This document provides an overview of citrus agronomy. It discusses the botany of citrus trees, including their flowers, leaves, fruits, and roots. It describes the distribution and major varieties of citrus worldwide. It outlines best practices for citrus propagation, nursery establishment and management, orchard establishment, and orchard management practices such as pruning, irrigation, fertilizing, and controlling pests. Key pests that affect citrus, including citrus rust mites, scale insects, and aphids, are also discussed.
The document provides information about citrus agronomy. It discusses the botanical details of citrus plants including their flowers, leaves, fruits, propagation through budding, and varieties such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons. It also outlines best practices for establishing a citrus orchard including site selection, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pruning, pest control, and weed removal. The goal is to produce a canopy of sufficient size for economic fruit production through proper maintenance operations in the nursery and orchard.
This document provides information on citrus agronomy. It describes the botanical details of citrus plants, including their native distribution, major production areas, flowers, leaves, fruits, and varieties. It discusses propagation through budding, nursery management activities like pruning, irrigation, fertilizing, weeding and pest control. For mature orchards, it outlines pruning, irrigation, weeding, fertilizer application, and control of pests like citrus rust mites, scale insects, aphids, and fruit flies through both chemical and biological methods.
This document provides information on citrus agronomy. It discusses the botany of citrus plants, including their flowers, leaves, fruits, and roots. It also covers citrus distribution, propagation through budding, and orchard establishment and management practices like pruning, irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Common citrus pests include rust mites, scale insects, aphids, and fruit flies. Chemical and biological controls are outlined for each pest.
Production technology of Citrus_HORT 453_2024_OK.pptjrahman04
This document discusses the taxonomy, botany, morphology, production, and maintenance of citrus plants. It describes how citrus is classified within the plant kingdom and provides details on the flower, leaves, fruit, and roots of citrus trees. The document also covers recommended citrus species, propagation through budding, rootstock selection, nursery establishment, orchard planting, irrigation, fertilization, and pruning practices for citrus production.
This document provides information for a certificate course on ornamental trees and shrubs. It includes a quiz, learning objectives on selecting and maintaining trees and shrubs, and details on soil preparation, planting, staking, pruning, and common pests and diseases. The document instructs students to name suitable trees and shrubs for different seasons, and describes how to properly plant, stake, prune, and maintain trees and shrubs, including controlling weeds, mulching, and addressing issues like canker and coral spot. It also cancels class for the next two weeks, resuming on April 19th.
Farm tools and equipment are used for various tasks on the farm such as land preparation, cultivation, harvesting and applying inputs. Common hand tools include hoes, shovels, sickles and pruners which are used for smaller garden plots. Larger machinery is needed for tasks like plowing, planting, spraying and transporting materials. Proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment helps ensure safety in farm operations.
This document provides information on selecting, planting, and maintaining ornamental trees and shrubs. It discusses choosing trees and shrubs based on their mature size and season of interest. It describes bare root, container-grown, and containerized planting methods. Guidelines are given for planting, staking, watering, feeding, weeding, and mulching trees and shrubs. Basic pruning techniques are outlined for shoots, branches, and different types of trees and shrubs. Common diseases like coral spot and canker are described. The learning objectives cover naming suitable trees and shrubs for gardens, those for winter and autumn displays, and describing soil preparation, planting, and routine maintenance practices.
This document provides information on different components of ornamental garden designing including lawns, shrubs, trees, climbers, hedges, beds, and adornments. It discusses various grasses suitable for lawns in India and methods of lawn making including seeding and turfing. It also covers shrubbery, trees, climbers, hedges, beds, and other garden elements. Maintenance aspects like irrigation, pruning, repotting, and controlling pests and diseases using organic methods are highlighted.
The document provides information about citrus agronomy. It discusses the botanical details of citrus plants including their flowers, leaves, fruits, propagation through budding, and varieties such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons. It also outlines best practices for establishing a citrus orchard including site selection, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pruning, pest control, and weed removal. The goal is to produce a canopy of sufficient size for economic fruit production through proper maintenance operations in the nursery and orchard.
This document provides information on citrus agronomy. It describes the botanical details of citrus plants, including their native distribution, major production areas, flowers, leaves, fruits, and varieties. It discusses propagation through budding, nursery management activities like pruning, irrigation, fertilizing, weeding and pest control. For mature orchards, it outlines pruning, irrigation, weeding, fertilizer application, and control of pests like citrus rust mites, scale insects, aphids, and fruit flies through both chemical and biological methods.
