxoid Ltd., UK), to test for sterility. A micropipette was used to
introduce 30 µL of the standard inoculum of the previously prepared
bacterial and yeast isolates onto Nutrient Agar (NA) and Sabouraud
Dextrose Agar (SDA) plates respectively, and spread with a sterile glass
spreader. The plates were allowed to dry for 20-30 minutes. With the
aid of sterile cork borer, 6 radial wells of 6 mm diameter were punched
equidistantly at different sites on the plates (three wells per plate).
Fifty microlitre of each of the honey concentrations (100% (undiluted
honey), 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% and 10%, (v/v) were placed onto the bored
wells. Sterile distilled water and different concentrations of commercial
antibiotics (500–31.3 μg/mL of ciprofloxacin and 400–12.5 μg/mL of
ketoconazole) served as negative and positive controls respectively
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25783 and Candida albicans
SC 5314 respectively. The plates were left on the bench for 30 minutes
for pre-diffusion to take place followed by an overnight incubation that
3. Page 3 of 7
J Pharmacogn Nat Prod, an open access journal
ISSN: 2472-0992
Citation: Nweze JA, Okafor JI, Nweze EI, Nweze JE (2016) Comparison of Antimicrobial Potential of Honey Samples from Apis mellifera and Two
Stingless Bees from Nsukka, Nigeria. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod 2: 124. doi: 10.4172/2472-0992.1000124
Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000124
Results
Antimicrobial activity screening of the honey varieties
It was observed that all organisms tested showed clear zones of
inhibition in response to different concentration of the honey varieties.
Ten percent (v/v) and above of the honey samples showed inhibition
zones against E. coli (Figure 1a). Twenty percent (v/v) and above
showed inhibition zones against B. cereus (Figure 1b), C. albicans
SC5314 (Figure 1c), C. tropicalis (Figure 1d), and C. neoformans
(Figure 2a). While 40% and above showed inhibition zones against
MDR S. aureus (Figure 2b) P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25783) (Figure 2c)
and MDR S. enterica (Figure 2d).
All the three Hypotrigona sp. honey samples showed antimicrobial
activity against the tested organisms at a concentration range of 10–
40% (v/v). Except for C. albicans SC5314, the three honey samples
inhibited all the test organisms at a concentration of 10% (v/v) and
above (Figures 1a, 1b, 1d and 2a-2d). Hypotrigona sp. honey samples
showed inhibition zones against C. albicans SC5314 at concentrations
range of 20-40% (Figure 1c).
The Melipona sp. honey samples showed activity against all the
tested organisms at a concentration range of 10-40% (v/v). The honey
samples at 10% and above showed inhibition zones against B. cereus
(Figure 1b) and C. neoformans (Figure 2a). While 20% (v/v) of the
honey samples showed inhibition zones against E. coli (Figure 1a),
MDR S. enterica (Figure 2d), C. albicans SC5314 (Figure 1c), and C.
tropicalis (Figure 1d). MDR S. aureus (Figure 2b) and P. aeruginosa
ATCC 25783 (Figure 2c) were both inhibited at concentration range
between 40 and 100% (v/v).
As shown in Table 1, there were statistically significant differences
between the mean inhibition zone diameters (mm) of Apis Mellifera,
a
b
c d
Figure 1: Zones of inhibition diameter (mm) of the honey samples against: a) Escherichia coli; b) Bacillus cereus; c) Candida albicans; and d) Candida tropicalis (Mean
± SE) (AM I–III, HY I–III and MEP I-III stand for Apis mellifera honey, Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp. respectively).
