This document discusses the development of indicators to measure the performance of community-based HIV programs. It describes an extensive consultation process involving organizations like PEPFAR and the Global Fund. Field tests were conducted in Vietnam and Kenya to evaluate proposed indicators and make recommendations. The final indicators focus on prevention services, prevention materials, care services, and testing and linkages. The indicators are intended to track services at the community level and fill gaps in understanding community programs.
FPAN was established in 1959 and is a major provider of family planning services in Nepal. It aims to provide sexual and reproductive health services to marginalized communities. The internship report summarizes the managerial aspects and programs of FPAN's Kaski branch. It finds that the branch provides various family planning methods and sexual health services. A mini-action project assessed client satisfaction with family planning services and found opportunities to improve quality of care.
Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) in Nepal Public Health
1) The document outlines Nepal's Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) strategy, which aims to promote the health of adolescents aged 10-19.
2) Key achievements include expanding ASRH services to 75 of 77 districts, establishing 6 ASRH clinical training sites, and training over 1,700 health workers.
3) Challenges include high rates of early marriage, low contraceptive use among adolescents, and a need for more trained staff and resources for the ASRH program.
This document is a shadow report from Nepal that summarizes key issues related to women's rights and the implementation of CEDAW. It was prepared by over 100 NGOs/CBOs from Nepal's seven provinces. The report finds that while Nepal has strong laws and commitments to human rights and CEDAW, implementation remains weak. It highlights ongoing issues of violence against women and girls, challenges faced by female migrant workers, threats against women human rights defenders, online gender-based violence, and women's health concerns. The report provides analysis and data on each issue and offers recommendations to strengthen enforcement of laws and policies, increase resources for support services, challenge harmful social practices, and ensure women's equal rights and protections are upheld
The document discusses the importance of data quality for monitoring and evaluation systems. It describes seven key dimensions of data quality - accuracy, reliability, completeness, precision, timeliness, integrity and confidentiality. It also outlines the different levels of an M&E system from service sites to national reporting and the roles and responsibilities needed at each level to ensure quality data collection, reporting and use. Tools are presented for strengthening M&E systems and assessing data quality.
Family planning Association of Nepal, practicum sirjana Tiwari
FPAN Kaski follows the managerial processes of the central FPAN office including planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, recording and reporting, budgeting, supervision and evaluation. Key aspects include an annual planning process with branch input and central approval, hierarchical management structure, participatory leadership style, vertical and horizontal coordination, clinical management information system for recording, and regular central supervision and evaluation. Logistics are primarily dependent on the central office with some local medicine and clinic funds.
A discussion of Principles of health Administration.
Sound administration is essential for the success of any public health program whether on the national, intermediate or the local level.
Administration is the art and science of guidance, leadership, and control of the efforts of a group of individuals towards some common goal.
Management is the operational part of administration. It is a set of interactive processes through which the utilization of resources results in the accomplishment of organization objectives.
Gender mainstreaming and gender analysis in work addressing risk reduction: G...Oxfam GB
Understanding how gender relations shape women’s and men’s lives is critical to disaster risk reduction (DRR). This is because women’s and men’s different roles, responsibilities, and access to resources influence how each will be affected by different hazards, and how they will cope with and recover from disaster. This presentation contains help and advice on mainstreaming gender in DRR work. This presentation is part of Oxfam GB's Gender and disaster risk reduction training pack available at www.oxfam.org.uk/genderdrrpack.
This document provides instructions for installing PIDSR Version 4 software and associated applications Epi Info and WinZip. It describes uninstalling any previous versions, backing up existing data files, and installing the new versions to the recommended folders. It also gives a brief overview of the standard menu bar utilities in PIDSR for data entry, analysis, reports and settings.
FPAN was established in 1959 and is a major provider of family planning services in Nepal. It aims to provide sexual and reproductive health services to marginalized communities. The internship report summarizes the managerial aspects and programs of FPAN's Kaski branch. It finds that the branch provides various family planning methods and sexual health services. A mini-action project assessed client satisfaction with family planning services and found opportunities to improve quality of care.
Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) in Nepal Public Health
1) The document outlines Nepal's Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) strategy, which aims to promote the health of adolescents aged 10-19.
2) Key achievements include expanding ASRH services to 75 of 77 districts, establishing 6 ASRH clinical training sites, and training over 1,700 health workers.
3) Challenges include high rates of early marriage, low contraceptive use among adolescents, and a need for more trained staff and resources for the ASRH program.
This document is a shadow report from Nepal that summarizes key issues related to women's rights and the implementation of CEDAW. It was prepared by over 100 NGOs/CBOs from Nepal's seven provinces. The report finds that while Nepal has strong laws and commitments to human rights and CEDAW, implementation remains weak. It highlights ongoing issues of violence against women and girls, challenges faced by female migrant workers, threats against women human rights defenders, online gender-based violence, and women's health concerns. The report provides analysis and data on each issue and offers recommendations to strengthen enforcement of laws and policies, increase resources for support services, challenge harmful social practices, and ensure women's equal rights and protections are upheld
The document discusses the importance of data quality for monitoring and evaluation systems. It describes seven key dimensions of data quality - accuracy, reliability, completeness, precision, timeliness, integrity and confidentiality. It also outlines the different levels of an M&E system from service sites to national reporting and the roles and responsibilities needed at each level to ensure quality data collection, reporting and use. Tools are presented for strengthening M&E systems and assessing data quality.
Family planning Association of Nepal, practicum sirjana Tiwari
FPAN Kaski follows the managerial processes of the central FPAN office including planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, recording and reporting, budgeting, supervision and evaluation. Key aspects include an annual planning process with branch input and central approval, hierarchical management structure, participatory leadership style, vertical and horizontal coordination, clinical management information system for recording, and regular central supervision and evaluation. Logistics are primarily dependent on the central office with some local medicine and clinic funds.
A discussion of Principles of health Administration.
Sound administration is essential for the success of any public health program whether on the national, intermediate or the local level.
Administration is the art and science of guidance, leadership, and control of the efforts of a group of individuals towards some common goal.
Management is the operational part of administration. It is a set of interactive processes through which the utilization of resources results in the accomplishment of organization objectives.
Gender mainstreaming and gender analysis in work addressing risk reduction: G...Oxfam GB
Understanding how gender relations shape women’s and men’s lives is critical to disaster risk reduction (DRR). This is because women’s and men’s different roles, responsibilities, and access to resources influence how each will be affected by different hazards, and how they will cope with and recover from disaster. This presentation contains help and advice on mainstreaming gender in DRR work. This presentation is part of Oxfam GB's Gender and disaster risk reduction training pack available at www.oxfam.org.uk/genderdrrpack.
This document provides instructions for installing PIDSR Version 4 software and associated applications Epi Info and WinZip. It describes uninstalling any previous versions, backing up existing data files, and installing the new versions to the recommended folders. It also gives a brief overview of the standard menu bar utilities in PIDSR for data entry, analysis, reports and settings.
This document provides an overview of data quality assessment (DQA) and its five key steps: 1) Review objectives and sampling design, 2) Conduct preliminary data review, 3) Select statistical method, 4) Verify assumptions, and 5) Draw conclusions. DQA is important for evaluating whether data meets its intended use. The five steps involve reviewing project plans, analyzing quality reports, calculating statistics, selecting appropriate analysis methods, and interpreting results. DQA helps ensure data quality for decision making.
The document discusses Nepal's Health Management Information System (HMIS). It provides background on how HMIS was established in 1993 to integrate separate vertical reporting systems. The objectives of HMIS are to collect, store, process and report health service delivery statistics to assist monitoring, evaluation and policymaking. However, reviews found issues like irregular reporting, unused data aggregation, and discrepancies. The reform aims to strengthen HMIS to meet data needs, improve quality, and minimize duplication across health programs and facilities.
Public health officer (PHO) Second paper- (2077-10-20)Public Health
This document contains 10 questions across 5 sections addressing various aspects of Nepal's national health policy, programs, and systems.
Section A addresses national health policy, the role of the Nepal Health Professional Council in improving quality, and the role of local governments in effective health services delivery.
