Common cardiovascular & respiratory symptoms
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This document discusses common cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms. It defines symptoms as subjective feelings reported by patients and signs as objective observations made by doctors. Common cardiovascular symptoms include dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, chest pain, palpitations, syncope, and cyanosis. Dyspnea, or breathlessness, is the most common and can be caused by conditions like heart failure, lung diseases, or anemia. Other symptoms like chest pain, palpitations, and syncope are discussed along with their potential causes. Common respiratory symptoms include cough, sneezing, sore throat, nasal discharge, and hoarseness of voice.
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Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
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Mitral Stenosis
Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening that causes blood to back up in the lungs. It is usually caused by rheumatic fever which causes the mitral valve flaps to stick together. The main symptoms are shortness of breath, fatigue, and coughing. On examination, doctors may hear murmurs and find an enlarged heart and liver. Echocardiograms and chest x-rays can confirm the diagnosis by showing the narrowed valve opening and enlarged chambers. Treatment options include medications, balloon valvuloplasty to widen the valve, or open heart surgery to replace or repair the valve.
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Cardiac symptoms such as dyspnea, chest pain, palpitations, syncope, and cyanosis can arise from various cardiac pathologies. Dyspnea can be exertional, positional (orthopnea), paroxysmal, or acute pulmonary edema due to reduced vital capacity, exaggerated reflexes, lung congestion, edema, fatigue, or compression. Edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure and capillary permeability shifting fluid into tissues. Cyanosis can be central from reduced oxygen-carrying hemoglobin or peripheral from poor circulation. Palpitations reflect changes in heart rate, rhythm, or force and may involve irregular pulse or shortness of breath.
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VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
Valvular diseases
Valvular heart disease is caused by damage or defects to the heart's valves. The main types are stenosis, where the valve opening is narrowed, and regurgitation, where the valve leaks.
The most common causes are rheumatic fever, which can cause scarring of the valves, and aging/degeneration. Symptoms depend on the severity but can include shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Treatment options include medications to manage symptoms or surgery to repair or replace the damaged valve.
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This document discusses different types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and functional regurgitation. It provides details on specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, and aortic regurgitation. For each condition, it outlines the causes, pathophysiology or effects, which depend on the degree and duration of the disease. Long term effects can include hypertrophy and failure of the left or right ventricle leading to pulmonary congestion, edema, and heart failure.
Aortic regurgitation
Chronic aortic regurgitation presents with symptoms like palpitations, exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea in more advanced cases. The pulse is described as Corrigan's pulse or water hammer pulse. Heart sounds include a soft S1, normal or accentuated A2, and an S3 gallop. Murmurs include an early diastolic decrescendo murmur and an ejection systolic murmur. Causes include rheumatic heart disease, congenital bicuspid aortic valve, infective endocarditis, aortic root dilatation, and connective tissue disorders.
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Aortic regurgitation
1. Aortic regurgitation can be caused by diseases of the aortic root or valve such as aortopathy, calcific aortic stenosis, or bicuspid aortic valve.
2. In chronic aortic regurgitation, the left ventricle undergoes eccentric hypertrophy and maintains preload reserve to initially compensate for the volume overload. Over time, increased afterload can lead to decompensation.
3. Acute severe aortic regurgitation into a non-hypertrophied left ventricle results in a marked rise in left ventricular pressures and pulmonary edema due to the inability to increase stroke volume.
A Case of Dyspnoea
This document presents the case of a 61-year-old woman who presented with breathlessness on exertion for 2 years that had recently progressed. Her other symptoms included nausea, abdominal discomfort, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. On examination, she had an irregularly irregular pulse of 114 beats/min and elevated jugular venous pressure. The document provides detailed information on the patient's history and physical exam findings, with a focus on signs related to cardiac function and pulmonary disease.
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening that causes blood to back up in the lungs. It is usually caused by rheumatic fever which causes the mitral valve flaps to stick together. The main symptoms are shortness of breath, fatigue, and coughing. On examination, doctors may hear murmurs and find an enlarged heart and liver. Echocardiograms and chest x-rays can confirm the diagnosis by showing the narrowed valve opening and enlarged chambers. Treatment options include medications, balloon valvuloplasty to widen the valve, or open heart surgery to replace or repair the valve.
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical condition caused by fluid accumulating in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart, putting pressure on the heart and preventing it from filling properly. Symptoms include chest pain, difficulty breathing, and low blood pressure. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray or CT scan. Treatment is pericardiocentesis to drain the fluid via needle, with careful monitoring of vital signs.
