1. Community refers to a local grouping of people who live together in a defined geographical area and share common interests, goals, culture and social systems. Key characteristics of communities include interdependence, social cohesion and a sense of shared identity among members. 2. Communities can be classified as rural, urban or suburban based on geographical and developmental factors. Rural communities tend to be less populated with strong social ties and an agriculture-based economy. Urban communities are more populated and heterogeneous with greater access to infrastructure and modern amenities. 3. Sociologists have proposed different models to explain the ecological patterns of urban communities, including the concentric zone model of distinct social areas radiating from the city center, the sector model

1. Community
• Mudassar ali

2. Community
• Community is a local grouping within which people carry out a full round of life.
• Community is large group of people living together for long time in a locality
having common interest, goals, ways of life and norms etc. members of
community meets their most of needs from local social institutions. Examples of
communities are villages, neighborhoods and cities.
Characteristics of community
1. Community is a Grouping of people
2. Community settled in Specific geographical area
3. There is Division of labor into specialized functions of community
4. A common culture and social system that organize their activities
5. Its members are aware of their unity as community member
6. Community’s members act collectively in organized way

3. • This definition of community is not uniformly followed.
• Communities are geographical, like villages, cities, social like black
community, jut community, Muslim community, artistic like actors, writers,
singers, and painters.
Types of community
Traditionally communities are classified into 1. rural and 2. urban
communities.

4. Rural community
• Rural community
• Rural community is an area which is under development and not civilized, based on
geographical conditions. Rural communities are enrich with strong social ties and
cooperative environment. Highly depends upon agriculture and having small population.
• Characteristics of rural community
• Population size. Rural area is lightly populated because most of its population leave
rural area and settle into urban areas for more facilities.
• Homogeneity. There is homogeneity in dress, langue and customs of rural community.
All members of rural community follow same customs, having same occupation and
having same culture because they belong to same area.
• Farming. Most popular occupation in rural community is agriculture. People use simple
tools and methods of agriculture those are transmitted from generation to generation.
• Informal. Rural community have slow and informal means of communication. In rural
community people have informal social relations and social interaction.

5. Conti….
• Low level of change. Due to lack of education and technology, rural communities
have low rate of change.
• Other characteristics
• Rural community have simple culture transmitted from generation to generation.
• Rural community have simple social life so they spent their life in simple way.
• Rural community have strong social relationships, and deep social interactions.
They help each other and share their worries and happiness.
• There is no formal social organizations and formal agencies of social control.
• In rural communities people have low access to modern facilities, like higher
education, hospitals, transportations and communication

6. Urban community
• Urban community
• Urban community is an area which is developed and civilized, based on
geographical conditions. Urban communities are enrich with modern facilities
such as internet, hospitals, higher educational institution, police stations fastest
sources of transportation and communication etc.
• Characteristics of urban community
• Population size. Urban community is thickly populated because many people
comes from rural areas for better facilities of life.
• Heterogeneity. This community has heterogeneity in profession. It means that
there are many professions through which people can earn.
• Communication. Urban community has fast means of communication. They
quickly get aware of what happening around the world.

7. Conti….
• Fast social change. Due to formal educational intuitions, high education
level, fast communication and technology the rate of change is very high in
urban communities.
• Complexity. Urban community has complex culture that is mixed with
other cultures and quickly changed.
• Formal. Urban communities have formal social life.
• Relations. It has weak social relations and low level of interaction.
• Development. Urban community have high level of modern facilities like
education, health, markets, shopping centers etc.
• In urban community life is very much busy. People have no time to know
each other very well.

8. Suburban community
• A suburb is a community that is near a city. The word part "sub"
means near. The word part "urb" means city. Most suburbs are not as
busy as cities. They have many parks and fields.

9. Some related concepts
• Slum. A slum is a deprived area of the city inhabited by poor people.
Slum is some times pictured as an area totally lacking in social
organization.
• Metropolitan city is the city having at least 100.000 people.
• Neighborhood is an area where people neighbor. Neighbourhood is a
simple and specific part of a community. It has a feeling or sentiment
of local unit.

10. The ecological patterns of cities
• Most of the cities are unplanned and unorganized. But every city has
structure and pattern. Sociologists study the underlying patterns of
cities, and they sought out some important patterns of cities.
• Important ecological patterns are given below.
• Concentric zone pattern
• Sector theory of city growth
• Multinuclear theory

11. Concentric zone pattern by Burgess 1920
• Concentric zone pattern is most famous pattern of urban design that is given by
Burgess. This theory based upon the study of Chicago city in early 1920. to
Burgess cities expend from center to outward in circles.
1. Central business district consists on shopping centers, markets, banks and old
buildings.
2. In the second zone centers of wholesale and light manufacturing exit.
3. The second zone is surrounded by the lower class residents. Mostly workers
belong to this area who work in industries of 2nd zone.
4. Lower class residential area surrounded by middle class residences, where
housing is much batter than residence of lower class.
5. At the 5th zone the middle class residents are surrounded by residence of upper
class where housing is much batter.
6. 6th zone consist on heavy manufacturing that includes industry and factories.

12. 7. This zone includes business districts.
8. That zone consist on residential suburbs.
9th zone consist on industrial suburbs.
This theory fits some cities at particular time and place. But it does not
fit on preindustrial cities.

13. Sector theory of city growth by Hoyt 1933
• Sector theory points out that particular land use tends to locate and remain in
particular sector (a pie shaped block) of the city. Thus industry tends to locate in
one sector, upper class housing in an opposite sector, and working class housing in
the intermediate sector. With passage of time these sectors expends outward.

14. The multinuclear theory by Harris & Ullman 1945
• This theory holds that the members of centers- business, shopping,
manufacturing and residential areas becomes located early in the city’s
history. Topography ,cost, and historical accident all enter into these
early choices. These concentrations tends to survive and fix the pattern
of latter city growth.
• Larger cities which usually represent the growing together once
separate villages or communities provide multiple nuclei.