This document discusses several neurological conditions and their palliative care needs. It notes that neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease, dementia, ALS, brain tumors, and stroke can cause substantial burdens from symptoms. These conditions benefit from palliative approaches to manage pain, fatigue, depression and other symptoms to improve quality of life. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include Parkinson's disease, dementia, ALS, brain tumors, and stroke. Risk factors, causes, and potential complications of stroke are also outlined.
PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT OF POST STROKE PATIENT.Jonasbrother2013
This document provides an overview of physiotherapy management for stroke. It begins with definitions of stroke and transient ischemic attack. It then discusses risk factors, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and medical management of stroke. The remainder of the document focuses on the physiotherapy assessment and treatment approaches in both the acute and post-acute stages. The assessment covers various body functions and structures, while the treatment approaches aim to improve motor function, mobility, balance, sensation, flexibility, strength, and reduce spasticity to achieve functional independence.
This document provides information about stroke including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with an introduction defining stroke as the interruption of blood flow to the brain. It then discusses the two main types of stroke: ischemic (caused by blockage) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Symptoms vary depending on the area of brain affected but can include paralysis, weakness, sensory loss, and speech problems. Stroke is diagnosed using CT scans or MRI. Treatment involves medications to prevent clots like aspirin, and sometimes surgery to repair blood vessels. Physiotherapy focuses on improving mobility, balance, and function.
Stroke occurs when a blood vessel that supplies the brain is blocked or ruptures, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. The most common type of stroke is ischemic stroke, which accounts for over 80% of cases and occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery. Less common is hemorrhagic stroke, which occurs when a blood vessel ruptures in or near the brain. Risk factors for stroke include high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use. Prompt treatment is crucial for stroke victims.
This document defines and describes cerebral vascular accidents (strokes). It notes that strokes are usually hemorrhagic or ischemic, and lists risk factors such as age, gender, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes. Clinical manifestations include motor deficits, communication problems, sensory disturbances, and cognitive impairments. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and physical exams. Prevention focuses on modifying risk factors. Treatment includes thrombolytics, anticoagulants, managing complications, and rehabilitation to achieve goals like improved mobility and communication.
Hemiplegia is the total paralysis of one side of the body that can be caused by stroke, head trauma, brain tumors, or other neurological conditions. It is characterized by an inability to voluntarily move the arm, leg, and trunk on the same side of the body. Symptoms vary but can include difficulties with walking, balance, grasping objects, muscle stiffness, spasms, and speech or swallowing. Treatment involves rehabilitation to help regain motor function through exercises and may include pharmacological interventions or surgery depending on the underlying cause.
This document discusses strokes, including what they are, their causes, symptoms, types, risk factors, prevalence, and management. It defines a stroke as the sudden death of brain cells due to interrupted blood flow to the brain, and outlines the two main types - ischemic caused by blockages, and hemorrhagic caused by bleeding. Risk factors discussed include hypertension, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and others. The document also provides statistics on stroke prevalence worldwide and in India. It describes India's National Programme for Prevention and Control of Stroke, which focuses on screening, treatment, capacity building, and promoting healthy lifestyles.
1) Strokes occur when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die. They are a medical emergency.
2) Approximately 800,000 people in the US have a stroke each year, making it the 5th leading cause of death. For black people, it is the 3rd leading cause.
3) Strokes can be ischemic, caused by blockages cutting off blood flow, or hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding in the brain. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and older age. Diagnosis involves scans, tests, and examining symptoms like paralysis and speech problems.
PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT OF POST STROKE PATIENT.Jonasbrother2013
This document provides an overview of physiotherapy management for stroke. It begins with definitions of stroke and transient ischemic attack. It then discusses risk factors, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and medical management of stroke. The remainder of the document focuses on the physiotherapy assessment and treatment approaches in both the acute and post-acute stages. The assessment covers various body functions and structures, while the treatment approaches aim to improve motor function, mobility, balance, sensation, flexibility, strength, and reduce spasticity to achieve functional independence.
This document provides information about stroke including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with an introduction defining stroke as the interruption of blood flow to the brain. It then discusses the two main types of stroke: ischemic (caused by blockage) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Symptoms vary depending on the area of brain affected but can include paralysis, weakness, sensory loss, and speech problems. Stroke is diagnosed using CT scans or MRI. Treatment involves medications to prevent clots like aspirin, and sometimes surgery to repair blood vessels. Physiotherapy focuses on improving mobility, balance, and function.
Stroke occurs when a blood vessel that supplies the brain is blocked or ruptures, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. The most common type of stroke is ischemic stroke, which accounts for over 80% of cases and occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery. Less common is hemorrhagic stroke, which occurs when a blood vessel ruptures in or near the brain. Risk factors for stroke include high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use. Prompt treatment is crucial for stroke victims.
This document defines and describes cerebral vascular accidents (strokes). It notes that strokes are usually hemorrhagic or ischemic, and lists risk factors such as age, gender, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes. Clinical manifestations include motor deficits, communication problems, sensory disturbances, and cognitive impairments. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and physical exams. Prevention focuses on modifying risk factors. Treatment includes thrombolytics, anticoagulants, managing complications, and rehabilitation to achieve goals like improved mobility and communication.
