Communicating Budgetary and Economic Information With Style at CBO

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Presentation by Maureen Costantino, Visual Information and Publications Specialist in CBO's Management, Business, and Information Services Division, at the VisCom 2016 Conference. This presentation provides an overview of the visual communications initiative at CBO. Highlighting the development, evolution, best practices, and examples of graphics products, its purpose is to educate those interested in developing such a program for their own workplace.

Congressional Budget Office
Communicating Budgetary and
Economic Information, With Style, at the
Congressional Budget Office
VisCom 2016 Conference
Snowbird, Utah
June 24, 2016
Maureen Costantino
Visual Information and Publications Specialist

1CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
What We Are
■ CBO is a United States government agency that was created
by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act
of 1974.
■ It provides analysis of budgetary and economic issues that is
objective and impartial to the U.S. Congress. The agency is
strictly nonpartisan.

2CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Report Production at CBO

3CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Publishing Reports at CBO
■ Publishing high‐quality content is a demanding job, particularly
so because the agency is small.
■ Reports entering production are often on a tight schedule.
■ Accuracy and speed are essential.
■ Products range from stand‐alone graphics to full reports.

4CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Bird’s Eye View of the Report Process

5CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Production Process: The Tools of Our Trade

6CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Components of Reports Are Often Repurposed

7CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Graphics at CBO

8CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Graphics
■ Graphics are created for reports. Many are repurposed to
be used in other publications related to the same topic;
some stand alone.
■ Possible formats:
– Website home page announcement
of report release; the report
landing page
– Blog post
– Slide deck
– Presentation
– Infographic
– Snapshot
– Conference poster
Sample Snapshot

9CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
An Evolution of Style: Graphs
2003
2010
1998

10CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
An Evolution of Style: Graphs (Continued)
2012
2016

11CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Less Is More
2010 2016
■ Gray color for numbers and supporting text
■ Lighter gray for recession bars
■ Smaller point sizes for titles
■ No parentheses around units of measure
■ All notes (including Source) flush left; the word “Notes” gone
■ Introduction of captions where useful
What changed?
■ Color used meaningfully
■ Data plotted annually instead of quarterly when possible
■ Upper and right border lines gone
■ No minor tick marks; shorter, less prominent tick marks
■ Smaller point sizes for type
■ Gray color for axis lines and Actual/Projected line

12CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Fewer Fonts
Helvetica Black
Garamond Book
Condensed (Bold)
Bell Centennial
Subcaption
Bell Centennial
NameandNumber
Proxima Nova family used for
all graphics and tables, including titles
Old Style New Style

13CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Color Is Key
■ Use of color must have meaning within a report
■ Colors must map to shades of gray that make
elements of a graphic in close proximity easily
distinguishable when printed in black and white
Blue = spending
Green = revenues
Purple = debt
Orange = anything else
Informal CBO Conventions

14CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Slide Deck: The Budget and Economic Outlook
www.cbo.gov/publication/51182

15CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Telling the Story With Graphics: Social Security Options
www.cbo.gov/publication/51011

16CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Judicious Use of Captions: Forecasts of Interest Rates
www.cbo.gov/publication/51129

17CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Visualizing Complex Topics
www.cbo.gov/publication/51182

18CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Chartbook: Trends in Joblessness and the
Incarceration of Young Men
www.cbo.gov/publication/51495

19CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Stand‐Alone Infographic: The Federal Budget
www.cbo.gov/publication/51114

20CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Do Judge a Book by Its Cover

21CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Who for What?
■ Content specialists
■ Editors
■ Graphic artists
■ Internal and independent reviewers
■ Production specialists
■ Proofreaders
■ Web specialists

22CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
What’s in CBO’s Publishing Future?

23CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Interactive Graphics?

24CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Bibliography
The list below provides links to a few of the people and
organizations that have in some way influenced the direction and
growth of our graphics initiative:
■ The Economist, http://economist.com
■ The Dallas Morning News Graphics Stylebook,
https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/mooc/file/tdmn_graphics.pdf
■ PolicyViz, http://policyviz.com/
■ The Knight Center, knightcenter.utexas.edu/
■ Stephen Few, www.perceptualedge.com/
■ The New York Times, flowingdata.com/tag/new‐york‐times/
■ Mark Simonson, www.marksimonson.com/fonts/view/proxima‐nova
■ Edward Tufte, www.edwardtufte.com/tufte/
Congressional Budget Office, www.cbo.gov

Presentation by Deborah Kilroe, Associate Director for Communications at CBO, at the Fourth Annual Global Network of Parliamentary Budget Officers Assembly. CBO continually strives to make its work more accessible on its website and social media platforms. This presentation provides an overview of the significant innovations that CBO has implemented in recent years to enhance the online presentation and accessibility of the agency’s work.