Section B analyzes primary health care outreach clinics in rural areas and the challenges they face, and explains how a Logistics Management Information System contributes to health care dynamics.
Section C discusses major nutritional disorders among under-5 children in Nepal and government efforts to address them, and the types of training needed at the district level to manage health programs.
Section D critically analyzes existing human resource planning and how to restructure it
1. The document discusses the differences between public health, environmental health, and occupational health. It then focuses on occupational health and safety problems in Nepal.
2. Major issues discussed include high rates of work-related injuries among farmers in Nepal, respiratory issues among workers in brick kilns, carpet factories, and sawmills due to dust exposure, and various health problems observed among child workers in small-scale industries.
3. Occupational health and safety in Nepal is an emerging issue, as the country's labor laws have only recently begun addressing workplace conditions and compensation for work-related illnesses. Implementation and enforcement remain challenges.
The document discusses the system/IPO model used in management. It defines the IPO model as having three main components: inputs, the processing or actions taken, and outputs. Inputs include resources like money, materials, staff, and information that go into the system. Processing refers to the actions and work done within the system using the inputs. Outputs are the results and products that come out of the system, such as profits, satisfaction, or goals being met. The document provides examples of inputs, processes, and outputs for a district health management system using the IPO model. It also notes there is feedback and influence from the internal and external environments on the system.
Global strategy on human resources for health: workforce 2030Ricky Gunawan
The document presents the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030. The vision is to accelerate progress toward universal health coverage and sustainable development goals by ensuring equitable access to health workers within strengthened health systems. The overall goal is to improve health, social, and economic outcomes through universal availability, accessibility, acceptability, coverage, and quality of the health workforce.
The objectives are: 1) optimize health workforce performance, quality and impact through evidence-informed policies; 2) align health workforce investments with population and health system needs; 3) build capacity for effective public policy on human resources for health; and 4) strengthen data on the health workforce for monitoring and accountability. Key principles include promoting health rights, integrated
1) Nepal is endemic for 8 neglected tropical diseases including lymphatic filariasis (LF), trachoma, soil-transmitted helminths (STH), dengue fever (DF), kala-azar, leprosy, rabies, and cysticercosis. Dengue cases in Nepal have increased significantly in 2019.
2) Nepal has developed national plans and programs to control and eliminate several NTDs, including kala-azar elimination by 2020, LF elimination by 2020, and trachoma elimination through the SAFE strategy. Integrated preventative chemotherapy is conducted for LF and STH.
3) Major challenges for NTD control in Nepal include addressing climate change and den
The document discusses Nepal's National Safe Motherhood Programme, which aims to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. It does this by addressing the three key delays that can impact obstetric emergencies - delay in seeking care, reaching care, and receiving care. The programme promotes birth preparedness, encourages institutional deliveries, and expands emergency obstetric services. It has made progress through policies, training more skilled birth attendants, and revising plans like the Safe Motherhood and Neonatal Health Long Term Plan. The Aama Programme provides cash incentives for institutional deliveries and antenatal care to increase utilization of maternal health services. Evaluations found the incentives increased institutional delivery rates, though issues like false reporting need to be addressed
This document discusses the importance of results-based monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in government. It defines results-based M&E as regularly collecting data on performance indicators to see if projects are achieving their goals. Traditional M&E focuses only on implementation, while results-based M&E demonstrates whether goals are being met. The document provides examples of a results chain from inputs to long-term goals and explains why selecting outcome indicators is important for monitoring progress toward outcomes. Results-based M&E helps improve management, focus interventions, demonstrate successes, and ensure accountability by showing that programs are producing benefits.
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system or as healthcare system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
There is a wide variety of health systems around the world, with as many histories and organizational structures as there are nations. Implicitly, nations must design and develop health systems in accordance with their needs and resources, although common elements in virtually all health systems are primary healthcare and public health measures.In some countries, health system planning is distributed among market participants. In others, there is a concerted effort among governments, trade unions, charities, religious organizations, or other co-ordinated bodies to deliver planned health care services targeted to the populations they serve. However, health care planning has been described as often evolutionary rather than revolutionary.
This document provides an overview of a workshop on data demand and use. The workshop objectives are to develop a framework for linking data with action, create an action plan for overcoming barriers to data use and improving information flow, and establish three commitments to improve data use in participants' jobs. The workshop covers various monitoring and evaluation concepts like results chains, indicators, baselines, and targets. It also discusses data demand and use, the context of decision making, barriers to data use, and descriptive data analysis techniques like service delivery analysis and unit cost analysis. Participants will learn a seven-step process for using information to make data-informed decisions.
How To Reduce Application Support & Maintenance Cost HCL Technologies
The Gartner report contains 5 Alternative Ideas for Applications Management. Learn how to proactively reduce Application support & maintenance cost and impact business performance.
With the continual media focus on Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud Services, IT executives can be forgiven for forgetting that a high percentage of existing IT spends remains locked in the management of the existing IT stage. If current approaches to managing IT are not transformed, they will continue to remain locked. The only successful strategy deployed by many organization is the squeeze their IT services providers for incremental discounts. A recent Gartner report stated that "on average in 2012, 35% of IT spending was on applications, 55% was on infrastructure and the remaining 10% was on IT management, finance and administration activities. 50% of an application's cost across its lifecycle is support and maintenance. IT leaders are faced with a paradox of shrinking budgets but a business imperative to grow. Given that fewer than 20% of organizations have an application services strategy, ASM suddenly becomes a big budgetary blind spot
HCL has created a radical new approach. It has combines various industry-leading best practices, including LEAN process Management Principles with focused automation and unstained knowledge reuse for the support and maintenance of applications while creating incremental value for business every day with guaranteed cost reductions: Alternate Applications Support and Maintenance or ALT ASM.
In summary ALT ASM seeks to:
1) understand the cause of ‘work’ in Application Support
2) Stop the ‘work’ arising in the first instance
3) Manage the ‘work’ more effectively when it has arisen
ALT ASM engagements are substantially forward-looking. They continuously monitor applications to identify functional and technical re-engineering requirements. Dynamic business demand for enhanced functionality of legacy applications is met through staffing flexibility. Reduced It complexity is attained by identify redundant applications for decommissioning. The application portfolio is kept lean and total cost of ownership (TCO) is kept low.
More importantly, ALT ASM includes the monitoring of both IT key performance indicators and business process KPIs. Using business process and application visibility tools and process watch dashboards, ALT ASM is able to align IT systems to business processes. ALT ASM propagates alternative thinking of proactively reducing incidents and putting business process first.
Unpaid care work is disproportionately performed by women and girls. It involves direct care for people as well as housework and volunteer work that facilitates care. Unpaid care work is invisible in policies and budgets, and its unequal distribution reinforces gender inequalities. The consequences of unpaid care work are detrimental to women's health, well-being, and basic human rights.
The solution is a 3Rs approach: 1) Recognize the value of unpaid care work through time use surveys and awareness campaigns. 2) Reduce the time spent on care work through infrastructure, technologies, and public services. 3) Redistribute unpaid care work from women to men and from families to governments through policies, healthcare access, and engaging
High impact interventions in rmnch+a(mch) for itcSudha Goel
1) The document outlines India's RMNCH+A (Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health + Adolescence) strategy, which takes a comprehensive, life cycle approach to improving maternal and child health outcomes.
2) It describes 25 high-impact interventions across 5 thematic areas (maternal health, newborn care, child health, family planning and nutrition) that are implemented at the community and facility levels as part of the "continuum of care".
3) The goals of the strategy are to reduce India's infant mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, and total fertility rate by 2017 through improved coverage and quality of these priority interventions.
The fishbone diagram is a tool for root cause analysis that combines brainstorming and mind mapping. It displays the potential causes of a problem in graphical form and helps categorize causes. The benefits include providing an easy to understand visual of relationships between causes, stimulating in-depth discussion to explore all possible causes, and helping identify where processes are not working. Potential causes are typically grouped into primary categories like 6M's for manufacturing or 8P's for products.
