Tree seedlings raising methods in a Forest Nursery using both soil and soilless growing media in a controlled environment. Traditional methods are used and compared with modern technology in raising healthy, vigorous seedlings for planting out in the field when they have reached the required nursery period. The traditional bed and box method where broadcat seed sowing is used is being replaced with spot seed sowing in polythene plots and planter flats which ultimately are being replaced by tissue culture.
There are three main nursery bed methods for growing rice seedlings for transplanting - wet-bed, dry-bed, and dapog (mat) nursery. The wet-bed method uses puddled soil and is best where water is abundant. Dry-bed nurseries are used with insufficient water by keeping beds moist. Dapog nurseries use polythene sheets and soil/FYM mixtures to quickly grow seedlings in 18-20 days for machine transplanting without damaging roots. Each method has advantages like hardier seedlings or reduced labor, and disadvantages such as water needs, weeding, or seedling quality.
Fruit tree seedlings media preparation.pptxpotanibenson
This document provides guidance on preparing growing media for nursery plants. It recommends using a light, well-aerated mixture that retains adequate moisture and nutrients. The mixture should consist of sieved topsoil, sand and organic matter or manure. Proportions vary depending on plant type, but commonly used mixtures include 1 part soil, 2 parts sand, and 1 part manure for rooting cuttings or 2 parts soil, 1 part sand, and 1 part manure for container-grown plants. The mixture needs to be moistened and allowed to settle before use. Pot sizes vary depending on the length of time plants will spend in the nursery.
1. Hevea brasiliensis, commonly known as the Para rubber tree, is the primary source of natural rubber. It is native to the Amazon basin and was introduced to tropical areas of Asia and Africa in the late 19th century.
2. Rubber trees are cultivated by establishing nurseries to grow seedlings and budded plants. Seedlings are bud grafted with clones to propagate desired traits, then planted on farms.
3. Optimal growing conditions for rubber trees include well-drained, acidic soils; high rainfall; and temperatures between 20-34°C. Intercropping provides additional income during the trees' early years, though erosion risks must be managed on slopes.
The document discusses different types of forest nurseries, including their objectives, main features, and facilities. It provides guidance on establishing and operating a nursery, covering site selection, design, construction, soil preparation, seed sowing, watering, hardening of seedlings, and the importance of record keeping. The goal of forest nurseries is to produce quality planting material through best practices in cultivation, pest and disease control, and administration.
The document discusses nursery management practices for producing healthy seedlings. It describes what a nursery is and why healthy nurseries are important for crop cultivation. Proper management practices include selecting suitable land, preparing nursery beds, sterilizing soil, sowing seeds, mulching, providing shade and watering appropriately. Pests and diseases should be controlled through sanitization, pesticide use and rogueing infected plants. Seedlings must be hardened before transplanting to improve their ability to withstand unfavorable field conditions. Improper practices like late watering can cause problems like tip burning in seedlings.
Nursery management may be defined as the sum of the activities performed for the successful production, care, and marketing of different planting materials (seeds, seedlings, cuttings, etc.) in a different nursery section. Conducting employees properly, maintenance care and protection of properties, etc
The document provides information on transplanting trees, including its history, methods, and guidelines. It discusses how trees have been transplanted since ancient times and describes the development of modern tree transplanting techniques and machinery. The traditional manual method and machine method using a tree spade are described in detail, outlining the steps for digging, transporting, planting, and caring for a transplanted tree. Proper soil preparation, planting depth, staking, and watering are emphasized to reduce transplant stress and ensure the tree's successful establishment.
There are three main nursery bed methods for growing rice seedlings for transplanting - wet-bed, dry-bed, and dapog (mat) nursery. The wet-bed method uses puddled soil and is best where water is abundant. Dry-bed nurseries are used with insufficient water by keeping beds moist. Dapog nurseries use polythene sheets and soil/FYM mixtures to quickly grow seedlings in 18-20 days for machine transplanting without damaging roots. Each method has advantages like hardier seedlings or reduced labor, and disadvantages such as water needs, weeding, or seedling quality.