CBO’s Recent Budget and Economic Projections

Congressional Budget Office

On April 26, 2016, CBO Director Keith Hall discussed CBO’s role in the Congressional budget process and its recent economic and budget projections with members of American University’s Department of Economics. CBO anticipates that the economy will expand solidly this year and next. Increases in demand for goods and services are expected to reduce the quantity of underused labor and capital, or “slack,” in the economy—reducing the unemployment rate and pushing up compensation. That reduction in slack will also push up inflation and interest rates. Over the following years, CBO projects, output will grow at a more modest pace, constrained by relatively slow growth in the nation’s supply of labor. Nevertheless, in those later years, output is anticipated to grow more quickly than it has during the past decade. In 2016, the federal budget deficit will increase, in relation to the size of the economy, for the first time since 2009, according to the Congressional Budget Office’s estimates. If current laws generally remained unchanged, the deficit would grow over the next 10 years, and by 2026 it would be considerably larger than its average over the past 50 years, CBO projects. Debt held by the public would also grow significantly from its already high level.

CBO’s Contributions to Fiscal Transparency

Congressional Budget Office

On April 12, 2016, CBO Deputy Director Robert Sunshine presented at the 8th Annual Meeting of OECD Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions. The OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) defines fiscal transparency as the full disclosure of all relevant fiscal information in a timely and systematic manner. Each year, CBO produces numerous products that provide such information to the Congress, and through its website, to other interested parties and the general public. This presentation describes several of those products.

Productivity and Growth in CBO’s Forecasts

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CBO’s Role in the Congressional Budget Process

Congressional Budget Office

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CBO’s Agriculture Baseline

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The 2016 Budget Outlook

Congressional Budget Office

Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, at the Forecasters Club of New York. In 2016, the federal budget deficit will increase, in relation to the size of the economy, for the first time since 2009, according to the Congressional Budget Office’s estimates. If current laws generally remained unchanged, the deficit would grow over the next 10 years, and by 2026 it would be considerably larger than its average over the past 50 years, CBO projects. Debt held by the public would also grow significantly from its already high level. To analyze the state of the budget in the long term, CBO has extrapolated its 10-year baseline projections an additional two decades. If current laws governing taxes and spending remain in place, the outlook for the budget would steadily worsen over the long term, with revenues falling well short of spending. CBO is in the process of completing a detailed update of its long-term projections; but in January the agency did a simplified update. On that basis, budget deficits are projected to rise steadily and federal debt held by the public is projected to exceed 130 percent of GDP by 2040. To put the federal budget on a sustainable path for the long term, lawmakers would have to make major changes to tax policies, spending policies, or both – by reducing spending for large benefit programs below the projected amounts, letting revenues rise more than they would under current law, or adopting some combination of those approaches. The size of such changes would depend on the amount of federal debt that lawmakers considered appropriate.

The 2016 Budget and Economic Outlook

Congressional Budget Office

Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, to the National Association for Business Economics. In 2016, the federal budget deficit will increase, in relation to the size of the economy, for the first time since 2009, according to the Congressional Budget Office’s estimates. If current laws generally remained unchanged, the deficit would grow over the next 10 years, and by 2026 it would be considerably larger than its average over the past 50 years, CBO projects. Debt held by the public would also grow significantly from its already high level. CBO anticipates that the economy will expand solidly this year and next. Increases in demand for goods and services are expected to reduce the quantity of underused labor and capital, or “slack,” in the economy—thereby encouraging greater participation in the labor force by reducing the unemployment rate and pushing up compensation. That reduction in slack will also push up inflation and interest rates. Over the following years, CBO projects, output will grow at a more modest pace, constrained by relatively slow growth in the nation’s supply of labor. Nevertheless, in those later years, output is anticipated to grow more quickly than it has during the past decade.

Presentation by David E. Mosher, Assistant Director for CBO’s National Security Division, at the Professional Services Council’s 2016 Vision Federal Market Forecast Conference. Pressure on the Department of Defense’s budget in future years will come from external fiscal constraints as well as growth within the department in the costs of weapon systems, manpower, and operation and maintenance. Given those fiscal constraints, if those causes of growth are not addressed, DoD will have to reduce forces, the number of weapons it buys, or operations and readiness.

Communicating Budgetary and Economic Information With Style at CBO

Congressional Budget Office

Presentation by Maureen Costantino, Visual Information and Publications Specialist in CBO's Management, Business, and Information Services Division, at the Fourth Annual Global Network of Parliamentary Budget Officers Assembly. This presentation provides an overview of the visual communications initiatives at CBO. It illustrates the evolution of graphics products at the agency, and some of the best practices that it has adopted for those products.