This document discusses gender perspectives on reproductive health. It begins with definitions of key terms like gender, gender equality, and gender discrimination. It then discusses how gender impacts health and reproductive health outcomes. The document outlines international initiatives like ICPD and Beijing that recognized the importance of gender in reproductive health. It discusses reproductive health issues across the lifecycle and barriers to achieving gender equality in reproductive health. Key challenges like maternal health, family planning, and HIV are also summarized.
Two Examples of Program Planning, Monitoring and EvaluationMEASURE Evaluation
Presented by Laili Irani, Senior Policy Analyst for the Population Reference Bureau, as part of the Measuring Success Toolkit webinar in September 2012.
This document provides an overview of results-based management (RBM) principles and planning tools. It discusses key RBM concepts like defining results as outputs, outcomes and impacts; and establishing causal links between activities and results. Common challenges in applying RBM like attribution and measuring higher level results are also reviewed. The document introduces UN planning tools like the UNDAF, CPD and results matrix to structure programmes around achievement of development results. It emphasizes setting strategic priorities and using analysis of problems, stakeholders and causal factors to identify appropriate results.
Swot analysis of safe motherhood program of Nepalsirjana Tiwari
The document provides an overview of Nepal's Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health Program, including its goals, strategies, activities and management. Some key points:
- The program aims to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality through preventative activities and addressing factors that cause death during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.
- Major strategies include promoting birth preparedness, the Aama program to promote antenatal checkups and institutional delivery, and expanding emergency obstetric services.
- Key activities include distribution of birth preparedness packages, rural ultrasound programs, expansion of birthing centers and emergency obstetric care sites, and training of skilled birth attendants.
- The program is managed through planning
The document describes several projects aimed at increasing chlamydia screening rates. It discusses the Center for Health Training's development of a toolkit for STD care for American Indians/Alaska Natives. It also summarizes projects focused on community outreach and education for chlamydia screening in rural and underserved areas.
This chapter discusses key considerations for developing a protocol for population-based surveys measuring HIV. It recommends that surveys be designed based on the epidemic context and objectives of monitoring the impact of HIV. Surveys should return HIV and other biomarker results to participants and measure HIV prevalence among children when adult female HIV prevalence is over 5%. HIV incidence should only be included when adult prevalence is over 5% and incidence over 0.3%. Developing the protocol takes about two years to cover planning, implementation, and release of results.
This document provides an overview of data quality assessment (DQA) and its five key steps: 1) Review objectives and sampling design, 2) Conduct preliminary data review, 3) Select statistical method, 4) Verify assumptions, and 5) Draw conclusions. DQA is important for evaluating whether data meets its intended use. The five steps involve reviewing project plans, analyzing quality reports, calculating statistics, selecting appropriate analysis methods, and interpreting results. DQA helps ensure data quality for decision making.
The document discusses Nepal's Health Management Information System (HMIS). It provides background on how HMIS was established in 1993 to integrate separate vertical reporting systems. The objectives of HMIS are to collect, store, process and report health service delivery statistics to assist monitoring, evaluation and policymaking. However, reviews found issues like irregular reporting, unused data aggregation, and discrepancies. The reform aims to strengthen HMIS to meet data needs, improve quality, and minimize duplication across health programs and facilities.
Public health officer (PHO) Second paper- (2077-10-20)Public Health
This document contains 10 questions across 5 sections addressing various aspects of Nepal's national health policy, programs, and systems.
Section A addresses national health policy, the role of the Nepal Health Professional Council in improving quality, and the role of local governments in effective health services delivery.
Section B analyzes primary health care outreach clinics in rural areas and the challenges they face, and explains how a Logistics Management Information System contributes to health care dynamics.
Section C discusses major nutritional disorders among under-5 children in Nepal and government efforts to address them, and the types of training needed at the district level to manage health programs.
Section D critically analyzes existing human resource planning and how to restructure it
1. The document discusses the differences between public health, environmental health, and occupational health. It then focuses on occupational health and safety problems in Nepal.
2. Major issues discussed include high rates of work-related injuries among farmers in Nepal, respiratory issues among workers in brick kilns, carpet factories, and sawmills due to dust exposure, and various health problems observed among child workers in small-scale industries.
3. Occupational health and safety in Nepal is an emerging issue, as the country's labor laws have only recently begun addressing workplace conditions and compensation for work-related illnesses. Implementation and enforcement remain challenges.
The document discusses the system/IPO model used in management. It defines the IPO model as having three main components: inputs, the processing or actions taken, and outputs. Inputs include resources like money, materials, staff, and information that go into the system. Processing refers to the actions and work done within the system using the inputs. Outputs are the results and products that come out of the system, such as profits, satisfaction, or goals being met. The document provides examples of inputs, processes, and outputs for a district health management system using the IPO model. It also notes there is feedback and influence from the internal and external environments on the system.
Global strategy on human resources for health: workforce 2030Ricky Gunawan
The document presents the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030. The vision is to accelerate progress toward universal health coverage and sustainable development goals by ensuring equitable access to health workers within strengthened health systems. The overall goal is to improve health, social, and economic outcomes through universal availability, accessibility, acceptability, coverage, and quality of the health workforce.
The objectives are: 1) optimize health workforce performance, quality and impact through evidence-informed policies; 2) align health workforce investments with population and health system needs; 3) build capacity for effective public policy on human resources for health; and 4) strengthen data on the health workforce for monitoring and accountability. Key principles include promoting health rights, integrated
1) Nepal is endemic for 8 neglected tropical diseases including lymphatic filariasis (LF), trachoma, soil-transmitted helminths (STH), dengue fever (DF), kala-azar, leprosy, rabies, and cysticercosis. Dengue cases in Nepal have increased significantly in 2019.
2) Nepal has developed national plans and programs to control and eliminate several NTDs, including kala-azar elimination by 2020, LF elimination by 2020, and trachoma elimination through the SAFE strategy. Integrated preventative chemotherapy is conducted for LF and STH.
3) Major challenges for NTD control in Nepal include addressing climate change and den
The document discusses Nepal's National Safe Motherhood Programme, which aims to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. It does this by addressing the three key delays that can impact obstetric emergencies - delay in seeking care, reaching care, and receiving care. The programme promotes birth preparedness, encourages institutional deliveries, and expands emergency obstetric services. It has made progress through policies, training more skilled birth attendants, and revising plans like the Safe Motherhood and Neonatal Health Long Term Plan. The Aama Programme provides cash incentives for institutional deliveries and antenatal care to increase utilization of maternal health services. Evaluations found the incentives increased institutional delivery rates, though issues like false reporting need to be addressed
This document discusses the importance of results-based monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in government. It defines results-based M&E as regularly collecting data on performance indicators to see if projects are achieving their goals. Traditional M&E focuses only on implementation, while results-based M&E demonstrates whether goals are being met. The document provides examples of a results chain from inputs to long-term goals and explains why selecting outcome indicators is important for monitoring progress toward outcomes. Results-based M&E helps improve management, focus interventions, demonstrate successes, and ensure accountability by showing that programs are producing benefits.
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system or as healthcare system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
There is a wide variety of health systems around the world, with as many histories and organizational structures as there are nations. Implicitly, nations must design and develop health systems in accordance with their needs and resources, although common elements in virtually all health systems are primary healthcare and public health measures.In some countries, health system planning is distributed among market participants. In others, there is a concerted effort among governments, trade unions, charities, religious organizations, or other co-ordinated bodies to deliver planned health care services targeted to the populations they serve. However, health care planning has been described as often evolutionary rather than revolutionary.
This document provides an overview of a workshop on data demand and use. The workshop objectives are to develop a framework for linking data with action, create an action plan for overcoming barriers to data use and improving information flow, and establish three commitments to improve data use in participants' jobs. The workshop covers various monitoring and evaluation concepts like results chains, indicators, baselines, and targets. It also discusses data demand and use, the context of decision making, barriers to data use, and descriptive data analysis techniques like service delivery analysis and unit cost analysis. Participants will learn a seven-step process for using information to make data-informed decisions.