Fruit tree seedlings media preparation.pptxpotanibenson
This document provides guidance on preparing growing media for nursery plants. It recommends using a light, well-aerated mixture that retains adequate moisture and nutrients. The mixture should consist of sieved topsoil, sand and organic matter or manure. Proportions vary depending on plant type, but commonly used mixtures include 1 part soil, 2 parts sand, and 1 part manure for rooting cuttings or 2 parts soil, 1 part sand, and 1 part manure for container-grown plants. The mixture needs to be moistened and allowed to settle before use. Pot sizes vary depending on the length of time plants will spend in the nursery.
1. Hevea brasiliensis, commonly known as the Para rubber tree, is the primary source of natural rubber. It is native to the Amazon basin and was introduced to tropical areas of Asia and Africa in the late 19th century.
2. Rubber trees are cultivated by establishing nurseries to grow seedlings and budded plants. Seedlings are bud grafted with clones to propagate desired traits, then planted on farms.
3. Optimal growing conditions for rubber trees include well-drained, acidic soils; high rainfall; and temperatures between 20-34°C. Intercropping provides additional income during the trees' early years, though erosion risks must be managed on slopes.
The document discusses different types of forest nurseries, including their objectives, main features, and facilities. It provides guidance on establishing and operating a nursery, covering site selection, design, construction, soil preparation, seed sowing, watering, hardening of seedlings, and the importance of record keeping. The goal of forest nurseries is to produce quality planting material through best practices in cultivation, pest and disease control, and administration.
The document discusses nursery management practices for producing healthy seedlings. It describes what a nursery is and why healthy nurseries are important for crop cultivation. Proper management practices include selecting suitable land, preparing nursery beds, sterilizing soil, sowing seeds, mulching, providing shade and watering appropriately. Pests and diseases should be controlled through sanitization, pesticide use and rogueing infected plants. Seedlings must be hardened before transplanting to improve their ability to withstand unfavorable field conditions. Improper practices like late watering can cause problems like tip burning in seedlings.
Nursery management may be defined as the sum of the activities performed for the successful production, care, and marketing of different planting materials (seeds, seedlings, cuttings, etc.) in a different nursery section. Conducting employees properly, maintenance care and protection of properties, etc
The document provides information on transplanting trees, including its history, methods, and guidelines. It discusses how trees have been transplanted since ancient times and describes the development of modern tree transplanting techniques and machinery. The traditional manual method and machine method using a tree spade are described in detail, outlining the steps for digging, transporting, planting, and caring for a transplanted tree. Proper soil preparation, planting depth, staking, and watering are emphasized to reduce transplant stress and ensure the tree's successful establishment.
Cashew is commonly propagated through seeds, which results in genetic variation. Vegetative propagation through methods like grafting, layering, and cuttings conserves the desirable traits of elite mother plants. The document provides detailed instructions on seed collection, storage and sowing techniques. It also describes vegetative propagation methods and nursery management practices like transplanting seedlings, pest and disease control, and preparing plants for field planting. Maintaining proper growing conditions is important for high survival rates of propagated plants.
Bureau of Plant and Industry Davao Region in the Philippines
Nursery establishment for cacao seedlings are similar to most tree crop nurseries.
Young seedlings require ample shading, adequate supply of clean water and drainage.
Haricot bean Production technical POP MAY 2014.pptxakolasuminter
This document provides information on the production of French beans. It begins by stating that French beans are an important cool season legume grown for their pods and dry beans. It then discusses the plant's origin in Central and South America. The rest of the document covers recommendations for soil type, land preparation including plowing and harrowing, seed rate, sowing method, weed control, irrigation, and management of insect pests and diseases that impact French bean production.
11b.Protected cultivation of capsicum.pptKrenoviantz21
1) Capsicum is best grown under protected cultivation with day temperatures below 30°C and night temperatures between 16-18°C. Optimal spacing is 45x30cm in beds with drip irrigation and fertigation.
2) Pruning to four main branches per plant trained on a trellis yields highest quality fruits. Closer spacing of 45x30cm with four-branch pruning is most profitable.
3) Natural ventilation or shade houses with misting are suitable growing conditions, with shade houses requiring lower operational costs. Pollinators like bumblebees improve fruit shape in cooler conditions.
This document discusses principles and techniques of plant propagation from seeds, cuttings, and specialized structures. It covers the biology and methods of propagation using seeds, including seed composition, selection, germination conditions, and direct or indirect sowing. Propagation by cuttings is also examined, including the types of cuttings taken from stems, such as softwood, herbaceous, hardwood, and semi-hardwood cuttings. The document provides detailed information on starting plants from both seeds and cuttings.