Hemiplegia is the total paralysis of one side of the body that can be caused by stroke, head trauma, brain tumors, or other neurological conditions. It is characterized by an inability to voluntarily move the arm, leg, and trunk on the same side of the body. Symptoms vary but can include difficulties with walking, balance, grasping objects, muscle stiffness, spasms, and speech or swallowing. Treatment involves rehabilitation to help regain motor function through exercises and may include pharmacological interventions or surgery depending on the underlying cause.
This document discusses strokes, including what they are, their causes, symptoms, types, risk factors, prevalence, and management. It defines a stroke as the sudden death of brain cells due to interrupted blood flow to the brain, and outlines the two main types - ischemic caused by blockages, and hemorrhagic caused by bleeding. Risk factors discussed include hypertension, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and others. The document also provides statistics on stroke prevalence worldwide and in India. It describes India's National Programme for Prevention and Control of Stroke, which focuses on screening, treatment, capacity building, and promoting healthy lifestyles.
1) Strokes occur when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die. They are a medical emergency.
2) Approximately 800,000 people in the US have a stroke each year, making it the 5th leading cause of death. For black people, it is the 3rd leading cause.
3) Strokes can be ischemic, caused by blockages cutting off blood flow, or hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding in the brain. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and older age. Diagnosis involves scans, tests, and examining symptoms like paralysis and speech problems.
Stroke is caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain and can be either hemorrhagic or ischemic. Ischemic strokes are more common and can be caused by thrombosis, embolism, or hypoperfusion. The brain requires a lot of oxygen and glucose which can be cut off by these events, triggering a damaging cascade within brain cells. Imaging like CT and MRI are used to diagnose stroke and determine if damaged areas can still be salvaged. Risk factors include conditions like high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and lifestyle factors. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow as quickly as possible if the patient presents within the approved time window.
Hypertension is the leading modifiable risk factor for stroke globally. Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, with low and middle income countries like those in Africa having the highest burden. While prevention through control of risk factors like hypertension is critical, many resource-limited areas lack adequate acute stroke care and rehabilitation services.
This document summarizes information about strokes (cerebrovascular disease). It discusses that strokes are caused by reduced blood flow to the brain and can be ischemic (lack of blood flow) or hemorrhagic (bleeding). The most common causes are atherosclerosis and hypertension. Ischemic strokes are more common and can be thrombotic, embolic, or lacunar. Clinical signs depend on the location and size of the affected brain area. Investigations help determine the type and severity of stroke.
This document provides information on ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. It discusses the types, risk factors, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each. For ischemic stroke, it outlines the five types according to cause and details tPA administration criteria. For hemorrhagic stroke, it describes the types including intracerebral hemorrhage from aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations. Nursing interventions for recovery are also summarized.
Stroke is a disease that affects the arteries within the brain.
It is the 5th cause of death and a leading cause of disability in the United States.
A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts (or ruptures). When that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood (and oxygen) it needs,and brain cells die.
Case Study on Cerebro Vascular Accident (CVA) Jaice Mary Joy
Case study on cerebro vascular accident (CVA) or stroke. It include History, Physical Examination, nursing care plan and Orem's nursing theory applied.
Cerebrovascular disorder or CVA is damage to part of the brain when its blood supply is suddenly reduced or stopped. The part of the brain deprived of blood dies and can no longer function. Blood is prevented from reaching brain tissue when a blood vessel leading to the brain becomes blocked (ischemic) or bursts (hemorrhagic). Symptoms following a stroke come on suddenly and may include: weakness, numbness, or tingling in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination inability to speak or difficulty speaking or understanding, trouble seeing with one or both eyes, or double vision, confusion or personality changes, difficulty with muscle movements, such as swallowing, moving arms and legs, loss of bowel and bladder control, severe headache with no known cause, and loss of consciousness.
1.stroke epidemiology and stroke syndromes dr trilochan shrivastavamrinal joshi
The document discusses stroke epidemiology and syndromes. Some key points:
- Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide.
- Risk factors for stroke include age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and heart disease.
- Ischemic strokes are caused by blood clots, while hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeding in the brain.
- Common stroke syndromes depend on the affected brain region and may cause weakness, sensory loss, speech issues, or visual problems. Middle cerebral artery strokes often cause contralateral weakness, while basilar artery strokes can cause "locked-in" syndrome.
This document provides an overview of strokes, including:
- Globally, about 17 million strokes occur annually, making it a leading cause of death and disability.
- Strokes are caused by blockages or ruptures in blood vessels in the brain. The brain then does not receive enough blood and oxygen.
- Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise, poor diet, family history, older age, and prior heart attack or stroke.
- Early detection and treatment are important to reduce long-term effects such as paralysis or speech problems. Managing risk factors can also help prevent future strokes.
Stroke results from a disruption in blood flow to the brain. It is a leading cause of death and disability. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, heart disease, diabetes, and older age. There are two main types - ischemic caused by blockage and hemorrhagic caused by bleeding. Treatment depends on the type but may include blood thinners, clot busters, or surgery. Physical therapy focuses on regaining mobility and function through exercises, gait training, and positioning. Prevention emphasizes controlling risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking.
This document discusses cerebrovascular accidents (strokes). It defines strokes as occurring when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, and describes the two main types: ischemic (caused by blockage) and hemorrhagic (caused by ruptured blood vessel). Risk factors include conditions like high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and older age. Symptoms appear suddenly and may include weakness, trouble speaking, or vision issues. Diagnosis involves tests like CT/MRI scans and angiograms. Treatment depends on stroke type but aims to restore blood flow or control bleeding. Prevention focuses on controlling risk factors like blood pressure and diabetes.