How To Reduce Application Support & Maintenance Cost HCL Technologies
The Gartner report contains 5 Alternative Ideas for Applications Management. Learn how to proactively reduce Application support & maintenance cost and impact business performance.
With the continual media focus on Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud Services, IT executives can be forgiven for forgetting that a high percentage of existing IT spends remains locked in the management of the existing IT stage. If current approaches to managing IT are not transformed, they will continue to remain locked. The only successful strategy deployed by many organization is the squeeze their IT services providers for incremental discounts. A recent Gartner report stated that "on average in 2012, 35% of IT spending was on applications, 55% was on infrastructure and the remaining 10% was on IT management, finance and administration activities. 50% of an application's cost across its lifecycle is support and maintenance. IT leaders are faced with a paradox of shrinking budgets but a business imperative to grow. Given that fewer than 20% of organizations have an application services strategy, ASM suddenly becomes a big budgetary blind spot
HCL has created a radical new approach. It has combines various industry-leading best practices, including LEAN process Management Principles with focused automation and unstained knowledge reuse for the support and maintenance of applications while creating incremental value for business every day with guaranteed cost reductions: Alternate Applications Support and Maintenance or ALT ASM.
In summary ALT ASM seeks to:
1) understand the cause of ‘work’ in Application Support
2) Stop the ‘work’ arising in the first instance
3) Manage the ‘work’ more effectively when it has arisen
ALT ASM engagements are substantially forward-looking. They continuously monitor applications to identify functional and technical re-engineering requirements. Dynamic business demand for enhanced functionality of legacy applications is met through staffing flexibility. Reduced It complexity is attained by identify redundant applications for decommissioning. The application portfolio is kept lean and total cost of ownership (TCO) is kept low.
More importantly, ALT ASM includes the monitoring of both IT key performance indicators and business process KPIs. Using business process and application visibility tools and process watch dashboards, ALT ASM is able to align IT systems to business processes. ALT ASM propagates alternative thinking of proactively reducing incidents and putting business process first.
Unpaid care work is disproportionately performed by women and girls. It involves direct care for people as well as housework and volunteer work that facilitates care. Unpaid care work is invisible in policies and budgets, and its unequal distribution reinforces gender inequalities. The consequences of unpaid care work are detrimental to women's health, well-being, and basic human rights.
The solution is a 3Rs approach: 1) Recognize the value of unpaid care work through time use surveys and awareness campaigns. 2) Reduce the time spent on care work through infrastructure, technologies, and public services. 3) Redistribute unpaid care work from women to men and from families to governments through policies, healthcare access, and engaging
High impact interventions in rmnch+a(mch) for itcSudha Goel
1) The document outlines India's RMNCH+A (Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health + Adolescence) strategy, which takes a comprehensive, life cycle approach to improving maternal and child health outcomes.
2) It describes 25 high-impact interventions across 5 thematic areas (maternal health, newborn care, child health, family planning and nutrition) that are implemented at the community and facility levels as part of the "continuum of care".
3) The goals of the strategy are to reduce India's infant mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, and total fertility rate by 2017 through improved coverage and quality of these priority interventions.
The fishbone diagram is a tool for root cause analysis that combines brainstorming and mind mapping. It displays the potential causes of a problem in graphical form and helps categorize causes. The benefits include providing an easy to understand visual of relationships between causes, stimulating in-depth discussion to explore all possible causes, and helping identify where processes are not working. Potential causes are typically grouped into primary categories like 6M's for manufacturing or 8P's for products.
This document discusses gender perspectives on reproductive health. It begins with definitions of key terms like gender, gender equality, and gender discrimination. It then discusses how gender impacts health and reproductive health outcomes. The document outlines international initiatives like ICPD and Beijing that recognized the importance of gender in reproductive health. It discusses reproductive health issues across the lifecycle and barriers to achieving gender equality in reproductive health. Key challenges like maternal health, family planning, and HIV are also summarized.
Two Examples of Program Planning, Monitoring and EvaluationMEASURE Evaluation
Presented by Laili Irani, Senior Policy Analyst for the Population Reference Bureau, as part of the Measuring Success Toolkit webinar in September 2012.
This document provides an overview of results-based management (RBM) principles and planning tools. It discusses key RBM concepts like defining results as outputs, outcomes and impacts; and establishing causal links between activities and results. Common challenges in applying RBM like attribution and measuring higher level results are also reviewed. The document introduces UN planning tools like the UNDAF, CPD and results matrix to structure programmes around achievement of development results. It emphasizes setting strategic priorities and using analysis of problems, stakeholders and causal factors to identify appropriate results.
Swot analysis of safe motherhood program of Nepalsirjana Tiwari
The document provides an overview of Nepal's Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health Program, including its goals, strategies, activities and management. Some key points:
- The program aims to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality through preventative activities and addressing factors that cause death during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.
- Major strategies include promoting birth preparedness, the Aama program to promote antenatal checkups and institutional delivery, and expanding emergency obstetric services.
- Key activities include distribution of birth preparedness packages, rural ultrasound programs, expansion of birthing centers and emergency obstetric care sites, and training of skilled birth attendants.
- The program is managed through planning
The document describes several projects aimed at increasing chlamydia screening rates. It discusses the Center for Health Training's development of a toolkit for STD care for American Indians/Alaska Natives. It also summarizes projects focused on community outreach and education for chlamydia screening in rural and underserved areas.
This chapter discusses key considerations for developing a protocol for population-based surveys measuring HIV. It recommends that surveys be designed based on the epidemic context and objectives of monitoring the impact of HIV. Surveys should return HIV and other biomarker results to participants and measure HIV prevalence among children when adult female HIV prevalence is over 5%. HIV incidence should only be included when adult prevalence is over 5% and incidence over 0.3%. Developing the protocol takes about two years to cover planning, implementation, and release of results.
MRC/info4africa KZN Community Forum | October 2012info4africa
Kwazi Mbatha, a CEGAA Researcher/Trainer for the BMET project,was joined by a member of TAC’s uMgungundlovu District community mobilisation team to discuss challenges and opportunities for HIV/AIDS and TB budget monitoring at local levels in South Africa. Relating primarily to CEGAA’s Budget Monitoring and Expenditure (BMET) project, conducted in partnership with the Treatment Action Campaign and entitled "Giving power to the community: Community monitoring of HIV/AIDS and TB spending in two districts in South Africa", this project worked towards increasing the delivery, accessibility, affordability and quality of treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS and TB, thus ensuring that ARVs and TB treatments are available as life-saving and prevention mechanisms. The pilot and secondary phase of the project sought to achieve the above by empowering communities and citizens towards a common understanding of health care delivery and budget issues and collaborative corrective action for optimal health care services at local level.
MRC/HIVAN KZN AIDS Forum - 30/10/12 - Challenges and Opportunities for HIV/AI...info4africa
This presentation was given on 30/10/12 at the MRC/HIVAN KZN AIDS Forum.
Co-presented by Kwazi Mbatha (CEGAA Researcher/Trainer) and Mlungisi Vila kasi (TAC Community Mobiliser - uMgungundlovu), this talk was facilitated by Judith King (CEGAA Communications and Advocacy Manager).
For more information on CEGAA please visit their website: http://www.cegaa.org/
The document provides an overview of the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) framework for monitoring and evaluating progress on the Global Fund's 2023-2028 strategy. It outlines the development process, which included workshops across 10 topics with over 450 experts. The resulting framework includes 48 KPIs organized across impact, strategy outcome, and financial layers to measure progress toward strategic goals and objectives. The KPIs were selected based on principles of strategic relevance, availability of data, integration, actionability, and accountability.
Operational Guidelines for Monitoring and Evaluation of HIV Programmes for Se...MEASURE Evaluation
This document provides guidelines for monitoring and evaluating HIV programs for sex workers, men who have sex with men, and transgender people at the national, sub-national, and service delivery levels. It outlines an 8-step public health model approach involving understanding the epidemic, determinants of transmission, developing combination prevention programs, and evaluating impact. Key concepts covered include causal pathways, indicators, and emphasizing quality and involvement of key populations. The guidelines are meant to be adapted to local contexts.