The document describes the steps to prepare a nursery bed for raising tobacco seedlings. It involves selecting a well-drained site with sunlight and water access. The land is finely tilled and fertilized before seeds are surface sown and mixed into the soil. Seedlings are thinned, weeded, and protected from diseases and pests with shading and spraying. Maintaining proper moisture and plant density is important for producing healthy, uniform seedlings for transplanting.
1. Cassava is a perennial shrub grown for its starchy tuberous roots and is an important food crop in tropical and subtropical regions.
2. India is one of the top producers of cassava globally, with Tamil Nadu producing over 80% of the country's total cassava.
3. Cassava can be grown year-round in irrigated conditions or during the rainy seasons in rainfed areas. It is drought tolerant and can grow in low fertility soils.
Capsicum is a cool season crop suitable for protected cultivation in greenhouses. It has high yields of 100-120 t/ha compared to open field yields of 20-40 t/ha. Hybrid varieties with thick fleshy fruits like Indira, Mahabharat and Orobelle are well-suited for greenhouse production. Seedlings are raised in nursery beds and transplanted to growing beds in greenhouses at a spacing of 45x30 cm. Drip irrigation and fertigation are provided. Pruning and training plants on twine supports maintains 4-6 fruiting branches per plant. Harvesting starts at 60 days and continues until plants cease bearing at 180-270 days. Yields of 10-12 kg/
This document discusses biotic and abiotic stress management in horticultural crops. It covers topics like rainwater harvesting techniques, advantages of rainwater harvesting, components of a roof rainwater harvesting system, and different cropping systems used in horticulture like intercropping, mixed cropping, and multistoried cropping. It also discusses uses of harvested rainwater, improving crop water productivity, and a technology called skimming wells to extract freshwater from saline aquifers in coastal areas.
This document provides information on rose production technology. It discusses the classification of roses, their importance and uses, propagation methods including cutting, layering and budding, climate requirements, soil requirements, planting methods, aftercare including manuring, use of plant growth regulators, irrigation, weeding, mulching and pruning. The key aspects covered are the different types of roses, their propagation through cuttings and budding, climate and soil needs for rose cultivation, and maintenance practices like manuring, irrigation, weeding and pruning.
Water Smart Gardening - Fresh Food People, AustraliaKaila694m
This document provides tips for water smart gardening. It discusses choosing drought tolerant plants, gardening in containers, proper watering techniques, using greywater, maintaining healthy soil with compost and mulch, and garden design tips to reduce water use such as selecting drought tolerant lawns and providing plant protection from sun and wind. The document contains links to state water restriction guidelines and composting information.
This document discusses soil conservation and water harvesting in agriculture. It describes various methods of soil conservation like strip cropping, grassed waterways, stone lines, and soil bunds. It also outlines ways of harvesting and storing water such as using rooftops, diversion channels, shallow pans, ponds and tanks. Maintaining these structures and using the harvested water for irrigation, livestock and domestic purposes is also covered.
This document discusses various sowing, planting, and transplanting methods. It begins by defining sowing, planting, and transplanting. It then describes different sowing methods like broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, sowing behind a plow, and transplanting. For each method, it provides the advantages and disadvantages. The document also discusses nursery establishment methods and different sugarcane and cottonseed planting techniques. It concludes by outlining intercultural operations like weeding, mulching, and earthing up.
System of rice intensification, a sustainable method to increase crop productiondamini333
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a method for increasing rice crop yields. Some key points of SRI include transplanting young seedlings, reducing plant population, and maintaining aerated soil conditions. SRI emphasizes changes from conventional rice cultivation such as nursery management, transplanting timing, and water, nutrient, and weed management to improve yields, reduce water and seed usage, and increase profits for farmers.
4 citrus site_selection_preparation_establismentUC Davis
This document provides guidance on site selection, soil preparation, and establishment of citrus orchards. Key points include: microclimates like proximity to water and slopes impact frost risk; sandy loam soils are best with good drainage; soil pH from 5-7 is optimal; irrigation water quality and availability are important considerations. Orchard design considerations include tree spacing, configuration, orientation, and high vs. normal density planting. Preplant preparation includes removing existing trees, deep tilling, and applying pre-emergent herbicides. Proper citrus tree planting involves digging holes, placing trees at the same depth as the nursery, tamping soil to eliminate air pockets, and irrigating.