Test organism
Apis mellifera Honey
(n=3)
Hypotrigona sp. Honey
(n=3)
Melipona sp. Honey
(n=3)
p-value
Bacillus cereus 10.01 ± 6.58b
8.37 ± 4.05ab
5.71 ± 3.64a
0.038
MDR Staphylococcus aureus 3.37 ± 3.16a
7.14 ± 4.11b
3.89 ± 3.74a
0.007
Escherichia coli 12.13 ± 5.88b
8.19 ± 4.41ab
5.37 ± 4.30a
0.001
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25783 5.49 ± 4.64a
9.77 ± 4.58b
4.04 ± 3.60a
0.001
MDR Staphylococcus enterica 3.95 ± 3.94a
6.96 ± 4.03b
4.09 ± 3.22a
0.032
Candida albicans SC 5314 6.31 ± 4.64a
5.09 ± 4.40a
4.86 ± 3.53a
0.548
Candida tropicalis 7.38 ± 5.46a
6.76 ± 3.66a
5.61 ± 3.86a
0.480
Candida neoformans 7.37 ± 4.81a
8.10 ± 4.42a
6.09 ± 4.25a
0.405
Mean zones of inhibition diameter (mm) ± Standard deviation. Means were compared by using one-way ANOVA and Games-Howell Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons. In
each row, values with different letters (superscripts) indicate significant differences (p<0.05)
Table 1: Comparison of mean zones of inhibition diameter (mm) of Apis mellifera, Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp. honey samples against the test microorganisms.
4. Page 4 of 7
J Pharmacogn Nat Prod, an open access journal
ISSN: 2472-0992
Citation: Nweze JA, Okafor JI, Nweze EI, Nweze JE (2016) Comparison of Antimicrobial Potential of Honey Samples from Apis mellifera and Two
Stingless Bees from Nsukka, Nigeria. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod 2: 124. doi: 10.4172/2472-0992.1000124
Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000124
Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp. honeys against B. cereus (F(2,51)
=3.494,
p=0.038), S. aureus (F(2,51)
=5.523, p=0.007), E. coli (F(2,51)
=8.609,
p=0.001), P. aeruginosa ATCC 25783 (F(2,51)
=8.621, p=0.001), and MDR
S. enterica (F(2,51)
=3.691, p=0.032). There were no significant differences
between the mean zones of inhibition of the honeys against C. albicans
SC5314 (F(2,51)
=0.609, p=0.548), C. tropicalis (F(2,51)
=0.746, p=0.480),
and C. neoformans (F(2,51)
= 0.920, p=0.405).
In addition, positive control drugs i.e., ciprofloxacin (500–15.6 μg/
mL) and ketoconazole (400–12.56 μg/mL) produced respectively 20
± 0.88-10 ± 0.29 and 22 ± 0.87 - 9 ± 0.87 mm mean inhibition zone
against reference strains respectively.
Minimum inhibitory concentration of investigated honey
samples
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the honey
varieties were determined using micro-dilution methods. Apis Mellifera
honey samples (I–III) inhibited all isolates tested at MIC range between
12.5 and 25.0% (v/v) (Table 2). Honey sample I had MIC of 12.5% (v/v)
against B. cereus, MDR S. aureus, and C. neoformans, while E. coli and
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25783) were both inhibited at MIC of 6.3% (v/v).
The MIC of 25.0% (v/v) inhibited MDR S. enterica, C. albicans SC5314
and C. tropicalis. The honey sample II and III had MICs similar to
sample I except that P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25783), C. albicans (SC5314)
and C. tropicalis were inhibited at MIC of 12.5% (v/v). C. neoformans
was inhibited by honey sample II and III at MIC of 6.3 and 3.1% (v/v)
respectively.
Hypotrigona sp. honey samples (I–III) inhibited all isolates tested
at MIC range from 12.5 to 25.0% (v/v) (Table 2). Honey sample I had
MIC of 3.1% (v/v) against B. cereus, P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25783), C.
tropicalis and C. neoformans, while the rest of the test isolates were
inhibited at MIC of 6.3% (v/v). In honey sample II, all the test isolates
were inhibited at MIC of 6.3% (v/v) except for C. tropicalis and C.
neoformans that were inhibited at MIC of 3.1% (v/v). Hypotrigona sp.
honey sample III had similar MICs with honey sample I.
Melipona sp. honey samples (I-III) also inhibited all the tested
isolates at concentration range of 6.3–25.0% (v/v) (Table 2). The three
honey samples have MIC of 6.3% against B. cereus, C. tropicalis, and
C. neoformans. Except for P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25783) and E. coli
that were inhibited at MIC of 6.3%, the rest of the test isolates were
inhibited at MIC of 12.5% (v/v).