Mitral Stenosis with pulsus alternans
This document summarizes a case study of a 73-year-old woman with mitral stenosis who presented with dyspnea, fatigue, and edema. Hemodynamic evaluation found unusual pulsus alternans and an improvement in pressures and gradients with beta-blocker treatment. Direct left atrial pressure measurement confirmed moderate prosthetic mitral stenosis. The presence of pulsus alternans in mitral stenosis and hemodynamic improvement with beta-blockers made this an interesting case to report.
Aortic stenosis
The aortic valve has three cusps that open and close to regulate blood flow from the heart to the aorta. Aortic stenosis occurs when the valve opening narrows due to calcium buildup on the cusps. In the elderly, aortic stenosis is usually caused by age-related degeneration and calcification of the valve. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, Doppler ultrasound and cardiac catheterization. Treatment options include medications, balloon valvuloplasty, open-heart surgery to replace the valve, and newer transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedures for high-risk elderly patients.
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Similar to Common cardiovascular & respiratory symptoms
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This document defines heart failure and discusses its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The most common causes are coronary heart disease, hypertension, alcohol abuse, and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Common symptoms include dyspnea, chest pain, syncope, palpitations, edema, cough, hemoptysis, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and BNP/NT-proBNP blood tests. Treatment begins with ACE inhibitors and diuretics and may include beta-blockers, spironolactone, and digoxin depending on severity.
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Presentation on dysponea
Dyspnea derives from Greek for “ “ shortness of breath hard breathing ”. It is often also described as ”. This is a subjective sensation of breathing, from mild discomfort to feelings of suffocation. It is a sign of a variety of disorders and is primarily an indication of ventilation or of inadequate insufficient amounts of oxygen in the circulating blood .
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Chest pain or discomfort
Common presenting symptom of cardiovascular disease
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Cardiac – angina, MI, pericarditis, mitral valve prolapse, dissecting aortic aneurysm
Non cardiac – anemia (physical exertion), cervical disc disease, anxiety, trigger points etc
Follows pattern of ulnar nerve distribution (heart supplied by C3-T4 spinal segments)
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Dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is a subjective sensation that results from a mismatch between the brain's perception of how much ventilation is needed and the amount of ventilation that is occurring. Three main components contribute to dyspnea: afferent signals from receptors in the lungs and airways, efferent signals from the brain to respiratory muscles, and central processing in the brain. A variety of cardiac, pulmonary, and other medical disorders can cause dyspnea through different mechanisms that impact ventilation. Management of dyspnea involves treating its underlying cause, reducing ventilatory demand, improving respiratory muscle function, and techniques to decrease the sense of respiratory effort.
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This document discusses dyspnea (shortness of breath). It begins by defining dyspnea as a subjective sensation of breathing that can range from mild discomfort to feelings of suffocation. It is a sign of various disorders that generally indicate inadequate ventilation or insufficient oxygen in the blood. The document then covers the causes, history, physical exam findings, investigations and management of dyspnea.
ischemic heart disease
Ischemic heart disease is characterized by a reduction in blood supply to the heart muscle, usually due to coronary artery disease. It has several causes including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and decreased coronary blood flow. Symptoms range from stable angina during exertion to unstable angina that can occur at rest. Physical examination may show signs of ischemia but can be normal. Diagnosis involves ECG, exercise tolerance testing, and cardiac imaging tests. Angiography can confirm the diagnosis by detecting coronary artery blockages.
Cardiology Mnemonics
This document contains mnemonics and summaries to aid in remembering various concepts in cardiology. It includes summaries of aortic stenosis characteristics, management of myocardial infarction, causes of pericarditis, heart compensatory mechanisms, distinguishing right and left heart murmurs, causes of ST elevation on ECG, Beck's triad signs, and treatment for myocardial infarction. It also includes mnemonics for jugular venous pressure causes, depressed ST-segment causes, innocent murmur features, murmur locations, cardioselective betablockers, and more.
chapter 3 CVS examination.pptx
This document provides information on cardiovascular history taking and physical examination. It discusses important symptoms of heart disease like dyspnea, palpitations, edema, and chest pain. It also outlines the steps for examining arterial pulses, blood pressure, jugular venous pressure, auscultation of heart sounds, and palpation of the precordium. The physical exam aims to evaluate symptoms, risk factors, and detect any abnormalities that could indicate cardiac issues.