Efficient irrigation is important for home vegetable gardens. There are several factors to consider for proper plant watering, including how much water plants need, how water moves through different soil types, and measuring irrigation amounts. The two key aspects of watering are how much to apply at once and how often. Common irrigation systems for home gardens include hand watering, soaker hoses, sprinklers, and drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is recommended as it wastes less water and prevents over-watering plant roots. Proper watering varies by plant type, with critical periods like flowering requiring more water for many vegetables. Uniform soil moisture is important to prevent issues like blossom end rot in tomatoes.
tamarind is regarded as a multipurpose tree. It is widely used as a spice crop for seasoning of food and may also be consumed either fresh or as a processed product. In India the commercial cultivation is mainly done in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra, also in some other states but to a lesser extent. It is also grown as a homestead crop in many regions of the country. this presentation deals with the propagation aspects of the crop because although seed propagation is successful, there are vegetative methods of propagation which can be carried out in order to get a better plant
This document provides an overview of sorghum cultivation practices. It discusses the taxonomy, botany, economic importance, distribution, varieties, growth stages, nutrient management, irrigation, weed management, and harvesting of sorghum. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide and is used for food, fodder, and production of alcoholic beverages. It is tolerant of drought and heat and is well suited to dry, hot climates. Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are required to maximize sorghum yields.
Buried clay pot irrigation is an ancient method that improves crop production in dry areas with scarce water. Clay pots buried in the soil slowly release water directly to the plant's roots. This is more efficient than surface watering and helps crops grow in salty or dry soils. Farmers regularly check and refill the pots to provide the right amount of water. Variations use clay pipes instead of pots or harvest roof rainwater to fill the pots. The method works well for crops, trees, and dealing with issues like salinity in dryland soils.
This document discusses nursery raising of flower crops. It explains that a nursery is where young plants are raised and cared for until they are ready to be transplanted. Nurseries are important for producing quality seedlings and planting materials. There are different types of nurseries classified by duration and type of sale. Proper site selection, physical resources, propagation structures, growing media, containers, tools, and pest and disease management are important aspects of establishing and maintaining a nursery. The nursery provides seedlings and grafts for ornamental gardens with minimal care and cost.
Cashew is commonly propagated through seeds, which results in genetic variation. Vegetative propagation through methods like grafting, layering, and cuttings conserves the desirable traits of elite mother plants. The document provides detailed instructions on seed collection, storage and sowing techniques. It also describes vegetative propagation methods and nursery management practices like transplanting seedlings, pest and disease control, and preparing plants for field planting. Maintaining proper growing conditions is important for high survival rates of propagated plants.
Bureau of Plant and Industry Davao Region in the Philippines
Nursery establishment for cacao seedlings are similar to most tree crop nurseries.
Young seedlings require ample shading, adequate supply of clean water and drainage.
Haricot bean Production technical POP MAY 2014.pptxakolasuminter
This document provides information on the production of French beans. It begins by stating that French beans are an important cool season legume grown for their pods and dry beans. It then discusses the plant's origin in Central and South America. The rest of the document covers recommendations for soil type, land preparation including plowing and harrowing, seed rate, sowing method, weed control, irrigation, and management of insect pests and diseases that impact French bean production.
11b.Protected cultivation of capsicum.pptKrenoviantz21
1) Capsicum is best grown under protected cultivation with day temperatures below 30°C and night temperatures between 16-18°C. Optimal spacing is 45x30cm in beds with drip irrigation and fertigation.
2) Pruning to four main branches per plant trained on a trellis yields highest quality fruits. Closer spacing of 45x30cm with four-branch pruning is most profitable.
3) Natural ventilation or shade houses with misting are suitable growing conditions, with shade houses requiring lower operational costs. Pollinators like bumblebees improve fruit shape in cooler conditions.
This document discusses principles and techniques of plant propagation from seeds, cuttings, and specialized structures. It covers the biology and methods of propagation using seeds, including seed composition, selection, germination conditions, and direct or indirect sowing. Propagation by cuttings is also examined, including the types of cuttings taken from stems, such as softwood, herbaceous, hardwood, and semi-hardwood cuttings. The document provides detailed information on starting plants from both seeds and cuttings.