In comparing the MICs as shown in Table 3, Kruskal-Wallis (KW)
test revealed that there were statistically significant differences between
the mean MICs of the honey varieties against B. cereus (p=0.029),
S. aureus (p=0.018), MDR S. enterica (p=0.018), C. albicans SC5314
(p=0.030) and C. tropicalis (p=0.032). Hypotrigona sp. honey had
the least mean MICs against B. cereus, S. aureus, MDR S. enterica, C.
albicans SC5314 and C. tropicalis. There were no significant differences
between the mean MIC of the honeys against E. coli (p=0.102), P.
aeruginosa ATCC 25783 (p=0.846) and C. neoformans (p=0.102)
(Table 3).
Minimum Biocidal Concentration (MBC) of investigated
honey samples
Apis Mellifera honey samples were biocidal to most of the
isolates tested at MBC range of 6.3–50.0% (v/v) (Table 2). The honey
samples were biocidal to B. cereus and P. aeruginosa ATCC 25783
b
c
a
d
Figure 2: Zones of inhibition diameter (mm) of the honey samples against: a) Candida neoformans; b) MDR Staphylococcus aureus; c: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC
25783); d: MDR Staphylococcus enterica (Mean ± SE) (AM I–III, HY I–III and MEP I-III stand for Apis Mellifera honey, Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp. respectively).
5. Page 5 of 7
J Pharmacogn Nat Prod, an open access journal
ISSN: 2472-0992
Citation: Nweze JA, Okafor JI, Nweze EI, Nweze JE (2016) Comparison of Antimicrobial Potential of Honey Samples from Apis mellifera and Two
Stingless Bees from Nsukka, Nigeria. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod 2: 124. doi: 10.4172/2472-0992.1000124
Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000124
at concentration of 25% (v/v). The honey sample I and III had MBC
values (6.3%) similar to MIC values against E. coli. There was no MBC
against MDR S. enterica.
Hypotrigona sp. honey samples were biocidal to all isolates tested at
MBC range of 3.1–25%, (v/v) (Table 2). The honey sample I had MBC
of 6.3% similar to MIC against E. coli. While a 3.1% of honey samples
I and III was biocidal to B. cereus and C. neoformans, similar to MIC
values.
A concentration range of 6.3–50.0% (v/v) of Melipona sp. honey
samples were biocidal to all the isolates tested. A lower concentration
of the honey samples was biocidal to B. cereus, E. coli, C. tropicalis and
C. neoformans. A MBC of 6.3% similar to MIC was observed in honey
sample III against E. coli.
There were statistically significant differences between the mean
MBCs of the honey varieties against B. cereus (p=0.047), MDR
S. enterica (p=0.046), C. tropicalis (p=0.049) and C. neoformans
(p=0.034) (Table 3). There were no significant differences between
the mean MBCs of the honeys against MDR S. aureus (p=0.179), E.
coli (p=0.564), P. aeruginosa ATCC 25783 (p=0.846), and C. albicans
(SC5314) (p=0.264).
The MICs for the control drugs were 15.63 and 12.5 (µg/mL)
against the P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25783) and C. albicans (SC5314)
respectively. While the MBCs for the control drugs were 125 and
200 (µg/mL) against the P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25783) and C. albicans
(SC5314) respectively.
Non-peroxidase activities of the honey varieties
The antimicrobial activity of the honey samples generally decrease
after treatment with catalase. The MICs and MBCs of catalase treated
Apis mellifera honey samples were within the range of 12.5–50.0% (v/v)
and 25–50% (v/v) respectively (Table 4). The three honey samples were
biocidal to E. coli and P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25783). The honey samples
at the concentration used were biostatic to B. cereus, MDR S. aureus,
MDR S. enterica, C. albicans and C. tropicalis.