This document discusses the management and prognosis of cerebrovascular accidents (strokes). It covers the major subtypes of strokes, including ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. For ischemic strokes, imaging studies like CT scans and MRI are used to identify blood clots and rule out hemorrhage. Thrombolysis treatment within 3-4.5 hours can help reduce disability. For hemorrhagic strokes, CT scans are used to locate bleeding and its cause. Outcomes depend on the stroke subtype, with ischemic usually having a better prognosis than hemorrhagic. Lifestyle changes and treating underlying risk factors like hypertension are emphasized for primary and secondary stroke prevention.
This document discusses stroke, its causes, symptoms, treatments, and importance of early intervention. Stroke occurs when a blood vessel supplying the brain is blocked by a clot or ruptures, depriving brain tissue of oxygen. Early recognition of stroke symptoms using the FAST test and immediate medical treatment are crucial, as every minute of delay causes further brain damage. Specialized stroke units and clot-busting drugs within 4.5 hours of symptoms can significantly improve outcomes. Rehabilitation is also important for recovery. Lifestyle changes can help prevent additional strokes. Public awareness and advocacy are needed to improve stroke care worldwide.
This document discusses risk factors for ischemic stroke. It identifies non-modifiable risk factors such as age, sex, race and heredity. The major modifiable risk factors are hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, and physical inactivity. Approximately 90% of strokes can be explained by 10 risk factors, including these medical conditions and behavioral risks. The document provides details on how each of these factors increases the risk of ischemic stroke. It also discusses additional potential risk factors that are still under investigation.
Stroke in people under 45 years of age is less frequent than in older populations but has a major impact on the individual and society. In this article we provide an overview of the epidemiology and etiology of young stroke.
1. A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, either by a blood clot blocking a vessel (ischemic stroke) or a blood vessel rupturing (hemorrhagic stroke).
2. The main types of ischemic strokes are caused by blood clots forming in arteries (thrombosis) or traveling from another part of the body (embolism). Hemorrhagic strokes are either subarachnoid hemorrhages or intracerebral hemorrhages.
3. Treatment for ischemic strokes involves clot-busting drugs or surgery to remove clots, while hemorrhagic strokes focus on controlling bleeding, blood pressure, and complications. The goals are
Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. It is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In Bangladesh, stroke accounts for 10% of medical admissions. The most common type is ischemic stroke, caused by blockage of an artery supplying the brain. Symptoms depend on the affected area but may include weakness, speech problems, visual issues, and headaches. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce long-term effects.
The document discusses the approach to transient ischemic attack (TIA) and stroke. It provides definitions of TIA and acute stroke, and classifications of stroke. It also reviews epidemiological data on stroke from Malaysia, clinical features of different types of stroke, etiologies, investigations and management of acute ischemic stroke.
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States and worldwide. There are three main types of stroke: ischemic (caused by blockage), hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding), and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or mini-strokes). Symptoms appear suddenly and without warning, and include numbness, confusion, trouble seeing or speaking. Prompt medical treatment is crucial. Diagnostic tests help determine the type and location of damage. Treatment depends on stroke type but may include clot-busting drugs or surgery to repair blood vessels. Rehabilitation is important for recovery. Risk can be reduced by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and managing medical conditions like high blood pressure.
This document discusses several neurological conditions that can benefit from palliative care interventions, including Parkinson's disease, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brain tumors, and stroke. It describes some key symptoms and challenges for patients with each condition, such as mobility issues, cognitive decline, swallowing difficulties, pain, and more. Palliative care aims to address patients' physical, emotional and quality of life needs through specialized treatment of symptoms from these progressive neurological diseases.
1. The document provides information about stroke, including its definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, early warning signs, and primary impairments. It notes that stroke is caused by either blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain.
2. High blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, smoking, age, race, family history, and prior stroke or TIA are identified as major risk factors. Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes are described in terms of pathophysiology.
3. Early warning signs include sudden numbness, confusion, vision problems, and difficulty walking or balancing. Primary impairments involve sensation, motor function, coordination, reflexes, and speech/language.
This document provides information on cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and transient ischemic attacks (TIA). It defines CVA and TIA, discusses their signs and symptoms, causes, types, diagnostic tests, management, and nursing care. The objectives are to define CVA and TIA, discuss their signs and symptoms and causes, explain the prevalence of stroke, differentiate the types of stroke, outline diagnostic tests, discuss management of stroke and TIA, and utilize nursing process in caring for these patients. It also discusses rehabilitation of stroke patients involving a multidisciplinary team.
Stroke is caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain and can be either hemorrhagic or ischemic. Ischemic strokes are more common and can be caused by thrombosis, embolism, or hypoperfusion. The brain requires a lot of oxygen and glucose which can be cut off by these events, triggering a damaging cascade within brain cells. Imaging like CT and MRI are used to diagnose stroke and determine if damaged areas can still be salvaged. Risk factors include conditions like high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and lifestyle factors. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow as quickly as possible if the patient presents within the approved time window.
Hypertension is the leading modifiable risk factor for stroke globally. Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, with low and middle income countries like those in Africa having the highest burden. While prevention through control of risk factors like hypertension is critical, many resource-limited areas lack adequate acute stroke care and rehabilitation services.