CBO’s Role in the Congressional Budget Process

Congressional Budget Office

Presentation by Megan Carroll and David Newman, analysts in CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, at the spring symposium of the American Association for Budget and Program Analysis. Since 1975, CBO has produced nonpartisan analyses of budgetary and economic issues to support the Congressional budget process. Each year, the agency’s budget analysts produce hundreds of cost estimates for proposed legislation. This presentation describes some of the principles that underlie those estimates and how the estimates relate to Congressional budget enforcement procedures.

The 2016 Budget Outlook

Congressional Budget Office

Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, at the Peter G. Peterson Foundation’s 2016 Fiscal Summit. In 2016, the federal budget deficit will increase, in relation to the size of the economy, for the first time since 2009, according to CBO’s estimates. If current laws generally remained unchanged, the deficit would grow over the next 10 years, and by 2026 it would be considerably larger than its average over the past 50 years, CBO projects. Debt held by the public would also grow significantly from its already high level. To analyze the state of the budget in the long term, CBO has extrapolated its 10-year baseline projections an additional two decades. If current laws governing taxes and spending remain in place, the outlook for the budget would steadily worsen over the long term, with revenues falling well short of spending. CBO is in the process of completing a detailed update of its long-term projections; but in January the agency did a simplified update. On that basis, budget deficits are projected to rise steadily and federal debt held by the public is projected to exceed 130 percent of GDP by 2040. To put the federal budget on a sustainable path for the long term, lawmakers would have to make major changes to tax policies, spending policies, or both – by reducing spending for large benefit programs below the projected amounts, letting revenues rise more than they would under current law, or adopting some combination of those approaches. The size of such changes would depend on the amount of federal debt that lawmakers considered appropriate.

Estimating the Revenue Effects of Proposals to Increase Funding for Tax Enfor...

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For its baseline budget projections, CBO estimates the revenue effects of enacted legislation that changed the amount of funding for tax enforcement. Similarly, CBO’s annual analysis of the President’s budget includes its estimates of the revenue effects of the Administration’s proposals to change such funding. (But CBO does not estimate the changes in revenue from proposals to amend the tax code; those estimates are the responsibility of the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation.) However, for legislation being considered by the Congress, CBO does not include projections of additional receipts from proposed increases in funding for tax enforcement in its estimates of the budgetary effects that are used for budget enforcement purposes. That approach follows the budget scorekeeping guidelines specified in the conference report for the Balanced Budget Act of 1997. These slides describe the circumstances under which CBO estimates the revenue effects of changes in funding for tax enforcement and the factors that affect those estimates. They were the basis for a presentation by Janet Holtzblatt, a unit chief in CBO's Tax Analysis Division, at the sixth annual Internal Revenue Service-Tax Policy Center Joint Research Conference on Tax Administration.

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Congressional Budget Office

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Congressional Budget Office

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Fiscal Policy and Automatic Stabilizers

Congressional Budget Office

Presentation by Wendy Edelberg, an Associate Director for Economic Analysis at CBO, at the Brookings Institution’s Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy. Revenues and spending as a share of economic output have varied over business cycles as a result of both changes in legislation and automatic stabilizers. Automatic stabilizers are the automatic increases in revenues and decreases in outlays in the federal budget that occur when the economy strengthens, and the opposite changes that occur when the economy weakens.

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Congressional Budget Office

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Congressional Budget Office

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The Distribution of Asset Holdings and Capital Gains

Congressional Budget Office

In 2010, more than 70 percent of families directly owned capital assets that had a combined worth of $50 trillion. In that year, taxpayers reported net long-term gains and net long-term losses that totaled $123 billion from the sale of those types of assets. In this report, CBO and the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation examine the distribution of capital assets and net capital gains and losses in 2010 by type of asset and by the income and age of the asset holder.

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How CBO Promotes Integrity in Its Analyses

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Since 1975, CBO has produced nonpartisan budgetary and economic analyses that support the Congressional budget process. Taking a number of steps to ensure that all of its work is objective, impartial, and nonpartisan, CBO works hard to make its analysis transparent. Publications go well beyond simply presenting results; instead, the agency explains the basis of its findings so that Members of Congress, their staff, and outside analysts can understand the results and question the methodologies used. Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, at the University of Virginia’s Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy.

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Alternatives for Making Federal Highway Spending More Productive

Congressional Budget Office

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Productivity and Growth in CBO’s Forecasts

Congressional Budget Office

CBO regularly publishes economic projections that are consistent with current law—providing a basis for its estimates of federal revenues, outlays, deficits, and debt. A key element in CBO’s projections is its forecast of potential (maximum sustainable) output, which is based mainly on estimates of the potential labor force, the flow of services from the capital stock, and potential total factor productivity in the nonfarm business sector. This presentation describes CBO’s most recent 10-year economic projections and the methods used to produce them. It also describes how economic developments since the financial crisis and the recession of 2007–2009 have led CBO to revise its projections of productivity and growth in potential output and discusses ways in which the agency is working to improve its methods. Presentation by Robert Shackleton, an analyst in CBO’s Macroeconomic Analysis Division, at the NABE Foundation's 14th Annual Economic Measurement Seminar.

