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A Review of Development in Wireless Communication
Parveen
Electronics and Communication Deptt. Maharishi Dayanand University Rohtak
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the growth in wireless communication. Remarkable developments can be seen in
wireless communication in last decade. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were
commercially launched on the GSM standard. 3G telecommunication networks support services that
provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s. WiMAX is another technology verging on
or marketed as 4G. The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation scheme as
well as new error-control schemes can be downloaded from the Internet on the run. The development
is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks.
Keywords: Evolution, Generation, WiMAX, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.
1. INTRODUCTION
Today we are not bound to sit and make calls by landline phone. Remarkable developments can be
seen in mobile communication in last decade. It was simply started with 1G. Then regularly
development take place and today it reaches to 5G. 1G and 2G has smaller data rates. Then 2.5G
introduced EDGE. An EDGE or Enhanced Data rate for GSM or Global Evolution technology is a
technological revolution that enhanced the data speed used for usage of mobile phones. It enhances
the data or information capability over the GSM network and hence there being more voice traffic
capacity. Then 3G comes with W-CDMA. W-CDMA is a spread-spectrum modulation technique; one
which uses channels whose bandwidth is much greater than that of the data to be transferred. Instead
of each connection being granted a dedicated frequency band just wide enough to accommodate its
envisaged maximum data rate, W-CDMA channels share a much larger band.. After that 4G comes
with Wi-MAX. The development of 5G technologies is a cornerstone for realizing breakthroughs in
the transformation of ICT network infrastructure. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced
features which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. So 5G
technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market.
2. WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Every day, we make calls, send messages or connect to the Internet using mobile devices but rarely
stop to wonder how it all works. So what is actually going on behind the scenes to enable your mobile
to do what it does? Mobile communications work by using low power radio waves necessary to carry
speech and data. When a call is made, the signal is handed across a network of linked geographic
areas called cells - hence the term cellphone - until it reaches its destination. A piece of equipment
called a base station transmits signals from one cell to the next, or to land-line networks. Each cell is
the area that each base station covers. Base stations are often called masts, towers or cell-sites.
Base station sites come in a range of shapes and sizes and are essential to making mobile phones work.
They house radio transmitters and receivers that pick up signals sent from your phone and transfer
them to your network operator, so that you can be connected. Base stations receive signals from
mobile phones at ground-level or in buildings and send out signals that you receive as calls, messages,
data and other mobile services.
International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Technology
Volume-2, Issue-2, March-April, 2014, pp. 08-13, © IASTER 2013
www.iaster.com, ISSN Online: 2347-6109, Print: 2348-0017

2. International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Technology
Volume-2, Issue-2, March-April, 2014, www.iaster.com
ISSN
(O) 2347-6109
(P) 2348-0017
9
Figure 1: Basic Cellular Mobile Communication
Terminologies used in wireless communication are:
2.1. MSC
A mobile switching center (MSC) is the centerpiece of a network switching subsystem (NSS). The
MSC is mostly associated with communications switching functions, such as call set-up, release, and
routing. However, it also performs a host of other duties, including routing SMS messages,
conference calls, fax, and service billing as well as interfacing with other networks, such as the public
switched telephone network (PSTN).
2.2. BSC
A base station controller (BSC) is a critical mobile network component that controls one or more base
transceiver stations (BTS), also known as base stations or cell sites. Key BSC functions include radio
network management (such as radio frequency control), BTS handover management and call setup.
2.3. BTS
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) - the technical term for a mobile radio base station - is a part of this
network. The BTS consists of a transmitter and receiver equipment apart from antennae for a radio
cell. A single Base Station Controller (BSC) administers many BTSs. The BSC in turn is controlled
by the Mobile Switching Centre (MSC).
2.4. CELL
A Cell is the basic geographical unit of a cellular system. Commonly represented as a hexagon. The
term cellular comes from the hexagonal or honeycomb shape of the coverage area. Each cell has a BS
transmitting over a cell. Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain and manmade structure.
The true shapes of cell are not hexagonal. The coverage area of cell is called the footprint. The BS
simultaneously communicates with many mobile using one channel (pair of frequencies) per mobile.
One frequency is for the forward link (Base station to the mobile) and other frequency is for the
reverse link (Mobile to the Base station). Each cell size varies depending on landscape, subscriber
density and demand within particular region. Cells can be added to accommodate growth e.g.;
creating new cells by overlaying, splitting, or sectoring existing cells. This technique increases the
capacity of the system. Sectoring existing cells and then using directional antenna can also increase
capacity.

3. International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Technology
Volume-2, Issue-2, March-April, 2014, www.iaster.com
ISSN
(O) 2347-6109
(P) 2348-0017
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Figure 2: Geographical area divided into no. of cells
3. REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
“G” stands for generation. 1G had TDMA and FDMA which are out dated now. These are the analog
telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced
by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone
systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are
digital. 3G, short for third Generation, is the third generation of mobile telecommunications
technology. 4G, short fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile tele-
communications technology succeeding 3G. A 4G system, in addition to usual voice and other
services of 3G system, provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptops
with USB wireless modems, to smart phones,
and to other mobile devices. 5G (5th
generation mobile networks or 5th generation
wireless systems) denote the next major
phase of mobile telecommunications
standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-
Advanced standards. 5G is also referred to as
beyond 2020 mobile communications
technologies. 5G does not describe any
particular specification in any official
document published by any
telecommunication standardization body.
Figure 3: Wireless Standards with their data rates
Figure 3 shows the relation between range and data rates of various wireless standards. For example
Bluetooth showing the operational range up to 10 m and corresponding data rates up to 1 Mb.
3.1) First Generation (1G)
1G stands for "first generation," refers to the first generation of wireless telecommunication
technology, more popularly known as cell phones. The main difference between then existing systems
and 1G was invent of cellular technology and hence it is also known as First generation of analog
cellular telephone. In 1G or First generation of wireless telecommunication technology the network
contains many cells (Land area was divided into small sectors, each sector is known as cell, a cell is