This document summarizes information about strokes (cerebrovascular disease). It discusses that strokes are caused by reduced blood flow to the brain and can be ischemic (lack of blood flow) or hemorrhagic (bleeding). The most common causes are atherosclerosis and hypertension. Ischemic strokes are more common and can be thrombotic, embolic, or lacunar. Clinical signs depend on the location and size of the affected brain area. Investigations help determine the type and severity of stroke.
This document provides information on ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. It discusses the types, risk factors, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each. For ischemic stroke, it outlines the five types according to cause and details tPA administration criteria. For hemorrhagic stroke, it describes the types including intracerebral hemorrhage from aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations. Nursing interventions for recovery are also summarized.
Stroke is a disease that affects the arteries within the brain.
It is the 5th cause of death and a leading cause of disability in the United States.
A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts (or ruptures). When that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood (and oxygen) it needs,and brain cells die.
Case Study on Cerebro Vascular Accident (CVA) Jaice Mary Joy
Case study on cerebro vascular accident (CVA) or stroke. It include History, Physical Examination, nursing care plan and Orem's nursing theory applied.
Cerebrovascular disorder or CVA is damage to part of the brain when its blood supply is suddenly reduced or stopped. The part of the brain deprived of blood dies and can no longer function. Blood is prevented from reaching brain tissue when a blood vessel leading to the brain becomes blocked (ischemic) or bursts (hemorrhagic). Symptoms following a stroke come on suddenly and may include: weakness, numbness, or tingling in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination inability to speak or difficulty speaking or understanding, trouble seeing with one or both eyes, or double vision, confusion or personality changes, difficulty with muscle movements, such as swallowing, moving arms and legs, loss of bowel and bladder control, severe headache with no known cause, and loss of consciousness.
1.stroke epidemiology and stroke syndromes dr trilochan shrivastavamrinal joshi
The document discusses stroke epidemiology and syndromes. Some key points:
- Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide.
- Risk factors for stroke include age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and heart disease.
- Ischemic strokes are caused by blood clots, while hemorrhagic strokes involve bleeding in the brain.
- Common stroke syndromes depend on the affected brain region and may cause weakness, sensory loss, speech issues, or visual problems. Middle cerebral artery strokes often cause contralateral weakness, while basilar artery strokes can cause "locked-in" syndrome.
This document provides an overview of strokes, including:
- Globally, about 17 million strokes occur annually, making it a leading cause of death and disability.
- Strokes are caused by blockages or ruptures in blood vessels in the brain. The brain then does not receive enough blood and oxygen.
- Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise, poor diet, family history, older age, and prior heart attack or stroke.
- Early detection and treatment are important to reduce long-term effects such as paralysis or speech problems. Managing risk factors can also help prevent future strokes.
Stroke results from a disruption in blood flow to the brain. It is a leading cause of death and disability. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, heart disease, diabetes, and older age. There are two main types - ischemic caused by blockage and hemorrhagic caused by bleeding. Treatment depends on the type but may include blood thinners, clot busters, or surgery. Physical therapy focuses on regaining mobility and function through exercises, gait training, and positioning. Prevention emphasizes controlling risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking.
This document discusses cerebrovascular accidents (strokes). It defines strokes as occurring when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, and describes the two main types: ischemic (caused by blockage) and hemorrhagic (caused by ruptured blood vessel). Risk factors include conditions like high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and older age. Symptoms appear suddenly and may include weakness, trouble speaking, or vision issues. Diagnosis involves tests like CT/MRI scans and angiograms. Treatment depends on stroke type but aims to restore blood flow or control bleeding. Prevention focuses on controlling risk factors like blood pressure and diabetes.
This document discusses the management and prognosis of cerebrovascular accidents (strokes). It covers the major subtypes of strokes, including ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. For ischemic strokes, imaging studies like CT scans and MRI are used to identify blood clots and rule out hemorrhage. Thrombolysis treatment within 3-4.5 hours can help reduce disability. For hemorrhagic strokes, CT scans are used to locate bleeding and its cause. Outcomes depend on the stroke subtype, with ischemic usually having a better prognosis than hemorrhagic. Lifestyle changes and treating underlying risk factors like hypertension are emphasized for primary and secondary stroke prevention.
This document discusses stroke, its causes, symptoms, treatments, and importance of early intervention. Stroke occurs when a blood vessel supplying the brain is blocked by a clot or ruptures, depriving brain tissue of oxygen. Early recognition of stroke symptoms using the FAST test and immediate medical treatment are crucial, as every minute of delay causes further brain damage. Specialized stroke units and clot-busting drugs within 4.5 hours of symptoms can significantly improve outcomes. Rehabilitation is also important for recovery. Lifestyle changes can help prevent additional strokes. Public awareness and advocacy are needed to improve stroke care worldwide.
This document discusses risk factors for ischemic stroke. It identifies non-modifiable risk factors such as age, sex, race and heredity. The major modifiable risk factors are hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, and physical inactivity. Approximately 90% of strokes can be explained by 10 risk factors, including these medical conditions and behavioral risks. The document provides details on how each of these factors increases the risk of ischemic stroke. It also discusses additional potential risk factors that are still under investigation.
Stroke in people under 45 years of age is less frequent than in older populations but has a major impact on the individual and society. In this article we provide an overview of the epidemiology and etiology of young stroke.
1. A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, either by a blood clot blocking a vessel (ischemic stroke) or a blood vessel rupturing (hemorrhagic stroke).