Strengthening Information Systems for Community Based HIV ProgramsMEASURE Evaluation
This document discusses strengthening information systems for community-based HIV programs. It describes the components and challenges of community-based HIV information systems. It also summarizes a technical consultation on information systems that presented tools and experiences, and proposed recommendations to fill gaps in community-based HIV information systems. The goal is to provide high quality data that improves programs and facilitates reporting throughout health systems.
This document provides an overview of a web-based tool that offers standardized community-based indicators for HIV programs. It addresses the need for guidance on indicators to evaluate community-level HIV program performance. The tool was developed by reviewing data collection tools from HIV programs in 8 countries and identifying the most commonly collected indicators. The tool includes 27 standardized indicators organized under key areas of community HIV implementation, along with detailed definitions and examples of data use.
NAP, civil society organisations, the UNAIDS secretariat and the UN Joint Team on HIV/AIDS enthusiastically endeavour to mainstream gender issues into the national HIV response; to achieve zero HIV transmission, zero HIV related-deaths and zero stigma and discrimination by 2015. The conducting of a gender assessment (which NAP, UNAIDS and UN WOMEN has planned for 2014) will provide an essential backbone to enable all stakeholders to understand the status quo of gender issues and HIV in Egypt.
Previous studies have identified that women have a greater vulnerability to HIV, however we have not yet developed a comprehensive understanding of the issues; their complexity and their connections.
A robust national strategic plan requires concrete recommendations with detailed actions to address gender specific issues. The gender assessment will characterize the current situation and the outcome will numerate gaps and propose informed approaches for addressing the issues associated with the national HIV response.
Informed by the assessment, national stakeholders can convene to develop a strategy for tackling gender inequality issues specifically related to HIV in Egypt.
This document provides an introduction and overview for establishing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems for National AIDS Councils (NACs) in sub-Saharan Africa. It outlines key lessons learned around M&E, including the importance of simple and standardized systems, internal self-assessment combined with external verification, and contracting a single entity to manage both financial and programmatic M&E. The document presents a framework for NAC M&E and emphasizes building participatory M&E systems before grants are awarded and ensuring long-term, comprehensive funding for all major M&E components. The manual aims to provide practical tools and guidance to help NACs and their partners design and implement effective M&E.
This is the abstract presentation of Dr Harjyot Khosa, which was made as part of the 12th session of 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health and Rights (#APCRSHR10) Virtual. This session was held in lead up to #WorldAIDSDay and #16DaysofActivism against sexual and other forms of gender-based violence, on the theme of "HIV/AIDS and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Asia and the Pacific".
Chair: Jennifer Butler, Director, UNFPA Pacific Sub Regional office based in Fiji
Plenary Speaker: Eamonn Murphy, Regional Director, UNAIDS, Asia and the Pacific | “Solidarity and Accountability: HIV, SRHR and the COVID response”
Abstract Presenters:
-------------------------
* Jude Tayaben | Successes, Pitfalls, and Moving Forward: Adivayan Youth Health Center- A school-based program addressing Adolescent Sexuality, and Reproductive Health Issues in Benguet, Philippines
* Samreen, Manisha Dhakal | Integrating transgender health into HIV and SRHR programming in Indonesia, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam
* Harjyot Khosa | Stigma, sex work and non-disclosure to health care providers: Exploring dynamics of anal sex through community led monitoring to bridge gaps in HIV care continuum services
* Angela Kelly Hanku, Agnes K. Mek | I can, I want, I will and Young & Positive: Two visual method projects with young women living with HIV in Papua New Guinea
For more information on the session, please visit
www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual12
Official conference website: www.apcrshr10cambodia.org
Thanks
Learn more about how the Regional Municipality of York explored and implemented a bylaw in their region mandating food handler certification for food premises.
The document describes the evolution and components of India's National AIDS Control Program (NACP). It began in 1992 and is now in its fourth phase (NACP-IV) from 2012-2017. Key aspects include:
- Integrated Counselling and Testing Centers (ICTCs) were established in 2006 by integrating earlier Voluntary Counselling and Testing Centers (VCTCs) and Prevention of Parent-to-Child Transmission centers.
- NACP-IV has 5 components: prevention services, expanding information/education, comprehensive care/support/treatment, strengthening institutional capacities, and a strategic information management system.
- Targeted interventions provide prevention, care, and treatment services focused on high-
1 NR441442444 Community Health Nursing Required U.docxcroftsshanon
1
NR441/442/444 Community Health Nursing
Required Uniform Assignment: Care of Populations Guidelines
NR441/442/444 RUA: Care of Populations_V2.docx Revised: 05/2019
11
Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is to provide an opportunity for students to work collaboratively while applying
community health concepts and the nursing process to the care of a population.
Course outcomes: This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes:
1. Provide comprehensive care with increasing autonomy to individuals, families, aggregates, and
communities in a variety of health care settings based on theories and principles of nursing and related
disciplines. (PO 1)
2. Integrate clinical judgment in professional decision making and implement the nursing process in the
community health setting. (PO 4)
4. Communicate effectively with client populations and with other healthcare providers in managing the
healthcare of individuals, families, aggregates, and communities. (PO 3)
5. Practice in established professional roles to provide cost‐effective, quality healthcare to consumers in
structured and unstructured settings. (PO 7)
6. Demonstrate leadership skills and collaborate with consumers and other health care providers in direct
care or delegation of responsibilities within all levels of healthcare. (PO 2)
7. Accept accountability for personal and professional development as part of the life‐long learning
process. (PO 5)
8. Incorporate evidence‐based practice in the provision of professional nursing care to individuals,
families, aggregates, and communities. (PO 8)
Due date: Your faculty member will inform you when this assignment is due. The Late Assignment Policy applies
to this assignment.
Total points possible: 100 points
Preparing the assignment
Follow these guidelines when completing this assignment. Speak with your faculty member if you have questions.
1) Student teams of three to four persons will form either by faculty assignment or self‐selection.
2) The team will conduct a community assessment that includes a windshield survey.
3) The presentation will be no longer than 15 minutes in length, with an additional 5 minutes for answering
questions from the audience.
4) Review the Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators at: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Leading‐
Health‐Indicators
5) Ideas for obtaining additional demographic data include but are not limited to the following:
a. County health rankings at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/
b. Census reports at https://www.census.gov/
c. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention vital signs at: https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/topics.html
6) Include the following sections (detailed criteria listed below and in the Grading Rubric).
a. Community Assessment ‐ 25 points/25%
• Provides a description of the community based on the findings from the team’s windshield survey.
• Provides pictures.
1 NR441442444 Community Health Nursing Required U.docxjeremylockett77
1
NR441/442/444 Community Health Nursing
Required Uniform Assignment: Care of Populations Guidelines
NR441/442/444 RUA: Care of Populations_V2.docx Revised: 05/2019
11
Purpose
The purpose of this assignment is to provide an opportunity for students to work collaboratively while applying
community health concepts and the nursing process to the care of a population.
Course outcomes: This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes:
1. Provide comprehensive care with increasing autonomy to individuals, families, aggregates, and
communities in a variety of health care settings based on theories and principles of nursing and related
disciplines. (PO 1)
2. Integrate clinical judgment in professional decision making and implement the nursing process in the
community health setting. (PO 4)
4. Communicate effectively with client populations and with other healthcare providers in managing the
healthcare of individuals, families, aggregates, and communities. (PO 3)
5. Practice in established professional roles to provide cost‐effective, quality healthcare to consumers in
structured and unstructured settings. (PO 7)
6. Demonstrate leadership skills and collaborate with consumers and other health care providers in direct
care or delegation of responsibilities within all levels of healthcare. (PO 2)
7. Accept accountability for personal and professional development as part of the life‐long learning
process. (PO 5)
8. Incorporate evidence‐based practice in the provision of professional nursing care to individuals,
families, aggregates, and communities. (PO 8)
Due date: Your faculty member will inform you when this assignment is due. The Late Assignment Policy applies
to this assignment.
Total points possible: 100 points
Preparing the assignment
Follow these guidelines when completing this assignment. Speak with your faculty member if you have questions.