The Hypotrigona sp. had non-peroxidase MIC and MBC range of
6.3–25% and 12.5–50% (v/v) respectively (Table 4). The catalase treated
Test Organisms
Apis mellifera honey samples Hypotrigona sp. honey samples Melipona sp. honey samples
I II III I II III I II III
MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC
Bacillus cereus 12.5 25.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 25.0 3.1 3.1 6.3 12.5 3.1 3.1 6.3 12.5 6.3 25.0 6.3 12.5
MDR Staphylococcus aureus 12.5 50.0 12.5 50.0 12.5 25.0 6.3 12.5 6.3 25.0 6.3 25.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 50.0
Escherichia coli 6.3 6.3 6.3 12.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 12.5 6.3 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 25.0 6.3 6.3
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25783 6.3 25.0 12.5 25.0 6.3 12.5 3.1 12.5 6.3 25.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 50.0 6.3 25.0 6.3 12.5
MDR Staphylococcus enterica 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 6.3 25.0 6.3 50.0 6.3 25.0 12.5 50.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 25.0
Candida albicans SC 5314 25.0 50.0 12.5 50.0 12.5 25.0 6.3 25.0 6.3 25.0 6.3 25.0 12.5 50.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 25.0
Candida tropicalis 25.0 50.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 25.0 3.1 6.3 3.1 12.5 6.3 12.5 6.3 12.5 6.3 25.0 6.3 12.5
Candida neoformans 12.5 25.0 6.3 12.5 3.1 12.5 3.1 3.1 3.1 6.3 3.1 3.1 6.3 12.5 6.3 12.5 6.3 12.5
Median of triplicate experiments. MIC in % (v/v)
Table 2: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Apis mellifera, Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp. honey samples without addition of catalase.
Test organisms
Honey
samples
Catalase
MIC/
MBC
Bacillus
cereus
MDR
Staphylococcus
aureus
Escherichia
coli
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa ATCC
25783
MDR
Staphylococcus
enterica
Candida
albicans SC
5314
Candida
tropicalis
Candida
neoformans
Apis mellifera
honey
Without
MIC 12.5 ± 0.0b
12.5 ± 0.0b
6.3 ± 0.0a
8.4 ± 3.6a
25.0 ± 0.0c
16.7 ± 7.2b
16.7 ± 7.2b
7.3 ± 4.8a
MBC 25.0 ± 0.0b
41.7 ± 14.4a
8.4 ± 3.6a
20.8 ± 7.2a
>50.0 41.7 ± 14.4a
33.3 ± 14.4b
16.7 ± 7.2b
With
MIC 25.0 ± 0.0a
25 ± 0.0a
16.7 ± 7.2a
16.7 ± 7.2 >50.0 33.3 ± 14.4a
33.3 ± 14.4a
20.8 ± 7.2a
MBC >50.0 >50.0 41.7 ± 14.4a
33.3 ± 14.4a
>50.0 >50.0 >50.0 >50.0
Hypotrigona
sp. honey
Without
MIC 4.2 ± 1.8a
6.3 ± 0.0a
6.3 ± 0.0a
7.3 ± 4.8a
6.3 ± 0.0a
6.3 ± 0.0a
4.2 ± 1.8a
3.1 ± 0.0a
MBC 6.2 ± 5.4a
20.8 ± 7.2a
10.4 ± 3.6a
20.8 ± 7.2a
33.3 ± 14.4a
25.0 ± 0.0a
10.4 ± 3.6a
4.2 ± 1.8a
With
MIC 16.7 ± 7.2a
25.0 ± 0.0a
16.7 ± 7.2a
14.6 ± 9.5 20.8 ± 7.2a
25.0 ± 0.0a
25.0 ± 0.0a
10.4 ± 3.6a
MBC
37.5 ±
17.0a >50.0 29.2 ± 19.1a
37.5 ± 17.7a
>50.0 >50.0 >50.0 20.8 ± 7.2a
Melipona sp.