2. The main types of ischemic strokes are caused by blood clots forming in arteries (thrombosis) or traveling from another part of the body (embolism). Hemorrhagic strokes are either subarachnoid hemorrhages or intracerebral hemorrhages.
3. Treatment for ischemic strokes involves clot-busting drugs or surgery to remove clots, while hemorrhagic strokes focus on controlling bleeding, blood pressure, and complications. The goals are
Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. It is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In Bangladesh, stroke accounts for 10% of medical admissions. The most common type is ischemic stroke, caused by blockage of an artery supplying the brain. Symptoms depend on the affected area but may include weakness, speech problems, visual issues, and headaches. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce long-term effects.
The document discusses the approach to transient ischemic attack (TIA) and stroke. It provides definitions of TIA and acute stroke, and classifications of stroke. It also reviews epidemiological data on stroke from Malaysia, clinical features of different types of stroke, etiologies, investigations and management of acute ischemic stroke.
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States and worldwide. There are three main types of stroke: ischemic (caused by blockage), hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding), and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or mini-strokes). Symptoms appear suddenly and without warning, and include numbness, confusion, trouble seeing or speaking. Prompt medical treatment is crucial. Diagnostic tests help determine the type and location of damage. Treatment depends on stroke type but may include clot-busting drugs or surgery to repair blood vessels. Rehabilitation is important for recovery. Risk can be reduced by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and managing medical conditions like high blood pressure.
This document discusses several neurological conditions that can benefit from palliative care interventions, including Parkinson's disease, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brain tumors, and stroke. It describes some key symptoms and challenges for patients with each condition, such as mobility issues, cognitive decline, swallowing difficulties, pain, and more. Palliative care aims to address patients' physical, emotional and quality of life needs through specialized treatment of symptoms from these progressive neurological diseases.
1. The document provides information about stroke, including its definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, early warning signs, and primary impairments. It notes that stroke is caused by either blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain.
2. High blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, smoking, age, race, family history, and prior stroke or TIA are identified as major risk factors. Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes are described in terms of pathophysiology.
3. Early warning signs include sudden numbness, confusion, vision problems, and difficulty walking or balancing. Primary impairments involve sensation, motor function, coordination, reflexes, and speech/language.
This document provides information on cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and transient ischemic attacks (TIA). It defines CVA and TIA, discusses their signs and symptoms, causes, types, diagnostic tests, management, and nursing care. The objectives are to define CVA and TIA, discuss their signs and symptoms and causes, explain the prevalence of stroke, differentiate the types of stroke, outline diagnostic tests, discuss management of stroke and TIA, and utilize nursing process in caring for these patients. It also discusses rehabilitation of stroke patients involving a multidisciplinary team.
There are three main types of strokes: ischemic, hemorrhagic, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Ischemic strokes, which account for 85% of cases, occur when a blood clot blocks an artery in the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes happen when a brain artery ruptures, often due to high blood pressure. TIAs are mini-strokes caused by temporary blood flow interruptions. Diagnostic tests like CT scans and MRIs are used to determine the type of stroke and appropriate treatment, which may include clot-busting drugs, surgery, or rehabilitation therapy. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help prevent strokes.
This document provides an overview of syncope by Dr. Mohammed Lukman Abolaji. It defines syncope and discusses the pathophysiology, including how a loss of cerebral blood flow can cause loss of consciousness. It outlines the most common causes or etiologies of syncope including reflex or neurally mediated syncope, orthostatic hypotension, and cardiac syncope. It emphasizes that obtaining a thorough history and physical examination is important for evaluating syncope and determining its underlying cause in 50-85% of patients.
This document provides an overview of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and transient ischemic attacks (TIA). It defines TIA as a temporary neurological deficit lasting less than 24 hours. Signs and symptoms of TIA include weakness, numbness, slurred speech, and visual problems. Management of TIA involves antithrombotic therapy and controlling risk factors like hypertension and diabetes. Stroke is defined as neurological signs lasting over 24 hours due to a vascular cause. Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes are described along with their causes, signs, and diagnostic tests. Treatment includes thrombolysis, anticoagulants, surgery, and rehabilitation involving a multidisciplinary team.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is disrupted, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. There are two main types of strokes: ischemic, caused by blockage of a blood vessel, and hemorrhagic, caused by a blood vessel rupture. Risk factors include age, gender, race, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and smoking. Symptoms vary depending on the affected brain region but may include weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, and visual issues. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and lab work. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow acutely and long-term rehabilitation. Lifestyle changes and medication can help prevent strokes.
A 45-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a history of seizures. He reported having 5-6 generalized tonic-clonic seizures per day for the past 3 days with loss of consciousness. His past medical history included epilepsy with poor drug compliance. On examination, his vitals were stable. Laboratory tests showed abnormal calcium and creatinine levels. He was diagnosed with epilepsy and started on intravenous anti-seizure medications, vitamins, and antibiotics to treat any underlying infection. The patient was educated on avoiding seizure triggers and the side effects of his medication regimen.
CVA (cerebrovascular accident), also known as stroke, and TIA (transient ischemic attack) are disruptions in blood flow to the brain. A CVA is caused by ischemia or hemorrhage in the brain and results in cell death, while a TIA's disruption is temporary without cell death. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac issues, and diabetes. Symptoms depend on the location and size of the affected area but may include paralysis, impaired speech/vision, and sensory changes. Treatment focuses on prevention by controlling risk factors and potentially using blood thinners. Nursing care revolves around monitoring for complications and maximizing recovery of functions.
Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and in Africa. Risk factors include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, smoking, older age, and previous stroke or TIA. Clinical presentation depends on the type and location of stroke and may include sudden weakness, sensory changes, speech problems, or vision loss. Diagnostic tests include CT or MRI to determine if the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic. Treatment focuses on managing risk factors, treating acute symptoms, and rehabilitation. Prevention strategies target reducing modifiable risk factors through lifestyle changes and medical treatment, especially for hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes.
The association of neuropsychiatric disorders with cerebrovascular disease has been recognized by clinicians for over 100 years. Disease of the vascular system contribute greatly to the sum total of psychiatric disability, chiefly in the elderly population, mainly as a result of stroke, cerebrovascular accidents & subarachnoid haemorrhage.
STROKE PRESENTATION NOTES IN POWERPOINT.johnkaluwe07
Strokes occur when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, either by a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. There are three main types of strokes: transient ischemic attacks, ischemic strokes caused by blood clots, and hemorrhagic strokes caused by ruptured blood vessels. Signs of a stroke include muscular weakness, visual problems, speech difficulties, and headaches. Diagnostic tests include CT scans, MRI scans, and echocardiograms. Stroke treatment focuses on restoring blood flow, controlling risk factors, and rehabilitation to aid recovery.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually and include tremors, slowed movement, rigid muscles and impaired posture and balance. Risk factors include age, heredity, sex, and environmental toxins. Complications involve cognitive and emotional changes. The disease results from cell death in the basal ganglia and presence of Lewy bodies. Diagnosis involves CT/MRI scans and treatment includes levodopa and dopamine agonists.
This document provides an overview of the approach to managing cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs), also known as strokes. It begins with definitions, epidemiology, and risk factors. It then discusses the clinical presentation and neurological deficits associated with different blood vessels. Common complications are also reviewed. The approach to initial management focuses on resuscitation, history and examination, investigations, and acute treatment including medications, monitoring, and prevention of secondary complications. Long-term management involves rehabilitation, lifestyle modifications, and managing risk factors to prevent further strokes. Prognosis varies depending on the stroke subtype but overall many patients experience disability or death.
A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen and causing them to die. The effects of a stroke depend on which part of the brain is injured. Strokes can cause temporary or permanent disabilities. There are two main types of stroke - ischemic, caused by a clot blocking an artery, and hemorrhagic, caused by a burst blood vessel. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and older age. Prevention efforts focus on controlling risk factors through a healthy lifestyle and medications.
This document provides an overview of epilepsy presented by Dr. KD Dele Ijagbulu. It discusses the introduction and epidemiology of epilepsy, defining it as a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It then covers the impact of epilepsy on quality of life, including risks of death from seizures, difficulties with accurate diagnosis, and challenges with medication and treatment options. The document also addresses the aetiology, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis and differential diagnosis of epilepsy.
A cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also known as a stroke, is caused by disrupted blood flow to the brain resulting in the death of brain cells. There are two main types of strokes: ischemic strokes caused by blood clot blockages and hemorrhagic strokes caused by ruptured blood vessels. Treatment depends on the stroke type and may include clot-busting drugs, surgery, or controlling bleeding. Nursing care focuses on rehabilitation and prevention of complications through careful monitoring, positioning, and facilitating recovery of motor and cognitive functions. Lifestyle changes and medication can help prevent future strokes by managing risk factors like high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and atrial fibrillation.
Cerebrovascular accident, also known as stroke, is caused by a sudden blockage or rupture of an artery in the brain, cutting off blood flow. There are two main types - ischemic (caused by clot) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, diabetes, heart disease, and family history. Symptoms depend on the affected brain region but may include weakness, numbness, trouble speaking, and loss of coordination. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow, preventing further damage, and rehabilitation. Control of risk factors can help prevent strokes.
This document summarizes information about yoga for cerebrovascular disease or stroke. It begins by defining stroke and its causes, then discusses the signs, symptoms, and modern medical treatments. It notes that yoga can help with stroke rehabilitation by improving flexibility, strength, and reducing stress. Specific yoga poses and practices are recommended for recovery from and prevention of stroke.
Similar to common Neurological problems in palliative care (20)
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
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The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
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Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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2. PREVALANCE
• Neurologic conditions tend to have high symptom burdens, variable disease
courses, and poor prognoses that affect not only patients but also their families and
caregivers.
3. • Patients with a variety of neurologic conditions such as
• Parkinson disease, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain tumors, stroke,
and acute neurologic illnesses have substantial unmet needs that can be addressed
through a combination of primary and specialty palliative care.
4. PARKINSON DISEASE
• Parkinson disease is a prolonged illness that leads to progressive debility by
impairing balance, mobility, speech, and cognition. In the early stages, patients are
often responsive to dopamine replacement therapy.
• As the disease progresses, however, they experience more nonmotor symptoms that
contribute to disease burden.
• Nonmotor symptoms including orthostatic hypotension, dysphagia, cognitive
decline, psychiatric symptoms, pain, and constipation are common,
• Patients' Edmonton Symptom Assessment System Scale for Parkinson Disease
scores improved with subsequent testing, suggesting that palliative interventions
were beneficial in this population
5. DEMENTIA
• Anticipating the loss of cognitive skills and decision-making capacity, clinicians
should discuss the disease trajectory early with patients with dementia and their
caregivers or surrogate decision makers.