1) Student teams of three to four persons will form either by faculty assignment or self‐selection.
2) The team will conduct a community assessment that includes a windshield survey.
3) The presentation will be no longer than 15 minutes in length, with an additional 5 minutes for answering
questions from the audience.
4) Review the Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators at: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Leading‐
Health‐Indicators
5) Ideas for obtaining additional demographic data include but are not limited to the following:
a. County health rankings at http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/
b. Census reports at https://www.census.gov/
c. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention vital signs at: https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/topics.html
6) Include the following sections (detailed criteria listed below and in the Grading Rubric).
a. Community Assessment ‐ 25 points/25%
• Provides a description of the community based on the findings from the team’s windshield survey.
• Provides pictures ...
Evidence of Social Accountability_Kamden Hoffmann_5.7.14CORE Group
The document discusses social accountability and its role in improving health outcomes. It analyzes selected social accountability models used by international NGOs, including Citizen Voice and Action (World Vision), Partnership Defined Quality (Save the Children), Community Score Card (CARE), and various approaches used by White Ribbon Alliance. Common themes across the models include preparation and planning, involvement of marginalized groups, identifying barriers, interface meetings between communities and government, and using score cards to measure services. The document recommends expanding the evidence base on effectiveness, clarifying financial and human resource needs, identifying barriers to scale up, and exploring promising practices across models.
• Atsu Seake-Kwawu (ICHD presents a study done in four West-African countries in 2012. The study aims at a better understanding of the organisational features of effective and efficient PHC delivery, including the identification and analysis of contextual variables as underlying causes & factors for successful service delivery and key health system bottle-necks to the delivery and scaling up of high impact interventions (HII).
This guide provides program managers with information and tools to plan, implement, and evaluate HIV testing and linkage programs in non-clinical settings. It emphasizes the importance of such programs in identifying undiagnosed individuals and linking them to care. The guide was developed with input from experts in health departments and community-based organizations. It covers topics such as targeting high-risk groups, implementing testing strategies, ensuring quality assurance, and evaluating programs. Appendices include a glossary, list of resources, and templates to support non-clinical HIV testing and linkage efforts.
This document discusses data triangulation, which involves analyzing data from multiple sources to increase the validity of evaluation findings. It provides examples of data sources that can be used, such as service statistics, surveys, and qualitative research. When triangulating data, considerations include whether the data is representative and if the time frames align. The document then summarizes two case studies that successfully used data triangulation. In Nepal, condom use among female sex workers increased as exposure to prevention programs grew, showing a dose-response relationship. In Botswana, mortality reductions were linked to increased antiretroviral treatment coverage. Triangulating diverse data sources can provide compelling evidence of public health program impact.
Data triangulation involves analyzing data from multiple sources to increase the validity of evaluation findings. The document describes data triangulation and provides two examples of its use. In Nepal, triangulating data from service statistics, surveys, and qualitative studies showed that expanding HIV prevention programs for female sex workers were linked to improved knowledge, behaviors, and health outcomes. In Botswana, triangulating data from vital statistics, surveys, and program records found reductions in adult mortality associated with scale-up of antiretroviral therapy programs.
Managing missing values in routinely reported data: One approach from the Dem...MEASURE Evaluation
This Data for Impact webinar was held in December 2020. Access the recording and learn more at https://www.data4impactproject.org/resources/webinars/managing-missing-values-in-routinely-reported-data-one-approach-from-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/
This Data for Impact webinar took place October 29, 2020. Learn more at https://www.data4impactproject.org/resources/webinars/use-of-routine-data-for-economic-evaluations/
Data for Impact hosted a one-hour webinar sharing guidance for using routine data in evaluations. More: https://www.data4impactproject.org/resources/webinars/routine-data-use-in-evaluation-practical-guidance/
Tuberculosis/HIV Mobility Study: Objectives and BackgroundMEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Understanding Referral Networks for Adolescent Girls and Young WomenMEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Data for Impact: Lessons Learned in Using the Ripple Effects Mapping MethodMEASURE Evaluation
The document summarizes experiences using the Ripple Effects Mapping (REM) method to evaluate development programs in Tanzania and Botswana. REM is a participatory method that engages stakeholders to visually map the different effects of a program. The summaries describe:
1) How REM was used to evaluate a governance program in Tanzania, including training facilitators, conducting interviews and group mapping sessions, and analyzing results.
2) Tailoring REM for evaluating a youth program in Botswana, such as adjusting questions for younger participants and capturing complex outcomes.
3) Lessons learned about facilitating REM, including the need for extensive training, tailoring the method to the population, and allowing time for discussion to fully explore outcomes
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Development and Validation of a Reproductive Empowerment ScaleMEASURE Evaluation
This document describes a study that developed and validated a Reproductive Empowerment Scale for use in Nigeria. Researchers created items to measure women's agency regarding their reproductive health and tested the scale's psychometric properties. The results supported the scale as a valid and reliable measure of reproductive empowerment for women in Nigeria.
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Maternal and Child ...MEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
Using Most Significant Change in a Mixed-Methods Evaluation in UgandaMEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Lessons Learned In Using the Most Significant Change Technique in EvaluationMEASURE Evaluation
This document summarizes lessons learned from using the Most Significant Change (MSC) technique in evaluations conducted in five countries. The MSC technique involves collecting stories from participants about significant changes resulting from an intervention, analyzing the stories to identify themes, and sharing the stories with stakeholders. The document discusses strengths and limitations of MSC, provides examples of its application in different programs and countries, and identifies lessons learned. Key lessons are that MSC generates rich qualitative data but requires careful facilitation and training, and follow-up interviews can further strengthen learning from the approach.
Malaria Data Quality and Use in Selected Centers of Excellence in Madagascar:...MEASURE Evaluation
This document summarizes the results of a cross-sectional baseline survey assessing malaria data quality and use in health centers in Madagascar that were selected as Centers of Excellence to improve data practices. The survey found that while reporting completeness and timeliness were high, data accuracy remained an issue. Baseline performance on data quality indicators was similar between the intervention sites that would implement Centers of Excellence and control sites. The implementation of Centers of Excellence aims to drive improvements in data quality, analysis, and use for decision-making in Madagascar.
Evaluating National Malaria Programs’ Impact in Moderate- and Low-Transmissio...MEASURE Evaluation
The framework highlights the importance of routine surveillance data and confirmed malaria incidence for evaluating national malaria programs in low- and moderate-transmission settings. Process evaluations assess program performance and coverage to determine when impact evaluations are needed. Impact evaluations then measure reductions in malaria burden using methods like interrupted time series and constructed controls while accounting for other factors. Key challenges include defining intervention maturity and coverage thresholds needed to achieve measurable impact. The framework emphasizes continuous evaluation along the implementation and impact pathways to guide program decisions.
Improved Performance of the Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation ...MEASURE Evaluation
MEASURE Evaluation's support between 2015-2018 likely contributed to significant improvements in Madagascar's malaria surveillance system. Key improvements included: 1) availability of guiding documents, 2) increased completeness and timeliness of facility and community reporting, and 3) establishment of a culture of data dissemination and use. Data quality, reporting rates, and staff capacity all significantly increased over this period according to the assessment. Continued support is needed as Madagascar works towards malaria elimination.
Lessons learned in using process tracing for evaluationMEASURE Evaluation
Access the recording for this Data for Impact (D4I) webinar at https://www.data4impactproject.org/lessons-learned-in-using-process-tracing-for-evaluation/
Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis in the Assessment of the Actionable D...MEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Sustaining the Impact: MEASURE Evaluation Conversation on Health InformaticsMEASURE Evaluation
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
2. Purpose of Presentation
Rationale for the community indicator project
Donor organization consultations
On-line technical forum series
Field tests in Vietnam and Kenya
Description of recommended indicators
3. Rationale
Reduce reporting burdens for community
based organizations
Track prevention, care, testing, and linkages
at the community level
4. Aim
Harmonize PEPFAR and Global Fund
community program indicators
Improve the technical merit of community
indicators
Highlight a few of the emerging indicators that
would fill gaps in knowledge about community
programs
5. Extensive International Consultation
2009 meeting Community Based Information Systems
MEASURE Evaluation in D.C.