honey
Without
MIC 6.3 ± 0.0a
12.5 ± 0.0b
10.4 ± 3.6a
8.4 ± 3.6a
12.5 ± 0.0b
12.5 ± 0.0b
6.3 ± 0.0a
6.3 ± 0.0a
MBC
16.7 ±
7.2ab 33.3 ± 14.4a
14.6 ± 9.5a
29.2 ± 19.1a
33.3 ± 14.4a
33.3 ± 14.4a
16.7 ± 7.2ab
12.5 ± 0.0b
With
MIC 16.7 ± 7.2a
>50.0 20.8 ± 7.2a
20.8 ± 7.2 33.3 ± 14.4a
25.0 ± 0.0a
16.7 ± 7.2a
12.5 ± 0.0a
MBC
41.7 ±
14.4a >50.0 37.5 ± 17.7a
>50.0 >50.0 >50.0 41.7 ± 14.4 33.3 ± 14.4a
P-values
Without
MIC 0.029 0.018 0.102 0.846 0.018 0.030 0.032 0.102
MBC 0.047 0.179 0.564 0.846 0.046 0.264 0.049 0.034
With
MIC 0.202 0.651 0.670 0.564 0.437 0.368 0.110 0.110
MBC 0.080 1.000 0.540 0.641 0.368 1.000 0.021 0.437
Mean ± SD (a>b>c in potency); MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; MB: Minimum Biocidal Concentration; Means were compared using Kruskal Wallis (KW) test
and Mann Whitney U-test. In each column, values with different letters (superscripts) indicate significant differences (p<0.05) for MIC and MBC in with and without
catalase respectively.
Table 3: Comparison of the mean MIC and MBC (% v/v) of honey varieties from Apis mellifera, Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp.
6. Page 6 of 7
J Pharmacogn Nat Prod, an open access journal
ISSN: 2472-0992
Citation: Nweze JA, Okafor JI, Nweze EI, Nweze JE (2016) Comparison of Antimicrobial Potential of Honey Samples from Apis mellifera and Two
Stingless Bees from Nsukka, Nigeria. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod 2: 124. doi: 10.4172/2472-0992.1000124
Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000124
Test Organisms
Apis mellifera honey samples Hypotrigona sp. honey samples Melipona sp. honey samples
I II III I II III I II III
MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC
Bacillus cereus 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 12.5 25.0 25.0 >50.0 12.5 50.0 12.5 50.0 25.0 50.0 12.5 25.0
MDR Staphylococcus aureus 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 >50.0 >50.0 >50.0 >50.0 50.0 >50.0
Escherichia coli 25.0 50.0 12.5 50.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 25.0 25.0 50.0 25.0 50.0 25.0 >50.0 12.5 25.0
PseudomonasaeruginosaATCC25783 12.5 25.0 25 50.0 12.5 25.0 6.3 25.0 12.5 50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 12.5 50.0
MDR Staphylococcus enterica 50.0 >50.0 >50.0 >50.0 >50.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 12.5 50.0 50.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0
Candida albicans SC 5314 50.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0
Candida tropicalis 50.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 25.0 >50.0 12.5 50.0 25.0 50.0 12.5 25.0
Candida neoformans 25.0 50.0 25.0 >50.0 12.5 >50.0 12.5 12.5 6.3 25.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 25.0 12.5 50.0 12.5 25.0
Median of triplicate experiments. MIC in % (v/v)
Table 4: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Apis mellifera, Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp. honey samples with addition of catalase.
honey samples were biocidal to E. coli, P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25783)
and C. neoformans. The honey samples at the concentration used
were biostatic to MDR S. aureus, MDR S. enterica, C. albicans and C.
tropicalis.
Honey samples from Melipona sp. had non-peroxidase MIC and
MBC range of 12.5–50% (v/v) and 25-50% against the test isolates
respectively (Table 4). The catalase treated honey samples were biocidal
to B. cereus, C. tropicalis and C. neoformans. The honey samples at the
concentration used were biostatic to MDR S. aureus, MDR S. enterica,
and C. albicans.
Discussion
All organisms tested showed clear zones of inhibition in response
to different concentration of the honey varieties. Hypotrigona sp.
honey samples showed comparatively higher activity than other honey
varieties against MDR S. aureus, P. aeruginosa ATCC 25783, and
MDR S. enterica. A. mellifera honey showed higher zones of inhibition
diameter than Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp. honey samples against
B. cereus, and E. coli. While the three honey varieties had comparatively
similar activities against Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans SC
5314. There reports on inhibition diameters of Nigerian honey samples
against B. cereus (9–15 mm), E. coli (13–20 mm), P. aeruginosa (ATCC
25783) (8–16 mm), S. aureus (11-55) and Salmonella sp. (8–18 mm)
[22-25]. There are similar reports on the antifungal activity of A.
mellifera honey from Nigeria against C. albicans (4–16 mm) [26]. This
is the first report on antimicrobial activity of Nigerian stingless bee
honeys. Through well diffusion assay, the antimicrobial activities of
stingless bee honeys especially from Melipona sp. and Trigona sp. (3–
22 mm) have been reported in Ethiopia [27], Australia [28], Germany
[29], Thailand [30] and Brazil [31].