The document describes the steps to prepare a nursery bed for raising tobacco seedlings. It involves selecting a well-drained site with sunlight and water access. The land is finely tilled and fertilized before seeds are surface sown and mixed into the soil. Seedlings are thinned, weeded, and protected from diseases and pests with shading and spraying. Maintaining proper moisture and plant density is important for producing healthy, uniform seedlings for transplanting.
1. Cassava is a perennial shrub grown for its starchy tuberous roots and is an important food crop in tropical and subtropical regions.
2. India is one of the top producers of cassava globally, with Tamil Nadu producing over 80% of the country's total cassava.
3. Cassava can be grown year-round in irrigated conditions or during the rainy seasons in rainfed areas. It is drought tolerant and can grow in low fertility soils.
Capsicum is a cool season crop suitable for protected cultivation in greenhouses. It has high yields of 100-120 t/ha compared to open field yields of 20-40 t/ha. Hybrid varieties with thick fleshy fruits like Indira, Mahabharat and Orobelle are well-suited for greenhouse production. Seedlings are raised in nursery beds and transplanted to growing beds in greenhouses at a spacing of 45x30 cm. Drip irrigation and fertigation are provided. Pruning and training plants on twine supports maintains 4-6 fruiting branches per plant. Harvesting starts at 60 days and continues until plants cease bearing at 180-270 days. Yields of 10-12 kg/
This document discusses biotic and abiotic stress management in horticultural crops. It covers topics like rainwater harvesting techniques, advantages of rainwater harvesting, components of a roof rainwater harvesting system, and different cropping systems used in horticulture like intercropping, mixed cropping, and multistoried cropping. It also discusses uses of harvested rainwater, improving crop water productivity, and a technology called skimming wells to extract freshwater from saline aquifers in coastal areas.
This document provides information on rose production technology. It discusses the classification of roses, their importance and uses, propagation methods including cutting, layering and budding, climate requirements, soil requirements, planting methods, aftercare including manuring, use of plant growth regulators, irrigation, weeding, mulching and pruning. The key aspects covered are the different types of roses, their propagation through cuttings and budding, climate and soil needs for rose cultivation, and maintenance practices like manuring, irrigation, weeding and pruning.
Water Smart Gardening - Fresh Food People, AustraliaKaila694m
This document provides tips for water smart gardening. It discusses choosing drought tolerant plants, gardening in containers, proper watering techniques, using greywater, maintaining healthy soil with compost and mulch, and garden design tips to reduce water use such as selecting drought tolerant lawns and providing plant protection from sun and wind. The document contains links to state water restriction guidelines and composting information.
This document discusses soil conservation and water harvesting in agriculture. It describes various methods of soil conservation like strip cropping, grassed waterways, stone lines, and soil bunds. It also outlines ways of harvesting and storing water such as using rooftops, diversion channels, shallow pans, ponds and tanks. Maintaining these structures and using the harvested water for irrigation, livestock and domestic purposes is also covered.
This document discusses various sowing, planting, and transplanting methods. It begins by defining sowing, planting, and transplanting. It then describes different sowing methods like broadcasting, dibbling, drilling, sowing behind a plow, and transplanting. For each method, it provides the advantages and disadvantages. The document also discusses nursery establishment methods and different sugarcane and cottonseed planting techniques. It concludes by outlining intercultural operations like weeding, mulching, and earthing up.
System of rice intensification, a sustainable method to increase crop productiondamini333
The document discusses the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a method for increasing rice crop yields. Some key points of SRI include transplanting young seedlings, reducing plant population, and maintaining aerated soil conditions. SRI emphasizes changes from conventional rice cultivation such as nursery management, transplanting timing, and water, nutrient, and weed management to improve yields, reduce water and seed usage, and increase profits for farmers.
4 citrus site_selection_preparation_establismentUC Davis
This document provides guidance on site selection, soil preparation, and establishment of citrus orchards. Key points include: microclimates like proximity to water and slopes impact frost risk; sandy loam soils are best with good drainage; soil pH from 5-7 is optimal; irrigation water quality and availability are important considerations. Orchard design considerations include tree spacing, configuration, orientation, and high vs. normal density planting. Preplant preparation includes removing existing trees, deep tilling, and applying pre-emergent herbicides. Proper citrus tree planting involves digging holes, placing trees at the same depth as the nursery, tamping soil to eliminate air pockets, and irrigating.