2010 meeting Community Program Indicators
MEASURE Evaluation in D.C.
2010 meeting Community Systems Strengthening
Global Fund in Geneva
2010 internal review of Community Program Indicators
all PEPFAR TWGs in D.C.
6. Community of Practice
“The overall goal of the Indicators for Community HIV
Programs CoP is to gather expert opinion on the best
metrics for community HIV program performance and to
gain consensus on minimum standards for monitoring
community HIV services and health outcomes.”
http://knowledge-gateway.org/registration/PreviewInvitation.ashx?c=24643e57-e93e-
49df-ae1c-f798ea662a16&i=61fe624d-0aaa-49ab-abeb-83d0ef89e10a
7. Indicator Selection Criteria
Represent services that address the continuum of
prevention, treatment, care, and support
Fully defined and currently used
Collected/used at the community level and
aggregated/used at national level
Collected by community-based information system
(non-clinic based)
Not include indicators from national level surveys or
special studies
8. CoP Recommendations Oct 2011
Outreach
encounters
Completed DEBIs
PwP
Condom stock-outs
Needle/Syringe
stock out
Received HTC
Completed referral
One care service
Undernourished
PLHIV
Children assessed
for individual needs
9. Field Tests in Vietnam and Kenya
To assess the need and utility of the
recommended indicators for both CBOs and
national authorities.
To determine the feasibility of collecting and
analyzing data for the recommended indicators.
To assess whether or not the draft
recommended indicators are fully defined
10. Mixed Methods Approach
Individual and small group consultations
In the style of semi-structured interviews
Review program records, documents and data
management systems
In the style of Data Quality Assessments
Request copies of relevant documents and forms
11. Field Test Participants
Kenya
7 community organizations
35 interviews
Vietnam
7 community organizations
20 interviews
12. Field Test Recommendations (I)
“Minimum Package of Services” should be
illustrative at the international level
Focus on developing national guidelines for
community services is important
Feasibility of data collection per local context
Validity, i.e. more closely represents the service
Reliability, i.e. less open to interpretation from one
site to another
13. Field Test Recommendations (II)
Proposed prevention indicators are feasible
and useful
encounters, standardized prevention interventions,
stock outs, community PwP services
One care service important and useful; there
is overlap with PwP
Completed referrals to a specific service is
possible, but ambitious
HIV testing, ART defaulters
14. Field Test Recommendations (III)
Consider counting households receiving care
and support
Right now a mix of individuals and head of
household under one care service
The option to count individuals and/or households
HTC and PWP indicators are from clinic-
based information systems
Disaggregate by type of site would very useful to
local and national level
15. Field Test Recommendations (IV)
Uncommon community services; indicators
not required at this time
Nutrition assessments for PLHIV
Individual needs assessments for children or
adults
Supporting or tracking all/various completed
referrals
16. Field Test Recommendations (V)
Paper-based systems still relevant
Possible to track # individuals in a reporting
period
Managing longitudinal records is not possible,
therefore difficult to track:
needs assessments
completed referrals
individual level outcomes
17. Field Test Recommendations (VI)
Community services found during field test
not represented in indicator list
HIV prevention with people who injected drugs
Finding ART defaulters in the community
ART adherence support
18. Final Indicators for Prevention Services
Number of HIV prevention outreach encounters
conducted during the reporting period
Number of people who completed a standardized
HIV prevention intervention during the reporting
period
Number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV)
reached with a minimum package of community-
based or home-based interventions for
Prevention with Positives (PwP) during the
reporting period
19. Final Indicators for Prevention Materials
Number and proportion of days during the
reporting period that stock outs of condoms
occurred at prevention sites
Number and proportion of days during the
reporting period that stock outs of needles and/or
syringes occurred at prevention sites
20. Final Indicator for Care Services
Number of adults and children infected and/or
affected by HIV/AIDS who received a minimum
of one community-based or home-based care
and support service during the reporting period
PLHIV
OVC
Caretaker of OVC(s)
Head of household
All members of household
21. Final Indicator for Testing and Linkages
Number and proportion of clients referred to HIV
testing and counseling services by a community-
based program and received their test results in
the reporting period
Editor's Notes
Reduce reporting burdens for community based organizationsTrack prevention, care, testing, and linkages at the community level
Harmonize PEPFAR and Global Fund community program indicatorsImprove the technical merit of community indicatorsHighlight a few of the emerging indicators that would fill gaps in knowledge about community programs
Ground work for the standardization of indicators to measure community HIV program performance began in 2009 with the international consultation on Community Based Information Systems hosted by MEASURE Evaluation Project. Among the recommendations was a request to develop a core set of indicators across donors to reduce reporting burdens. In the fall 2009, an inventory of all published community indicators (totaling 123) was developed. The indicator list included input, output and outcome indicators using both survey and program data. The list also included indicators that collected information on clinical services that relied on community support. In January 2010, an international consultation on community indicators hosted by MEASURE Evaluation Project in Washington D.C. recommended focusing on the standardization of indicators that track service delivery, referrals for services, quality of services, and health outcomes with data collected at the community level only. The previously mentioned criteria were developed during this meeting and later validated by our community of practice members. A follow up consultation in Geneva provided the Global Fund recommendation to include indicators that measure community-led activities to decrease stigma, decrease gender based violence, or support an enabling environment. Finally in the summer of 2010, PEPFAR completed an internal review, which included all headquarter TWGs. TWGs reviewed the indicator inventory,previous consultation recommendations, and gave support for the development of an on-line forum to further gather expert opinion around indicator standardization.
In 2011, a 12 week on-line forum series designed by MEASURE Evaluation Project was held from April to June 2011. Technical experts from the field and from multilateral headquarters joined a community of practice (CoP) on Knowledge Gateway in order to participate. The community of practice remains a dissemination and feedback tool, with 165 members representing 26 countries. Lead experts were recruited to facilitate a 2-week long forum on a special topic designed to forward the goals of The Community. There were 5 topics:outcomes for OVC, service provision for HIV prevention, monitoring community participation in HTC, tracking referrals and linkages, and standardizing existing care indicators. MEASURE staff facilitated a formal launch for one week and then a wrap-up of the forum series for another week. The wrap up aimed to gain consensus on the overall conclusions of the forum series and on a final set of indicators.
This criteria was proposed during the January 2010 meeting in D.C. and was validated by community of practice participants using an online poll.Indicators represent services that address the continuum of prevention, treatment, care, and supportIndicators are fully defined and currently used Indicators are collected (and used) at the community level and aggregated (and used) at the national levelIndicators require data collected from a community-based information system and not collected from a clinic-based information systemIndicators do not require data from surveys or special studies administered by the national authorities
10 indicators using a poll during the “wrap-up” forum.Each indicator is based on existing foundational indicatorsMembers were not successful in addressing the metrics for community-led activities to decrease stigma, decrease gender based violence, or support an enabling environment. This remains a gap.Prevention programs across the board struggle to monitor one to one and small group contacts and generally do not report on the number of unique individuals. The lack of evidence-based preventions programs implemented on a global level leaves managers unable to fully define the intervention to be counted. The only exceptions cited during an on-line forum were multi-session youth education programs and outreach worker facilitated referrals to HIV testing. Generally, the indicators currently required by Global Fund and PEPFAR are not feasible to collect and lack technical merit. Members suggested revising these indicators to better reflect information HIV prevention programs are currently able to collect, with the aim to improve the quality of the measures overtime. We think the prevention with positives (PwP) indicator introduced by PEPFAR requiring a minimum package of services is important to include in this set. As written, the indicator can be collected from clinical and community programs. The field test will take a closer look at how community programs report against this indicator.Monitoring condom and clean needle distribution and/or promotion is important, but the current practice to report the number of materials distributed is not sufficient. We propose tracking stock outs at the prevention site level. Generally HIV care, support, and nutrition programs can successfully track the total number of unique individuals receiving at least one care service (case loads) in a reporting period. During the field test, we are most interested in disaggregation such as type of services, community services versus clinical services at the national level, etc.Individual assessments for adults and children are necessary to ensure that appropriate care, support, and nutrition services are provided to each person. USAID advisor Amie Heap has spear headed a “Nutrition and HIV Indicator Set” that has been submitted to the UNAIDS Registry this year. We have borrowed from the Nutrition and HIV Indicator Set by adapting the nutrition assessment indicator to be a general care and support assessment indicator for children. We are also using the proportion of undernourished people living with HIV (PLHIV) is an essential community indicator from that set. Again, as written, the indicator can be collected from clinical and community programs. The field test will take a closer look at how community programs report against this indicator or if they report it at all.HIV testing programs are successfully tracking the total number of people receiving HIV test results in a reporting period. However, a theme across all areas, including HIV testing and counseling, was the need to understand who is receiving what service from whom. We would like to now what type of support Civil Society Organizations and National AIDS Program managers require to use the indicator data disaggregated by Risk/Need, Age, Sex, Type of Service, Location, and Type of Provider.Another way to improve comprehensive prevention, care and support is to prioritize improving linkages and referrals for clients. Community program participation in national referral guidelines and/or the development referral guidelines of their own is important. We know that referrals and linkages are weak and that an indicator measuring counter-referrals or completed referrals would be a good start in monitoring linkages.