Almost all the honey varieties used in this study especially
Hypotrigona sp. honey, inhibited most of the test isolates at a lower
MIC. The honey varieties had similar inhibitory effects against E. coli,
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25783) and C. neoformans. Recently, similar
findings were reported by Ewnetu et al. [27], Boorn et al. [28] and
Fahim et al. [32], who showed that MIC of A. mellifera honey against
some isolates did not exceed 40%. There are reports on MIC values
for Melipona sp honeys (MIC range of 11.1–50%) [31] and Trigona
sp. honeys (MIC range of 4->16%) [28] against bacterial and fungal
isolates.
All tested honey samples were biocidal to all test isolates, except
against MDR S. enterica. The MBC of the investigated honey samples
corroborated with the findings of Oyeleke et al. [33], who also reported
MBC range between 6.25% and >50%. The present findings are
supported by Othman [34] who showed that MBC values of Yemeni
honey samples were in the range of 20-40% and that E. coli was the
most susceptible to antimicrobial activity of honey. Zainol et al. [35]
also reported the MBC of selected Malaysian honey to range between
6.25 and 50% similar to our findings. Anwanwu [26] reported that
the minimum fungicidal concentration of Nigerian honeys ranged
between 12.5 and 50% (v/v) against Candida albicans. Similarly,
Ewnetu et al. reported stingless bee honeys to be more effective than
A. mellifera honey against all isolates they tested (MBC of 12.5%) [27].
On the contrary, there are reports on MBCs of Melipona sp. honeys (≥
50%) [31] and Trigon asp honeys (1 ≥ 32%) [28] against some bacterial
and fungal isolates.
When the honey samples were treated with catalase to eliminate the
effects of hydrogen peroxide, the results showed that MIC and MBC
values generally increased. In the absence of hydrogen peroxide, some
of honey sample varieties were effective against B. cereus, E. coli, P.
aeruginosa (ATCC 25783) and C. neoformans. This is the first report on
non-peroxidase antimicrobial activity of Nigerian honey. These results
were similar to findings of Fahim et al., who investigated the non-
peroxidase activity of honeys indigenous to Pakistan against similar
organisms (MBC range between 15% and >50%) [32]. Brudzynski
reported similar results against some isolates, in which he showed
that residual hydrogen peroxide was responsible for the antimicrobial
activity of honey [15]. Even in the absence of hydrogen peroxide, other
physicochemical properties of the honey maybe responsible for the
antimicrobial activity of honey.
Conclusion
This research has shown that the honey varieties varied significantly
in their antimicrobial potentials. Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp.
honey varieties have shown to possess antimicrobial properties similar
to widely used A. mellifera honey. This study scientifically authenticates
the potentials use of these stingless bee honeys as an alternative
therapeutic agent.
Hypotrigona sp. (Okotobo) and Melipona sp. (Ifufu) honeys that
are not consumed as widely as regular bee honey have shown to have
antimicrobial properties similar to those of regular bee honey.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank the keepers at Enugu Ezike, Enugu State, Nigeria
who gave use the honey samples as gifts.
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Citation: Nweze JA, Okafor JI, Nweze EI, Nweze JE (2016) Comparison of Antimicrobial Potential of Honey Samples from Apis mellifera and Two
Stingless Bees from Nsukka, Nigeria. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod 2: 124. doi: 10.4172/2472-0992.1000124
Volume 2 • Issue 4 • 1000124
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Citation: Nweze JA, Okafor JI, Nweze EI, Nweze JE (2016) Comparison
of Antimicrobial Potential of Honey Samples from Apis mellifera and Two
Stingless Bees from Nsukka, Nigeria. J Pharmacogn Nat Prod 2: 124. doi:
10.4172/2472-0992.1000124