Efficient irrigation is important for home vegetable gardens. There are several factors to consider for proper plant watering, including how much water plants need, how water moves through different soil types, and measuring irrigation amounts. The two key aspects of watering are how much to apply at once and how often. Common irrigation systems for home gardens include hand watering, soaker hoses, sprinklers, and drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is recommended as it wastes less water and prevents over-watering plant roots. Proper watering varies by plant type, with critical periods like flowering requiring more water for many vegetables. Uniform soil moisture is important to prevent issues like blossom end rot in tomatoes.
tamarind is regarded as a multipurpose tree. It is widely used as a spice crop for seasoning of food and may also be consumed either fresh or as a processed product. In India the commercial cultivation is mainly done in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra, also in some other states but to a lesser extent. It is also grown as a homestead crop in many regions of the country. this presentation deals with the propagation aspects of the crop because although seed propagation is successful, there are vegetative methods of propagation which can be carried out in order to get a better plant
This document provides an overview of sorghum cultivation practices. It discusses the taxonomy, botany, economic importance, distribution, varieties, growth stages, nutrient management, irrigation, weed management, and harvesting of sorghum. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide and is used for food, fodder, and production of alcoholic beverages. It is tolerant of drought and heat and is well suited to dry, hot climates. Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are required to maximize sorghum yields.
Buried clay pot irrigation is an ancient method that improves crop production in dry areas with scarce water. Clay pots buried in the soil slowly release water directly to the plant's roots. This is more efficient than surface watering and helps crops grow in salty or dry soils. Farmers regularly check and refill the pots to provide the right amount of water. Variations use clay pipes instead of pots or harvest roof rainwater to fill the pots. The method works well for crops, trees, and dealing with issues like salinity in dryland soils.
This document discusses nursery raising of flower crops. It explains that a nursery is where young plants are raised and cared for until they are ready to be transplanted. Nurseries are important for producing quality seedlings and planting materials. There are different types of nurseries classified by duration and type of sale. Proper site selection, physical resources, propagation structures, growing media, containers, tools, and pest and disease management are important aspects of establishing and maintaining a nursery. The nursery provides seedlings and grafts for ornamental gardens with minimal care and cost.
Similar to SEEDLING RAISING METHODS DAY 3.pptx (20)
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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10. POLYTHENE SLEEVE/POT
METHOD
c) SEED SOWING
PROCESS:
•Indentation to required seed depth
•Seed sown individually / in small
quantities
•Seed covered with soil
•Watering of seed
14. POLYTHENE SLEEVE/POT
METHOD
PLANTING
•At end of nursery period, seedlings ready to
be planted in the field.
•Polythene tube sliced open down one/two
sides using planting trowel.
•Seedling placed with ball of soil into
prepared planting hole.
•Discarded polythene material collected and
disposed by burning.
15. ADVANTAGES
• the planting season can be extended
• suited to use with all major commercial species
• Ball of soil holds more moisture in marginal areas
• Good undisturbed ball of soil around the roots
• Can quarantine diseased plants
• Easy to transport to field
• Easy tending operations
• Visible root : shoot ratio ( 1:2)
• Plants can survive for longer periods in the field
after planting without rain
16. DISADVANTAGES
•There are higher costs
•Root systems can be restricted or
distorted where constant care is not
taken or plants are kept in the nursery
for too long.
•The containers are not bio-degradable
which causes pollution if they are not
collected and destroyed.
17. BED & BOX / SWAZI BED METHOD
• Seedlings are produced in
raised beds and when
ready for planting out
they are transported to
the field in clumps carried
in boxes.
• This method is more
commonly used to raise
seedlings from seed
which is large enough to
handled individually, e.g.
Pine spp
18. BED & BOX METHOD/SWAZI
METHOD
BED CONSTRUCTION
• Beds of required dimensions are laid out in the
nursery by using bricks or planks as an edging to
contain the soil. ???
• Nursery terraces of surfaces should be cleared of
weeds, raked and firmed down and the edging
erected, depth of bed is usually around 10cm.
• Previously prepared and sieved nursery soil is
then brought in, each bed is filled to the required
depth and then raked carefully to level the
surface.
20. BED & BOX METHOD/SWAZI
METHOD
SEED SOWING/PRICKING OUT
• Spacing between plants spots is
normally 5cm x 5cm and this can
be marked out either a dibble
stick or more commonly by using
a sowing template.