Dyspnea : for Nursing
Dyspnea, meaning difficult or painful breathing, is defined as an uncomfortable need to breathe or an abnormal awareness of breathing. It can be caused by conditions affecting the upper airways, lungs, heart, chest wall, or metabolic issues. A health history and physical assessment are used to evaluate potential causes, while diagnostic tests may include chest x-rays, pulmonary function tests, echocardiograms, and blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, while nursing management includes positioning, oxygen therapy, breathing exercises, and addressing anxiety.
MITRAL STENOSIS
This presentation includes everything about the mitral stenosis which bpt students need to know. This presentation is made for learning purpose only.
Cvs examination
This document provides details on cardiovascular examination including cardinal symptoms, chest pain characteristics, breathlessness causes, palpitations description, syncope causes, and edema types. It also describes techniques for cardiovascular auscultation including listening locations, sounds, murmur characteristics like timing, intensity location, loudness, quality, pitch, radiation, and changes with maneuvers.
IHD , CARDIAC FAILURE & CARDIAC RESERVE
Ischemic heart disease is characterized by ischemia of the heart muscle usually due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, and increasing age. Symptoms may include angina, heart failure, heart burn, and myocardial infarction. Cardiac failure is the failure of the heart to pump enough blood to satisfy the body's needs and can be acute or chronic. Chronic cardiac failure results in reduced arterial pressure and fluid retention by the kidneys. Factors that decrease cardiac reserve and lead to symptoms like dyspnea and fatigue include ischemic heart disease, primary myocardial disease, and vitamin deficiencies.
Respiratory distress
This document discusses signs and symptoms of respiratory distress. It covers topics like coughing, sputum production, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain, syncope, swelling of the ankles, fevers and more. For each topic it lists potential causes and characteristics. It emphasizes the importance of early assessment and looking closely at the patient. Key signs of respiratory distress discussed include use of accessory muscles, nasal flaring, cyanosis and tripod positioning. Tension pneumothorax is highlighted as a life-threatening condition requiring immediate decompression.
17 pericardial disease
The document summarizes different types of pericardial diseases. It describes the normal anatomy and functions of the pericardium. It then discusses various pericardial conditions such as acute pericarditis, pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis and their causes, symptoms, diagnostic criteria and treatments. Acute pericarditis is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections and presents with chest pain and pericardial friction rub. Constrictive pericarditis occurs after acute pericarditis and causes decreased diastolic filling through pericardial thickening and fibrosis.
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Common cardiovascular & respiratory symptoms
- 1. Common cardiovascular & respiratory symptoms by dr. Reham Wagdy
- 2. Symptoms & Sign Symptoms: Subjective feelings or physical change by patients Signs: Objective observations made by doctors
- 3. Common cardiovascular sympyoms Dyspnea Paroxysmal nocturnal Dyspnea Orthopnea Chest pain Palpitaion Syncope Cyanosis oedema
- 4. Dyspnea (breathlessness) Definition: Subjective experience of discomfort able breathing or tightness of breath or shortness of breaths. Types: With exercise At rest
- 5. Dyspnea: Common causes: Cardiac: Heart failure Mitral regurgitation: rheumatic heart Hypertension Respiratory: Pneumonias Bronchial asthmas Obstructive lung diseases (COPD). Blood diseases: anemia e.g iron deficiency anima
- 6. Dyspnea Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: Attacks of dysnpea at night after sleeping. Orthopnea: Dysnpea on lying down (supine). So they lie over multiple pillows Cause : Heart failure
- 7. Common CVS symptoms Chest pain Myocardial infarction Myosities Fracture rib Syncope: sudden loss of consciousness due to reduced cerebral perfusion may be preceeded by dizziness or presyncope. E.g Myocardial infarction
- 8. Common CVS symptoms Palpitation: Awareness of the heart beats due to change in rate , force or rhythm E.g. (arrhythmia) too fast, slow, too strong and or irregular
- 9. Common CVS symptoms cyanosis Definition blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to low oxygen saturation that lead to presnce of more than 5.0 g/dL of reduced hemoglobin .
- 10. cyanosis
- 11. Common Respiratory symptoms Cough sneezing. Sore throat Rhinorrhea Hoarsness of voice Dyspnea Chest pain Cyanosis
- 12. Common Respiratory symptoms Cough: dry or productive. Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract.E.g lung cancer or T.B Rhinorreha : nasal discharge e.g flue Sore throat: pain in throat e.g tonsillitis
- 13. Common Respiratory symptoms Hoarseness of voice: Laryngitis.
- 14. References