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Congressional Budget Office

Presentation by Presentation by Keith Hall, CBO Director, at the Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland. Since 1975, CBO has produced nonpartisan analyses of budgetary and economic issues to support the Congressional budget process. Each year, the agency’s economists and budget analysts produce dozens of reports and hundreds of cost estimates for proposed legislation. One such report is the annual Budget and Economic Outlook, which is generally released each January and updated in August, and projects economic and budget outcomes under the assumption that current laws regarding federal spending and revenues generally remain in place. Those baseline projections cover the 10-year period used in the Congressional budget process. This presentation includes some key elements of those projections.

An Introduction to CBO: Its Role, Services, Products, and Communications

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This document discusses the FY 2015 US budget and the need for budget process reform. It summarizes CBO projections of past, present, and future budget deficits and debt levels. It notes that autopilot spending on entitlement programs like Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security are driving unsustainable growth and squeezing other spending. The document concludes by observing various budget process reforms that have been proposed but not implemented, and suggests that fundamental entitlement reform may be needed to balance the budget long-term.

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在线办理(西班牙UPV毕业证书)瓦伦西亚理工大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样

Communicating Budgetary and Economic Information With Style at CBO

1. Congressional Budget Office Communicating Budgetary and Economic Information, With Style, at the Congressional Budget Office VisCom 2016 Conference Snowbird, Utah June 24, 2016 Maureen Costantino Visual Information and Publications Specialist

2. 1CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE What We Are ■ CBO is a United States government agency that was created by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. ■ It provides analysis of budgetary and economic issues that is objective and impartial to the U.S. Congress. The agency is strictly nonpartisan.

3. 2CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Report Production at CBO

4. 3CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Publishing Reports at CBO ■ Publishing high‐quality content is a demanding job, particularly so because the agency is small. ■ Reports entering production are often on a tight schedule. ■ Accuracy and speed are essential. ■ Products range from stand‐alone graphics to full reports.

5. 4CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Bird’s Eye View of the Report Process

6. 5CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Production Process: The Tools of Our Trade

7. 6CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Components of Reports Are Often Repurposed

8. 7CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Graphics at CBO

9. 8CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Graphics ■ Graphics are created for reports. Many are repurposed to be used in other publications related to the same topic; some stand alone. ■ Possible formats: – Website home page announcement of report release; the report landing page – Blog post – Slide deck – Presentation – Infographic – Snapshot – Conference poster Sample Snapshot

10. 9CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE An Evolution of Style: Graphs 2003 2010 1998

11. 10CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE An Evolution of Style: Graphs (Continued) 2012 2016

12. 11CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Less Is More 2010 2016 ■ Gray color for numbers and supporting text ■ Lighter gray for recession bars ■ Smaller point sizes for titles ■ No parentheses around units of measure ■ All notes (including Source) flush left; the word “Notes” gone ■ Introduction of captions where useful What changed? ■ Color used meaningfully ■ Data plotted annually instead of quarterly when possible ■ Upper and right border lines gone ■ No minor tick marks; shorter, less prominent tick marks ■ Smaller point sizes for type ■ Gray color for axis lines and Actual/Projected line

13. 12CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Fewer Fonts Helvetica Black Garamond Book Condensed (Bold) Bell Centennial Subcaption Bell Centennial NameandNumber Proxima Nova family used for all graphics and tables, including titles Old Style New Style

14. 13CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Color Is Key ■ Use of color must have meaning within a report ■ Colors must map to shades of gray that make elements of a graphic in close proximity easily distinguishable when printed in black and white Blue = spending Green = revenues Purple = debt Orange = anything else Informal CBO Conventions

15. 14CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Slide Deck: The Budget and Economic Outlook www.cbo.gov/publication/51182

16. 15CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Telling the Story With Graphics: Social Security Options www.cbo.gov/publication/51011

17. 16CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Judicious Use of Captions: Forecasts of Interest Rates www.cbo.gov/publication/51129

18. 17CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Visualizing Complex Topics www.cbo.gov/publication/51182

19. 18CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Chartbook: Trends in Joblessness and the Incarceration of Young Men www.cbo.gov/publication/51495

20. 19CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Stand‐Alone Infographic: The Federal Budget www.cbo.gov/publication/51114

21. 20CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Do Judge a Book by Its Cover

22. 21CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Who for What? ■ Content specialists ■ Editors ■ Graphic artists ■ Internal and independent reviewers ■ Production specialists ■ Proofreaders ■ Web specialists

23. 22CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE What’s in CBO’s Publishing Future?

24. 23CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Interactive Graphics?