This document discusses communication styles and skills. It begins by outlining seven major conversational styles: dominant, interruptive, manipulative, polite, creative, sarcastic, and passive. It then describes the six elements of the communication process. Several factors that can negatively influence communication are identified, including a sender's past experiences and lack of encoding skills. Nonverbal communication such as body language, proxemics, and paralanguage are also discussed. The importance of listening skills is emphasized. Finally, the document provides steps to enhance communication skills and resolve conflicts, including using positive language and focusing on understanding others' perspectives.

1. Mr. AKRAM KHAN
ASST. PROFESSOR
M.Sc. (N) (M.S.N. )

2. Lets play…

3.  And connection to Communication and
Conversational styles

4.  Conversational Styles and Conceptual
Background Of Communication

5.  Each individual has their own distinct style of
communication.
 There are seven different major conversational styles:
 1.) Dominant
 2.) Interruptive
 3.) Manipulative
 4.) Polite
 5.) Creative
 6.) Sarcastic(taunt)
 7.) Passive

6.  There are SIX elements:

7.  - Deciding to speak and choosing what
thoughts the individual would like to put
forth in conversation.

8.  - The process in which the speaker attempts
to translate his or her thoughts and
perceptions into words.

9.  - The articulation of the words the individual
would like to convey

10.  - The message sent travels to the receiver via
a channel, (i.e. sound waves, sign language,
or video recording, and so forth).

11.  - A process in which the listener attempts to
understand and interpret what the speaker
has encoded in his or her message.

12.  - The receiver contemplates the message and
has an internal response, (i.e. angry, upset,
relieved, and uninterested).

13.  - Factors that negatively influence the
effectiveness of the communication and
the interpretation of the conversation.

14.  - The senders past experience provides a frame of
reference for sending the message such as beliefs,
attitudes, and personality.
 -These factors may vary from person to
person and can distort the message

15.  - The sender lacks sufficient skills in encoding. (Can
not put their thoughts into words).

16.  - The communication can have noise, such as other
people making a lot of noise, a bad telephone
connection, as well as speech impediments
(stuttering), or distracting mannerisms.

17.  - The receiver’s past experiences form a frame of
reference for receiving and interpreting the message
which can affect the decoding process.

19.  All aspects of communication
other than words themselves. It
includes how we utter words,
features of environments that
affect interactions and that
influence personal images &
interaction patterns.

20.  1. Kinesics
 2.Proxemics
 3.Paralanguage

21.  Body language- Shows peoples feelings
without communicating them verbally.
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22.  · Physical
Appearance- in each
culture stereotypes
develop that are based
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23.  Posture- Slumped posture is a sign of
feeling low, fatigued and inferior whereas
and upright posture reflects confidence,
openness and energy. Also the way
people walk communicates how they feel.
When people are sad they shuffle along
slowly with their hands in their pockets
where as if your happy you walk
energized.

24.  ·Gestures-
Many people communicate with
gestures and various body
movements. This allows for a
person to show different
feelings such as anger,
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25. Touching- is a common
form of body language.
Used to express affection,
to calm, or to interrupt.
Hand shakes, hugs,
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26.  Facial expressions- our face is our most
expressive body part. Eye contact shows interest
and shows that you are listening. Loping looks
into another persons eyes conveys either
romantic notions or conflict and anger.

27.  Is the study of how we
communicate by the way we use
space- The distance between you
and others, how you arrange
furniture, and other objects for
social interaction, and how you
respond to the invasion of
territory.

28.  refers to all vocal components of speech.
Reflects what a person is feeling
 Pitch-the highness or lowness of the sound
of your voice
 Resonance- the richness or thinness of your
voice.
 Articulation- the way you enunciate.
 Tempo- the speed at which words are
spoken
 Volume- the loudness or softness with
which you speak.
 Rhythm- the emphasis placed on different
words and the cadence of the speech.