• A sowing template consists of a
board of convenient size fitted
with handles on the upper
surface indentation is controlled
by length of peg.
24. BED & BOX METHOD/SWAZI
METHOD
LIFTING AND PACKING
• Lifting: A spade or a flat-pronged fork is
inserted vertically at about 10 cm from the
plant. It is pushed deep enough to permit
lifting the plant with the entire root system.
• Packing: After grading (and possibly root
pruning), plants are packed. The roots have to
be well protected against drying. Sacking,
banana leaves, plastic bags with ventilation
holes or cans may be used. To preserve
moisture, the roots should be covered with
wet grass, leaves, sawdust or mosses, where
available.
25.
26.
27. BED & BOX METHOD/SWAZI
METHOD
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT:
•Large flat shovel
•Transport boxes
•Sowing template
28. ADVANTAGES
•With careful separation from the clump the
root system will be relatively undisturbed
with a ball of soil around the roots.
•costs are far lower as beds can be filled
rapidly and root pruning is far quicker.
•More plants occupy less area as growing
space is smaller this economise on nursery
space and requires less transport.
•Less soil is required per plant as unit volume
is less than with individuals container, this
saves on the overall amount of soil required
for the nursery programme.
29. DISADVANTAGES
•More moderate climatic conditions are
required for planting
•Workers required to be more skilled
•Isolation of diseased plants difficult
•there can be an excessive loss of soil.
•Specialised tools and boxes are required
which cannot be used for other nursery
raising methods.
30. PLANTER FLAT METHOD
•Planter flats are re-usable, rigid
polystyrene (Kaylite) trays of multiple
cavities.
•Each individual cavity in a planter flat
is an inverted, pyramid shaped cell
with square cross section and is open
ended.
32. IMPORTANCE OF SHAPE
•It allows easy removal of the plants
•It ensures continuous air pruning
•It prevents root spiralling
•It makes filling easy
•
33.
34. CONTAINER TREATMENT
DIP TANK
•Flats washed with water spray
•Dipped in mixture of 100l water, 25Kg copper
oxychloride and 40l PVA white paint for a few
seconds
•Leave to drip dry
36. SEED SOWING
•Dibbler/spiking board used to make 5mm sowing
hole in the middle of each cavity
•Two seeds placed in each hole in first 3 lines and
one seed in following lines.
•Seeds covered loosely with pine bark and
watered thoroughly.
38. STACKING & DESTACKING
•Planter flats stacked one on top of the other
•Stacks covered with tent and left for 7-21 days.
•When seeds have germinated, trays removed
from stacks and placed on suspended wire beds.
41. FERTILIZING
•Pine bark poor in nutrients.
•Compound D applied in granular form at rate of
14g/tray per fortnight.
•Seedling leaves are brushed after fertilizer
application.
42. PRICKING OUT
•Carried out when seedlings reach
matchstick height or are 3-4cm height
before secondary roots develop.
•Its done for transplanting or to waste.
•Seedlings are watered thoroughly and
weeded before pricking out.
•J-rooting should be avoided when
transplanting.
45. PLANTING
•Trays well watered and transported to planting
site
•Seedlings held by first leaves and gently pulled
out of cavity
•The top of the plug is planted well below soil
level
46. ADVANTAGES
•Smaller nursery area
•Low labour input
•Faster and more predictable seedling
production
•Planter flats re-usable for several
seasons
•Soilless growing media can be used
47. •less raw material is required
•No root pruning
•Plants are light making planting alight
task and requiring less labour units
•Less and little weeding is done.
•No environmental disturbance as no
soil excavation is done.
•Reduces the burden/ eye sore caused
by dumps of pine bark
48. DISADVANTAGES
•Planter flats are fragile
•Need constant careful supervision
•Chemicals are expensive
•Watering equipment is expensive
•Not suitable for all areas
49. HYDROPONICS
Defn: The method of growing plants
without soil, using mineral nutrient
solutions in a water solvent.
•Terrestrial plants may be grown with
only their roots exposed to the mineral
solution, or the roots may be supported
by an inert medium, such as perlite or
gravel
50.
51. GROWING MEDIA
•Inert soilless material is used i.e. it
can’t/won’t decay or breakdown quickly.
