Common medications
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This document outlines various classes of common medications, including: A) Anticholinergics which block acetylcholine and are used to treat conditions like urinary incontinence. B) Antihistamines which are used to treat allergic reactions. C) Benzodiazepines which slow messages between the brain and body, used to treat stress, anxiety, and help sleep. D) Cannabinoids found in cannabis, notably THC and CBD. E) Glucocorticoids which are steroids that fight inflammation and are made naturally in the body. F) Phenothiazines which act as dopamine receptor antagonists and are used to
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4) The adverse effects of opioids including respiratory depression, nausea, constipation, and development of tolerance and physical dependence with chronic use.
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Anticonvulsants
SAR
The most important types of psychosis are:
Schizophrenia
Affective disorders (e.g. depression, mania)
Organic psychoses (mental disturbances caused by head injury, alcoholism, or other kinds of organic disease).
antipsychotics.ppt
This document discusses antipsychotic medications. It begins by covering the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia and the mechanisms of action of first-generation antipsychotics. It then describes the discovery and timeline of development of first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics. The rest of the document details the mechanisms of action, efficacy, side effects, and prescribing considerations of various first-generation and second-generation antipsychotic medications.
Anti depressant , antidepressant
This document provides information about antidepressants including:
- It defines depression and discusses its types such as major depression, chronic depression, seasonal affective disorder, and postpartum depression.
- It describes the diagnosis process for depression which includes seeing a doctor if symptoms persist for over 2 weeks and undergoing tests and assessments to diagnose depression.
- It discusses the biological mechanisms of depression including neurotransmitter deficiencies and the role of the serotonin transporter.
- It provides an overview of different classes of antidepressants like MAOIs, TCAs, SSRIs, and atypical antidepressants and discusses their mechanisms of action, examples of drugs in each class, and common side effects.
- It
Seminar On Antidepressants
This document summarizes different types of antidepressant medications, including their classifications, mechanisms of action, and side effects. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) work by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Common side effects include dry mouth and cardiac issues. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) inhibit the MAO enzyme, increasing levels of neurotransmitters, but require dietary restrictions. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) specifically target serotonin reuptake with fewer side effects than TCAs. Newer atypical antidepressants have varied mechanisms of action targeting serotonin, norepinephrine, or their receptors.
Chapter-6-Drugs-acting-on-CNS.pptx
This document discusses drugs that act on the central nervous system. It begins by defining neurotransmitters and describing the central nervous system. It then discusses several types of drugs that act on the CNS including sedatives and hypnotics, general anesthetics, local anesthetics, antiepileptic drugs, opioid analgesics, antipsychotics, antianxiety agents, and antidepressants. For each drug class, it provides examples of specific drugs and brief descriptions of their mechanisms and effects. The document concludes by listing references used.
Ati 2
This document provides information on various medications that affect the nervous system. It discusses categories of medications like cholinesterase inhibitors, neuromuscular blocking agents, antiepileptics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, sedatives and more. For each category, it lists example medications and provides details on their expected actions, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, contraindications, precautions, interactions and important points for patient education. Receptors like muscarinic, nicotinic, alpha, beta and dopamine receptors are also explained in relation to medication effects. Conditions like Parkinson's disease, seizures, schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder are overviewed in terms of their typical treatment approaches.
Typical antipsychotics
Dr. Azizul Hakim presents on typical antipsychotics. He discusses psychosis including its definition, classification, symptoms and treatment. He then covers dopamine pathways and receptors in the brain. Typical antipsychotics, also known as first generation antipsychotics, work primarily by blocking dopamine D2 receptors. Examples include chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and flupenthixol. Their therapeutic effects and potential side effects stemming from interactions with other receptors are summarized.
D.pharmacy Pharmacology 4th unit notes.pdf
Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System
Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose,
indications, and contraindications of
General anaesthetics
Hypnotics and sedatives
Anti-Convulsant drugs
Anti-anxiety drugs
Anti-depressant drugs
Anti-psychotics
Nootropic agents
Centrally acting muscle relaxants
Opioid analgesics
Drugs acting on central nervous system..
This document discusses drugs that act on the central nervous system. It describes central nervous system depressants, which produce depressant effects by reaching the CNS. These include general anesthetics like diethyl ether, hypnotics/sedatives like phenobarbital, anticonvulsants like phenytoin, tranquilizers like chlorpromazine, and drugs with muscle relaxant properties like meprobamate. Three specific general anesthetics - thiopental sodium, ketamine hydrochloride, and propofol - are then discussed in more detail regarding their chemical structure, uses, formulations, dosage, and brand names.
Psycho pharmacological agents.
This document summarizes various psychopharmacological agents. It discusses anti-anxiety drugs like benzodiazepines which act by increasing GABA activity. Anti-psychotic drugs for treating schizophrenia are also covered, noting they work by blocking dopamine D2 receptors. Lithium is described as the standard treatment for bipolar disorder, stabilizing mood by inhibiting inositol monophosphate. Adverse effects of these classes of drugs are also briefly outlined.
