This document discusses effective communication of bad news in healthcare settings. It provides guidelines and frameworks for delivering difficult information to patients in a compassionate manner. The SPIKES protocol recommends six steps: setting up the interaction, assessing the patient's perception, obtaining permission to share, providing knowledge and information, addressing emotions empathetically, and developing a strategy and summarizing. Other tips include using plain language, conveying news gradually, acknowledging emotions, exploring treatment options, and encouraging questions. The overall goal is to inform patients while also supporting them emotionally.

2. Mohammad Tanvir Islam

3. “ the process of passing information and
understanding from one person to another it
is essentially a bridge of meaning between
the people by using the bridge a person can
safely cross the river of miss understanding “
Keith Davis

4. 1. Candid
2. Clear
3. Complete
4. Concise
5. Concrete
6. Correct
7. Courteous

6.  Semantic barriers
 Physical barriers
 Organizational barriers
 Psychological barriers

7.  Different language
 Different context for words and symbols
 Poor vocabulary

9.  মুদ্রা দ াষ = Coin Fault
 মুদ্রা দ াষ = অঙ্গ ভঙ্গঙ্গ

11. 1. Noise
2. Improper time
3. Distance
4. Inadequate or overload information

12.  Organizational barriers occurs in the
organization due to rules ,regulation and
hierarchical relationship .

13. 1. Rules and regulations
2. Hierarchical relationship

15. 1. Selective perceptions
2. Premature evaluation
3. Poor listening
4. Attitude of superiors
5. emotions

16.  “any information which adversely and seriously
affects an individual's view of his or her future”
What is a bad news??

17.  Unfavourable diagnosis
 Irreversible, un-treatable, or non-stoppable
diseases (or side effects, or complications)
 disease recurrence
 spread of disease
 revealing positive results of genetic tests
 Stigmatization
 Late (to treat) stage diseases
 End of life decisions
 Death

18.  Less than 10% patients do not want to know their illness
 90% want to know about their illness
 30% want to know the exact name of their illness
 Almost 100% want to know the “chance of a cure”

19.  Ethical
 Professional
 Human rights
 Legal

20. SPIKES ABCDE BREAKS
Setting and Listening
Skills
Patient Perception
Invitation to Give
Information
Knowledge
Explore Emotions &
Empathize
Strategy and Summarize
A- Advance
Preparation
B- Build environment/
relationship
C- Communicate well
D- Deal with reactions
E- Encourage &
validate emotions
B – Background
R – Rapport
E – Explore
A – Announce
K – Kindling
S – Summarize

22.  Arrange for some privacy
 Involve significant others (family, relatives)
 Sit down
 Make connection with the patient
 Manage time constrain & interruption

30.  Open-ended questions to create a reasonably
accurate picture of
“how the patient perceives the medical
situation”

31.  Would you like me to give you all the
information
 Offer to answer any questions they may have
in the future or
 To talk to a relative or friend

32.  “Unfortunately I’ve got some bad news to
tell you” or “I’m sorry to tell you that…”.

34.  Start at the level of comprehension and
vocabulary of the patient
 Try to use nontechnical words such as “spread”
instead of “metastasized” and “sample of
tissue” instead of “biopsy”
 Avoid excessive bluntness (e.g., “You have very
bad cancer and unless you get treatment
immediately you are going to die”)
 Give information in small chunks and check
periodically as to the patient’s understanding
 When the prognosis is poor, avoid using phrases
such as “There is nothing more we can do for
you.”

35. Patients’ emotional reactions may vary from
 silence
 disbelief
 Crying
 denial, or
 anger

36. 1. Observe for any emotion on the part of the
patient
2. Identify the emotion experienced by the
patient by using open questions to query
the patient as to what they are thinking or
feeling
3. Identify the reason for the emotion
4. Let the patient know that you have
connected the emotion by making a
connecting statement.

37. If the emotion does not diminish shortly, it is
helpful to continue to make empathic
responses until the patient becomes calm

38.  Patients who have a clear plan for the future
are less likely to feel anxious and uncertain
 Ask the patients if they are ready for such a
discussion
 Present treatment options
 Share treatment responsibility with patient

40.  S= Setting
 P=Perception
 I=Invitation
 K=Knowledge
 E= Empathic
 S= Strategy & Summery

41. MUM effect
Reluctance to convey bad news
anxiety, a burden of responsibility for the
news, and fear of negative evaluation

42.  I don’t know how much I could communicate
with you………………
 But
 Thank you for being a good listener

43. Thank you