•The growing media is not used to
provide nutrients but for anchorage i.e.
to enable the roots to support the plant
weight and hold it upright.
52. Properties of the Growing
Media
•Inert
•Soilless
•Good water holding properties
•Permeable
53. MEDIA FOR SEED GERMINATION
Media for germination should have:
•High water holding capacity
•Good drainage
•Good aeration
Suitable Media for Germination:
•Mixture of peat moss & river sand (1:1)
•Shredded sphagnum moss
•Vermiculite and Pine bark mixture
54. Preparation of Mother Bed
•Prepare a 1m width x 10 m length bed.
•Line the bed with bricks/ wooden
planks.
•Add growing media to level with the
brick top.
•Water the bed.
55. GERMINATION
• Add seed to water in a watering can and use
mixture to broadcast the seed over mother
bed.
• Broadcast Compound C/D fertilizer over seed
at rate of 1Kg/square metre.
• Initially, water twice a day with can fitted with
fine rose, reduce to once/day after two weeks.
• Cover bed with nappy liner material at a height
of 0.5m.
• Weed as soon as weeds appear.
• Prick out after 1-2 months when seedlings
have 4 leaves.
56. TRAY FILLING
•Moisten the soilless growing media
evenly.
•Pour into clean tray.
•Compact the media by throwing onto
the ground once from a height of 0.3m.
•Level off growing media.
•Use sowing template/dibbler to mark
5mm sowing hole in the middle of each
cavity.
57. FLOAT BED PREPARATION
•Level the ground such that water will not
flow when watering.
•Lay down thick plastic for the dimension of
four tray width x 10 m length.
•Edge the bed with bricks/wooden planks. The
plastic should be loose but secure.
•Pour in water to fill the bed.
•Place the filled trays onto the float bed to
absorb water. Make sure there is no space for
algae growth.
58. • Build a rectangular frame using treated lumber.
The frame should be 1,2m wide by 10mlong.
• Line the frame with a 6mm polyethylene plastic
sheet to form a trough to contain the nutrient
solution. Be sure the site is level and free of any
debris, which could puncture the plastic liner.
• Fill the water garden with approximately 20
gallons of water. The water will fill the plastic
sheeting to the sides of the frame. Secure the
other end and side of the liner to the top edge of
the frame.
• • Continue filling the water garden with water to
a total depth of at least 20cm.
59. TRANSPLANTING
•Prick out seedlings from mother bed
into a small tin of water. Do not remove
the soilless media from around the
transplants.
•Transplant seedlings into submerged
tray using dibbler/refill/lollypop stick to
avoid J-rooting.
•Pack additional media around the root
ball to root collar level only.
60.
61. FERTILIZING
- Recommended fertilizer programmed is as follows
Application period
– days after sowing
Fertilizer Rate mg n/L Amount
7 Floatfert 25 160 ml
14 Floatfert 50 320 ml
21 Floatfert 75 480 ml
4th
Application Ammonium nitrate 100 83 g
Application of fertilizer is done in three points of the bed, one first corner,
second middle and third corner of the bed
65. DISEASES
•The common disease of the seedlings is
Pythium root rot.
•The symptom of the disease is the
dying of the seedlings with black roots.
•This is controlled with the following
chemicals, ACOMIL or REDOMILL.
66. HARDENING OFF
•When the seedlings are 35 cm to 40 cm tall, you
can then start hardening off and do the planting.
•Cut back the seedlings to 15-20 cm and stop
fertilizing.
68. ADVANTAGES
• Any plant seedlings can be grown as long as their
growth requirements are met.
• It uses only 1/20th of water compared to traditional
(soil based) methods.
• It provides a sterile environment for plant
production
• Seedlings grow two times faster. Nursery period is
reduced from 3 months to 2 months for Eucs.
• It needs 20% of less space in comparison to soil
based nurseries.
69. ADVANTAGES
• Involves less labour. Upkeep is also minimal.
• It’s simple to get complete control over nutrient
balance
• There are no soil setup and testing hassles.
• Seedlings grown through this technique are
healthy and have better nutritional value.
• Seedlings can be grown all year round.
70. DISADVANTAGES
• Initial set up cost of hydroponic system is high.
• It requires constant supervision.
• Water-based microorganism can be easily
introduced.
• Technical knowledge is required for growing plants
through hydroponics.
• Overgrown seedlings will damage the planter flats.