4. International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Technology
Volume-2, Issue-2, March-April, 2014, www.iaster.com
ISSN
(O) 2347-6109
(P) 2348-0017
11
covered by a radio network with one transceiver) and so same frequency can be reused many times
which results in great spectrum usage and thus increased the system capacity i.e. large number of
users could be accommodated easily.
A set of wireless standards developed in the 1980's, 1G technology
replaced 0G technology, which featured mobile radio telephones and such
technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced Mobile
Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS),
and Push to Talk (PTT).
3.2) Second Generation (2G)
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology.
Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially
launched on the GSM standard in Finland. 2G network allows for much
greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various mobile
phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture
messages and MMS (multi media messages). All text messages sent over
2G are digitally encrypted, allowing for the transfer of data in such a way
that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
Figure 4: 1G Mobile Phone
Figure 5: 2G Mobile Phone
• 2G technologies can be divided into Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based
and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)-based standards depending on the type
of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:
• GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on all six
inhabited continents. Today accounts for over80% of all subscribers around the world. Over
60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band (CDMA450).
• IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US), used in
the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of all subscribers globally.

5. International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Technology
Volume-2, Issue-2, March-April, 2014, www.iaster.com
ISSN
(O) 2347-6109
(P) 2348-0017
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Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM including operators in Mexico, India,
Australia and South Korea.
• PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
• iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus
Mobility in Canada.
• IS-136 a.k.a D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply ‘TDMA’ was once
prevalent in the American but most have migrated to GSM.
3.3) Third Generation
A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems
were introduced in 1981/1982 known as 3G. 3G refers to the third generation of mobile telephony 3G
telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least
200 Kbits/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of
several Mbit/s to smart phones and mobile modems in laptop
computers. 3G finds application in wireless
voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet
access, video calls and mobile TV. This is a set of standards used
for mobile devices and mobile telecommunication use services
and networks that comply with the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by
the International Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application
in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed
wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.
Figure 6: 3G Mobile
3.4) Fourth Generation
4G short fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology
succeeding 3G. A 4G system, in addition to usual voice and other services of 3G system, provides
mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example
to laptops with USB wireless modems, to smart
phones, and to other mobile devices. Even though
4G is a successor technology of 3G, there can be
signification issues on 3G network to upgrade to 4G
as many of them were not built on forward
compatibility. Conceivable applications include
amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming
services, high-definition mobile TV, video
conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
Figure 7: 4G Mobile
Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in South
Korea in 2006), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway and Stockholm,
Sweden since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release versions should be considered to be
4G or not, as discussed in the technical definition section below. In the United States, Sprint (previously Clear
wire) has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks since 2008, and MetroPCS was the first operator to offer LTE
service in 2010. USB wireless modems have been available since the start, while WiMAX smartphones have
been available since 2010 and LTE smartphones since 2011. Equipment made for different continents is not

6. International Journal of Research in Electronics & Communication Technology
Volume-2, Issue-2, March-April, 2014, www.iaster.com
ISSN
(O) 2347-6109
(P) 2348-0017
13
always compatible, because of different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is currently (April 2012) not
available for the European market.
3.5) Fifth Generation
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th
generation wireless systems) denote the next
major phase of mobile telecommunications
standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-
Advanced standards. 5G is also referred to as
beyond 2020 mobile communications
technologies. 5G does not describe any particular
specification in any official document published
by any telecommunication standardization body.
Figure 8: 5G Mobile
If 5G appears, and reflects these prognoses, the major difference from a user point of view between
4G and 5G techniques must be something else than increased peak bit rate; for example higher
number of simultaneously connected devices, higher system spectral efficiency (data volume per area
unit), lower battery consumption, lower outage probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger
portions of the coverage area, lower latencies, higher number of supported devices, lower
infrastructure deployment costs, higher versatility and scalability or higher reliability of
communications. Those are the objectives in several of the research papers and projects below.
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper we review the various generation of wireless generation. we review advantages and
disadvantages of each generation. There are lots of improvements from 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G to 5G in
the world of telecommunications. The new coming 5G technology is available in the market in
affordable rates, high peak future and much reliability than its preceding technologies. The 5G
technologies include all type of advanced features which makes 5G mobile technology most powerful
and in huge demand in near future.
REFERENCES
[1] Tse, David; Viswanath, Pramod (2005). “Fundamentals of Wireless Communication”
Cambridge University Press.
[2] Siegmund M. Redl, Matthias K. Weber, Malcolm W. Oliphant (March1995): "An Introduction to GSM".
[3] Moray Rumney, "IMT-Advanced: 4G Wireless Takes Shape in an Olympic Year", Agilent
Measurement Journal, September 2008.
[4] SuvarnaPatil,VipinPatil,PallaviBhat“A R e v i e w o n 5 G T e c h n o l o g y ” . (IJEIT)
[5] Michel Mouly, Marie-Bernardette Pautet (June 1992): "The GSM System for Mobile
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[6] Friedhelm Hillebrand, ed. (2002): "GSM and UMTS, the Creation of Global Mobile
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