• Common sequelae in advanced dementia include recurrent infections,
hospitalizations, and eating and swallowing difficulties.
• 1The literature suggests that caregivers who have engaged in discussions regarding
prognosis and care preferences are more likely to focus on quality of life and
comfort for their loved ones at the end of life
6. AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL. SCLEROSIS
• most devastating illnesses because of the rapid decline in motor and respiratory
function, leading to a loss of independence and severe disability
• Patients have numerous symptoms including pain, sialorrhea, spasticity,
pseudobulbar affect, dysphagia, weight loss, and respiratory insufficiency that
require intensive treatment by the care team.
• Patients with other neuromuscular diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy
and spinal muscular atrophy may also benefit from palliative considerations that are
similar to those for patients with ALS.
7. BRAIN TUMORS
• There is a growing evidence base for the benefits of palliative care in the
management of patients with cancer as it relates to symptom management and
quality of life
• High grade gliomas have symptoms, such as headaches, dysphagia, seizures,
drowsiness, difficulty communicating, and focal deficits, that would benefit from
more aggressive management
8. STROKE
• Patients with stroke have substantial palliative needs in the poststroke period,
although the severity and the course of illness are highly variable.
• Symptoms such as pain, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and dysphagia should be
identified and addressed as they can impact early and longer-term rehabilitation
effort
• stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States, and early mortality
after stroke is most often attributed to the withdrawal or withholding of life-
sustaining measures.
• is also a leading cause of long-term disability.47 Estimates suggest that 15% to 30%
of patients are permanently disabled and 20% require long-term care at 3 months
poststroke
9. • Monoplegia
• What is Monoplegia?
• Monoplegia is paralysis of a single area of the body, most typically one limb. People with
monoplegia typically retain control over the rest of their body, but cannot move or feel
sensations in the affected limb
• Hemiplegia
• What is Hemiplegia?
• Hemiplegia affects an arm and a leg on the same side of the body. With hemiplegia, the
degree of paralysis varies from person to person, and may change over time. Hemiplegia
often begins with a sensation of pins and needles, progresses to muscle weakness, and
escalates to complete paralysis. However, many people with hemiplegia find that their
degree of functioning varies from day to day, and depending on their overall health, activity
level, and other factors.
10. • What Causes Hemiplegia?
• As with monoplegia, the most common cause is cerebral palsy. However, other
conditions, such as incomplete spinal cord injuries, brain injuries, and nervous
system disorders can also result in hemiplegia.
• Paraplegia
• What is Paraplegia?
• Paraplegia refers to paralysis below the waist, and usually affects both legs, the
hips, and other functions, such as sexuality and elimination. Though stereotypes of
being paralyzed below the waist hold that paraplegics cannot walk, move their legs,
or feel anything below the waist, the reality of paraplegia varies from person to
person—and sometimes, from day to day.
11. • What Causes Paraplegia?
• Spinal cord injuries are the most common cause of paraplegia. These injuries impede the brain's
ability to send and receive signals below the site of the injury. Some other causes include:
• Spinal cord infections
• Spinal cord lesions
• Brain tumors
• Brain infections
• Rarely, nerve damage at the hips or waist; this more typically causes some variety of monoplegia
or hemiplegia.
• Brain or spinal cord oxygen deprivation due to choking, surgical accidents, violence, and similar
causes.
• Stroke
• Congenital malformations in the brain or spinal cord
12. • Quadriplegia
• What is Quadriplegia?
• Quadriplegia, which is often referred to as tetraplegia, is paralysis below the neck.
All four limbs, as well as the torso, are typically affected. As with paraplegia, though,
the degree of disability and loss of function may vary from person to person, and
even from moment to moment. Likewise, some quadriplegics spontaneously regain
some or all functioning, while others slowly retrain their brains and bodies through
dedicated physical therapy and exercise.
13. • As with paraplegia, spinal cord injuries are the leading cause of quadriplegia. The
most common causes of spinal cord injuries include automobile accidents, acts of
violence, falls, and sporting injuries, especially injuries due to contact sports such as
football. Traumatic brain injuries can also cause this form of paralysis.
14. STROKE
1. A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or
reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells
begin to die in minutes.
• stroke is a medical emergency, and prompt treatment is crucial. Early action can
reduce brain damage and other complications.
•
15. CAUSES OF STROKES
• There are two main causes of stroke: a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or leaking
or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Some people may have only a
temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a transient ischemic attack
(TIA), that doesn't cause lasting symptoms.
16. ISCHEMIC STROKE
• This is the most common type of stroke. It happens when the brain's blood vessels become
narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood flow (ischemia). Blocked or narrowed
blood vessels are caused by fatty deposits that build up in blood vessels or by blood clots or
other debris that travel through your bloodstream and lodge in the blood vessels in your
brain.
17. HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
• Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in your brain leaks or ruptures.
Brain hemorrhages can result from many conditions that affect your blood vessels.
Factors related to hemorrhagic stroke include:
• Uncontrolled high blood pressure
• Overtreatment with blood thinners (anticoagulants)
• Bulges at weak spots in your blood vessel walls (aneurysms)
• Trauma (such as a car accident)
• Protein deposits in blood vessel walls that lead to weakness in the vessel wall
(cerebral amyloid angiopathy)
• Ischemic stroke leading to hemorrhage
18. TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA)
• transient ischemic attack (TIA) — sometimes known as a ministroke — is a
temporary period of symptoms similar to those you'd have in a stroke. A TIA doesn't
cause permanent damage. They're caused by a temporary decrease in blood
supply to part of your brain, which may last as little as five minutes.