Antipsychotics classification
This document discusses different types of antipsychotic drugs. It describes psychosis and its symptoms. It then classifies antipsychotics into 5 groups: 1) Phenothiazines like chlorpromazine and thioridazine, 2) Butyrophenones like haloperidol, 3) Thioxanthines, 4) Atypical neuroleptics like clozapine and olanzapine that have lower dopamine receptor affinity than typical antipsychotics, and 5) Other heterocyclics like reserpine and loxapine. Within phenothiazines, the document further breaks them down into aliphatic, piperidine, and piperazine compounds and provides examples like trifl
Antiemetics and prokinetics classification with mechansim
This document provides information on antiemetics and prokinetics. It discusses nausea, emesis, and the various receptor types involved in vomiting including acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, serotonin, substance P, and opioid receptors. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, and classification of conditions causing nausea and vomiting. Various receptor antagonist antiemetics are described including H1 receptor antagonists like cyclizine, muscarinic receptor antagonists like hyoscine, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists like ondansetron, dopamine antagonists like chlorpromazine, and NK1 receptor antagonists like aprepitant. Adjuvant antiemetics including dexamethasone and
Principles and Practice of Sedation in Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
Distress is common amongst critically ill patients in ICU, especially those who are intubated or have difficulty communicating with their caregivers [1]. Distress in ICU generally presents as agitation. It needs to be treated for patient comfort & if left untreated increases sympathetic tone with untoward physiologic effects [2].
Before a sedative agent is initiated to manage agitation, the cause of distress should be identified & treated. Common causes of distress in critically ill patients include:-anxiety, pain, delirium, dyspnoea and neuromuscular paralysis. These etiologies may occur separately or in combination.
chapter 16
The document discusses drug therapies for Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. It first covers dopaminergic drugs like levodopa that are used to treat Parkinson's disease. It then discusses central anticholinergic drugs that can help treat tremors and rigidity caused by Parkinson's. Finally, it outlines therapies for Alzheimer's disease, including cholinesterase inhibitors to potentiate cholinergic function and drugs that may improve neuronal growth factors or microcirculation in the brain.
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Common medications
- 1. CommonMedications A. Anticholinergic are drugs that block the action of acetylcholine . Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, or a chemical messenger. It transfers signals between certain cells to affect how your body functions. Anticholinergics can treat a variety of conditions, including: urinary incontinence. 1. Scopolamine ( TransdermScop) B. Antihistamine type 1. Cyclizine HCL( Marezine) 2. Dimenhydrinate( Dramamine) 3. Dipenhydramine( Benadryl) 4. Hydroxyzine ( Vistaril) 5. Meclizine ( Antivert) C. Benzodiazepines are drugs which slows down messages travelling between the brain and body. Other depressants include alcohol, cannabis and heroin. Benzodiazepines are also minor tranquillisers, usually prescribed by doctors to relieve stress and anxiety and to help people sleep. 1. Diazepam( Valium) 2. Lorazepam( Ativan) D. Cannabinoids are compoundsfoundincannabis.The mostnotable cannabinoid isthe phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Delta9-THCorDelta8-THC),the primarypsychoactive compoundin cannabis.Cannabidiol(CBD) isanothermajorconstituentof the plant. 1. Dronabinol ( Marinol) 2. Nabilone ( Cesamet) E. Glucocortocoids are powerful medicines that fight inflammation and work with your immune system to treat wide range of health problems. Your body actually makes its own glucocorticoids. These hormones have many jobs, such as controlling how your cells use sugar and fat and curbing inflammation. 1. Dexamethasone ( Decardon) 2. Methylprednisolone ( Solu-Medrol) F. Phenothiazineand Phenothiazine-like
- 2. such as prochlorperazine (Compazine), thiethylperazine (Torecan), promethazine (Phenergan), and chlorpromazine (Thorazine) act predominantly as dopamine receptor antagonists, but they also have anticholinergic and antihistaminic blocking effects. used to treat serious mental and emotional disorders, including schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Some are used also to control agitation in certain patients, severe nausea and vomiting, severe hiccups, and moderate to severe pain in some hospitalized patients. 1. Metoclopramide ( Reglan) 2. Perphenazine( Phenazine) 3. Prochlorperazine HCL( Phenergan) 4. Thiethylperazine( Torecan) G. Substance P/NK1ReceptorAntagonist A selective human substance P and neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that inhibits chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Therapeutic Effect: Prevents the acute and delayed phases of chemotherapy-induced emesis, including vomiting caused by high-dose cisplatin. 1. Aprepitant( Emend) H. SerotoninReceptorAntagonist Dolasetron, granisetron, ondansetron and tropisetron are called first-generation serotonin blockers. Despite having different chemical structures and absorption by the body, all first- generation drugs work in the same way and have similar side effects. 1. Dolasetronmesylate ( Anzemet) 2. Granisetron( Kytril) 3. Ondansetron( Zofran) 4. Palonosetron( Aloxil)