29. Importance of
Nonverbal
Communication
 * Non Verbal communication is essential to fully
understand a message when two or more people
are communicating.
 * Albert Mehrabian (1968) analyzed typical
communication between two people and
concluded that the total impact of the message
was divided in this way:
 Verbal (words) 7%
 Paralanguage 38%
 Body Language 55%

31. There is more to it then
hearing

32. Attending
Responding

33. 1. Assume the role of the listener
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34. 2. Maintaining eye contact
Eye Contact No Eye Contact
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35. 3. Avoid word prejudice
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36. 4. Use “minimal encouragers”
(ex: “oh?” and “uh-huh?”)
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37. 5. Paraphrase(achha) what was said
to ensure understanding
An elaboration of minimal
encourager
Key phrase plus personal
observation

38. 6. Ask questions to improve / clarity
of statement
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39. 7. Use empathy to reflect and share
feelings

40. 8. Provide feedback

41. 9. Summarize the content of what
was said

42. Research Journal Article:
Title: Measurement of communication skills.
Journal: International Journal of Listening
Author: Nichols, Ralph
Brown, James I.
Keller, Robert J.
Purpose: Discover if listening skills can be taught

43. Research Journal Article:
Title: Measurement of communication skills.
1. Basic methods used:
• Directly trained 2 sections of College students for 6
weeks (This group had the lowest pre-test scores)
• Incidentally trained 2 sections of College students
(This group had the highest pre-test scores)
2. Results:
• Directly trained group made significant gains in scores
during the period of training
• Incidentally trained group did not
3. Major findings:
• No significant differences were noted between
the groups on the post-test results

44. Research Journal Article:
Title: Measurement of communication skills
Discussion of results:
oThe findings indicated that listening skills could
be improved by training
What does that mean for us…

45. …We can improve our listening skills !
•lead to better communication skills
~better listeners to friends / family
~better employees
~better students
~better in many areas of our life
•Help us reach our Peak Performance all around
“The key to being an outstanding communicator is
not so much the words of wisdom that come out
of your mouth, but how well you listen to the words
of wisdom that come out of the mouths of others.”
-Della Menechella

46. Steps To Enhance Communication Skills
And Conflict Resolution

47.  Content Conflict: Disagreement occurs over the perception of
information available

48. Value Conflict: When a person has
conflicting values within his or her
own value system.

49. Ego Conflict: Ego Conflict is
based on win-lose mentality.
Hardest type to resolve.

50.  Withdrawal:When Conflict seems overwhelming, the first reaction is usually
avoidance.
 Surrender:To habitually give into a situation or problem is also construed as
a negative conflict management style.
 Hostile Aggression: Aggression is often used as a form of intimidation to
manipulate others into submissive agreement.
 Persuasion: An attempt to alter another persons attitude or behavior.
 Dialogue: A verbal exchange of opinions, attitudes, facts and perceptions
that opens the doors to greater understandings of the nature of the problem.

51. From Negative To
Positive

52. Select words that accurately describe your
thoughts and feelings.
How are you today?….I’m OK

53.  A small vocabulary decreases the ability to
express yourself, whereas a greater number
of words to choose from provides you with
with greater flexibility to say what you want
to say.
 Sound more professional, classy, educated.

54.  Assess which words, expressions, and
gestures are most conductive to getting your
point across.
 Child or Adult

55.  Avoid Character Assassination. Attacking
people clouds the issue and makes it
harder, if not impossible to resolve issues.
 Not good for effective arguments

56.  Placing the responsibility of understanding on
yourself rather than blaming others
minimizes defensiveness.
 “I perceive….”

57.  The most effective communication involves
talking with someone face to face.*
 Effective in the workplace.
*But you can still Myspace me and
get a faster response.

58.  Attention span is limited, as is the amount of
information that can be received and
processed.*
*Like 65 slides on Communication

59.  Confirm what you think to be true with those
that have given you this impression.

60.  If you feel there is a misunderstanding, there
probably is.
 Try to deal with issues as they surface by
talking it out with those involved.
 Drama free zone.

62. Thank
You
 The more we remind ourselves of these skills, the more likely we will
use them