• Like an ischemic stroke, a TIA occurs when a clot or debris reduces or blocks blood
flow to part of your nervous system.
• Seek emergency care even if you think you've had a TIA because your symptoms
got better. It's not possible to tell if you're having a stroke or TIA based only on your
symptoms. If you've had a TIA, it means you may have a partially blocked or
narrowed artery leading to your brain. Having a TIA increases your risk of having a
full-blown stroke later.
19. RISK FACTORS
• Many factors can increase your stroke risk. Potentially treatable stroke risk factors include:
• Lifestyle risk factors
• Being overweight or obese
• Physical inactivity
• Heavy or binge drinking
• Use of illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine
• Medical risk factors
• High blood pressure
• Cigarette smoking or secondhand smoke exposure
• High cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, heart defects, heart infection or abnormal heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation.
•
20. • Other factors associated with a higher risk of stroke include:
• Age — People age 55 or older have a higher risk of stroke than do younger people.
• Race — African Americans have a higher risk of stroke than do people of other
races.
• Sex — Men have a higher risk of stroke than women. Women are usually older
when they have strokes, and they're more likely to die of strokes than are men.
• Hormones — Use of birth control pills or hormone therapies that include estrogen
increases risk.
21. COMPLICATIONS
• stroke can sometimes cause temporary or permanent disabilities, depending on how long
the brain lacks blood flow and which part was affected. Complications may include:
• Paralysis or loss of muscle movement. You may become paralyzed on one side of your
body, or lose control of certain muscles, such as those on one side of your face or one arm.
• Difficulty talking or swallowing. A stroke might affect control of the muscles in your mouth
and throat, making it difficult for you to talk clearly, swallow or eat. You also may have
difficulty with language, including speaking or understanding speech, reading, or writing.
• Memory loss or thinking difficulties. Many people who have had strokes experience some
memory loss. Others may have difficulty thinking, reasoning, making judgments and
understanding concepts.
• Emotional problems. People who have had strokes may have more difficulty controlling
their emotions, or they may develop depression.
• Pain. Pain, numbness or other unusual sensations may occur in the parts of the body
affected by stroke. For example, if a stroke causes you to lose feeling in your left arm, you
may develop an uncomfortable tingling sensation in that arm.
• Changes in behavior and self-care ability.People who have had strokes may become
more withdrawn. They may need help with grooming and daily chores.
22. PREVENTION
• Knowing your stroke risk factors, following your doctor's recommendations and
adopting a healthy lifestyle are the best steps you can take to prevent a stroke. If
you've had a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA), these measures might help
prevent another stroke. The follow-up care you receive in the hospital and afterward
also may play a role.
• Many stroke prevention strategies are the same as strategies to prevent heart
disease. In general, healthy lifestyle recommendations include:
• Controlling high blood pressure (hypertension). This is one of the most
important things you can do to reduce your stroke risk. If you've had a stroke,
lowering your blood pressure can help prevent a subsequent TIA or stroke. Healthy
lifestyle changes and medications are often used to treat high blood pressure.
•
23. • Lowering the amount of cholesterol and saturated fat in your diet. Eating less
cholesterol and fat, especially saturated fat and trans fats, may reduce the buildup in your
arteries. If you can't control your cholesterol through dietary changes alone, your doctor
may prescribe a cholesterol-lowering medication.
• Quitting tobacco use. Smoking raises the risk of stroke for smokers and nonsmokers
exposed to secondhand smoke. Quitting tobacco use reduces your risk of stroke.
• Managing diabetes. Diet, exercise and losing weight can help you keep your blood
sugar in a healthy range. If lifestyle factors don't seem to be enough to control your
diabetes, your doctor may prescribe diabetes medication.
• Maintaining a healthy weight. Being overweight contributes to other stroke risk factors,
such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
24. PREVENTIVE MEDICATIONS
• Anti-platelet drug—ASPIRIN
• Aggrenox, a combination of low-dose aspirin and the anti-platelet drug dipyridamole
to reduce the risk of blood clotting
• After a TIA or minor stroke, doctor may give aspirin and an anti-platelet drug such
as clopidogrel (Plavix) for a period of time to reduce the risk of another stroke. If
patient can't take aspirin, doctor may prescribe clopidogrel alone.
• Anticoagulants. These drugs reduce blood clotting. Heparin is fast acting and may
be used short-term in the hospital.
• Slower-acting warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven) may be used over a longer term.
Warfarin is a powerful blood-thinning drug
25. NEWER DRUGS
• Several newer blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) are available for
preventing strokes in people who have a high risk. These medications include
dabigatran (Pradaxa), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), apixaban (Eliquis) and edoxaban
(Savaysa). They're shorter acting than warfarin and usually don't require regular
blood tests or monitoring by your doctor. These drugs are also associated with a
lower risk of bleeding complications.
26. PSYCHOSOCIAL & SPIRITUAL
SUPPORT
• Patients’ spiritual needs to be identified as: need to talk about spiritual concerns, showing
sensitivity to patients’ emotions, responding to religious needs; and relatives’ spiritual needs
included: supporting them with end of life decisions, supporting them when feeling being
lost and unbalanced, encouraging exploration of meaning of life, and providing space, time
and privacy to talk.
• Spiritual support need to be provided for the better out come to the patient