Purpose: To engage key stakeholders in harmonizing a core set of community-based HIV program indicators that can be collected (and used) at the community level and be aggregated (and used) at the national level.The field test objectives are based on the 2010 UNAIDS Indicator Standards: Operational Guidelines for Selecting Indicators for the HIV ResponseThe field test was comprised of three phases: community HIV intervention mapping and site selection, CBO interviews, NAP interviews.Note that the field test is not a review or evaluation of current indicators or monitoring and evaluation systems. Rather, the field test conducted in Vietnam and Kenya was to generate lessons learned that informed the revision and finalization of the set of recommended indicators for community HIV programs. As a set, the CBOs should provide information for all nine indicators, but each CBO is not required to provide services and collect information for all nine indicators. The set of CBOs should include organizations with small staff and large staff. All CBOs should have well developed service delivery and strong to fair data collection systems. The set of CBOs does not have to be geographically representative of the country in which the field test occurs.
Consultations will be conducted with CBO directors, program managers, M&E directors, and database managers. Consultations will also be requested with National AIDS program directors and managers, M&E directors and database managers. Group consultations will be requested after individual interviews have been completed to help “connect the dots.”The consultations requested the following from the participant:An overview of their community program Their opinion on the usefulness of current indicatorsA description of their data collection processesThen we would introduce the draft indicator and ask forFeedback on the draft indicator’s usefulness and clarity of definitionAll consultations used a semi-structured interview guide that was founded on data quality assurance tools.
Kenya12 organizations in site selection phase6 local, 1 ING, and 2 natlgovt organizations in interview phase35interviews including the community and national levelsNairobi, nearby Central Province was included so that urban/rural variation,Coast Province for EBIsVietnam10 local organizations in site selection phase7 organizations in interview phase20 interviews including community and national levelHanoi area
Given the results from the field tests conducted in Vietnam and Kenya, a “package of services” outlined in any of the community program indicators should be illustrative not required at the international level. A focus on establishing national guidelines or a national package of services would improve the feasibility of every indicator, facilitating less reporting burden for the community level and improving validity and reliability across community sites. Of note, clear and specific guidance on care and support packages versus PwP packages is an important first step to better understanding the types of services PLHIV receive and from whom. It should also be noted that any information collected for community program indicators would require a paper-based system. This is relevant for both Vietnam and Kenya. Any data management systems adapted or developed for these indicators should reflect that need. While personnel have experience collecting and reporting on a wide array of indicators similar to those recommended, there are still issues regarding limited capacity of personnel to manage electronically-based systems.Strong evidence in both countries points to the feasibility and usefulness at the community and national level for the prevention indicators and the stock out indicators. Although, many experts have called for better tracking of individuals receiving care and support services, the field test points to the continuation of tracking the “number of adults and children infected and/or affected by HIV/AIDS who received a minimum of one care and support service during the reporting period.” As mentioned earlier, great caution is recommended in order to avoid duplication when tracking the care and support indicator and PwP indicator. A gap, not fully explored during this field test, may be the number households receiving care and support. The number of households may better reflect care and support programs in countries with high prevalence rates.The indicators for HIV testing services, nutrition assessments, needs assessments for children, and completed referrals were not feasible and are therefore not included in the final set of indicators. One system issue that arose was the lack of CBO capacity to assess and track progress of unique individuals over long periods of time. Tracking the number of people who received a service within a designated reporting period is possible in both countries. Managing individual, long-term records at the CBO, which would include assessment results, is not feasible in either country. Therefore, nutrition and OVC individual assessment indicators were not included in the final set. A general “completed referral” indicator was also eliminated from the indicator set for similar reasons. CBOs have limited capacity to document and track individual cases over an extended time. Another system issue that arose is how to best represent the supportive role community programs play in people’s access to clinical services. Although community programs are essential to linking community members to HIV testing, including HIV tests provided by CBO personnel or on CBO grounds, the management and reporting responsibilities fall on clinical systems in both countries. Therefore, the “number of people tested” and the “number test kit stock outs” were not included in the indicator set. We strongly recommend that clinic-based information systems track the number of people tested at community-based sites in order to improve HIV testing strategies. In the event that the PwP indicator is reported via the clinic-based information system only, such as in Kenya, we strongly recommend that the number of people reached with PwP services by CBOs is tracked within that system and used for program management. Conversely, if a country does not require PwP program data to be tracked by a clinic-based information system only, we recommend collecting a community-based PwP indicator, which is included in the recommended set.In order to document the work CBOs contribute to HIV testing programs and to invest in client referrals and program linkages, we recommend adding an indicator used in Vietnam. “Number and proportion of clients referred to HIV testing services that were tested and received their results,” can be found on page 16 of this report and is included in the final recommended set.Given the programming and epidemic situations found in Vietnam and Kenya, there are gaps in the indicator set presented outlined below. In Vietnam for example, one of the current gaps is the need for indicators that address programs for IDUs within the proposed indicator set (please refer to Annex 6 for a list of IDU related indicators currently used in Vietnam). This is particularly important for countries with concentrated epidemics such as that found in Vietnam. It is also relevant to some extent for the diverse epidemic found in Kenya where pockets of IDUs in certain areas, such as the coastal region, mimic concentrated epidemics. An additional gap highlighted by the Kenya field test is the need for indicators that address ART adherence and the tracing of ART defaulters. Kenyan respondents felt that the contributions that communities make toward tracing of ART defaulters should be documented and monitored. An indicator for the proportion of defaulters traced would be useful for the purpose of assessing quality of treatment services. In addition, the inclusion of such an indicator would sensitize community partners to the importance of adherence and could bring up issues around why people default. At least one INGO is piloting a model in which a list of defaulters is generated by CCC staff; CHWs trace those individuals in the community and attempt to persuade them to return to the clinic. Introducing a defaulter tracing indicator could help to formalize and expand this process.The final recommended indicators for community HIV programs are listed below. Reference sheets for each indicator follow the list.
Completed referral to a service like HIV testing may be closer to a an estimate in the beginning. Coupon system is working but new and imperfect. Also consider peer worker logs.
Peer educator to small group participant ratioNumber people reached with mass mediaPwP could be written as a community versus a clinical package. Or it could be written as a completed referral to a clinical service. Or vice a versa.
Also count numbers distributed
PLHIVOVCCare taker of OVCHead of householdAll members in the householdDependent on the nature of the service or the participation requirements
Completed referrals to a specific service would be usefulHTCPwPARTNutritionDrug RehabilitationThis completed referral to HTC represents all of the work CBOs put into outreach to vulnerable people. CBOs would count this if the test happens at their sponsored event, on their property, with their community worker. They would also count this indicator if the test happened at a clinic. A coupon system or community worker log would be used.The number of people tested would be a separate indicator reported by the clinical site using the official testing form.