This document provides information on citrus agronomy. It discusses the botany of citrus plants, including their flowers, leaves, fruits, and roots. It also covers citrus distribution, propagation through budding, and orchard establishment and management practices like pruning, irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Common citrus pests include rust mites, scale insects, aphids, and fruit flies. Chemical and biological controls are outlined for each pest.
Production technology of Citrus_HORT 453_2024_OK.pptjrahman04
This document discusses the taxonomy, botany, morphology, production, and maintenance of citrus plants. It describes how citrus is classified within the plant kingdom and provides details on the flower, leaves, fruit, and roots of citrus trees. The document also covers recommended citrus species, propagation through budding, rootstock selection, nursery establishment, orchard planting, irrigation, fertilization, and pruning practices for citrus production.
This document provides information for a certificate course on ornamental trees and shrubs. It includes a quiz, learning objectives on selecting and maintaining trees and shrubs, and details on soil preparation, planting, staking, pruning, and common pests and diseases. The document instructs students to name suitable trees and shrubs for different seasons, and describes how to properly plant, stake, prune, and maintain trees and shrubs, including controlling weeds, mulching, and addressing issues like canker and coral spot. It also cancels class for the next two weeks, resuming on April 19th.
Farm tools and equipment are used for various tasks on the farm such as land preparation, cultivation, harvesting and applying inputs. Common hand tools include hoes, shovels, sickles and pruners which are used for smaller garden plots. Larger machinery is needed for tasks like plowing, planting, spraying and transporting materials. Proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment helps ensure safety in farm operations.
This document provides information on selecting, planting, and maintaining ornamental trees and shrubs. It discusses choosing trees and shrubs based on their mature size and season of interest. It describes bare root, container-grown, and containerized planting methods. Guidelines are given for planting, staking, watering, feeding, weeding, and mulching trees and shrubs. Basic pruning techniques are outlined for shoots, branches, and different types of trees and shrubs. Common diseases like coral spot and canker are described. The learning objectives cover naming suitable trees and shrubs for gardens, those for winter and autumn displays, and describing soil preparation, planting, and routine maintenance practices.
This document provides information on different components of ornamental garden designing including lawns, shrubs, trees, climbers, hedges, beds, and adornments. It discusses various grasses suitable for lawns in India and methods of lawn making including seeding and turfing. It also covers shrubbery, trees, climbers, hedges, beds, and other garden elements. Maintenance aspects like irrigation, pruning, repotting, and controlling pests and diseases using organic methods are highlighted.
How to Plant a Tree is based on the Tree Commission’s recent Tree Basics Booklet that is available in six languages. Learn how to select the right tree for the right site and how to care for new and old trees.
The document discusses different types of forest nurseries, including their objectives, main features, and facilities. It provides guidance on establishing and operating a nursery, covering site selection, design, construction, soil preparation, seed sowing, watering, hardening of seedlings, and the importance of record keeping. The goal of forest nurseries is to produce quality planting material through best practices in cultivation, pest and disease control, and administration.
You have a garden - how to keep it going - what to plant and when to plant. month wise activites. The book was written for the Doon gardening Society but it will be useful for every gardener
NURSERY MANGEMENT IN FLORICULTURE ppt.pptxBhaktiParyekar
This document discusses nursery management in floriculture. It defines a nursery and explains the importance of nurseries for propagating planting material. It covers site selection, soil preparation, watering, and drainage requirements for establishing a nursery. The document also describes different types of nurseries based on duration and plant produce. It discusses various propagation methods like sexual propagation using seeds and spores, and vegetative propagation techniques including cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Finally, it covers harvesting, packaging, storage and marketing of nursery stock.
This document provides information on selecting and planting ornamental trees and shrubs for domestic gardens. It discusses 10 trees and 10 shrubs suitable for gardens, trees grown for winter/autumn interest, and shrubs grown for winter/autumn interest. It describes soil preparation, planting techniques including bare root, container-grown and containerized plants, and maintenance of trees and shrubs including pruning and controlling pests and diseases. The document emphasizes allowing space for mature plant size, season of interest, and buying healthy specimens. It discusses improved planting techniques over digging deep holes and includes information on staking, basic pruning, and common plant diseases.
This document provides information for a certificate course on ornamental trees and shrubs. It discusses selecting suitable trees and shrubs for domestic gardens, including those that provide winter and autumn interest. It covers bare root, container-grown, and containerized planting methods. The document instructs on properly planting trees and shrubs, including preparing the soil, digging the hole, and positioning the roots. It also discusses staking trees, routine maintenance, basic pruning techniques, and common pests and diseases. The quiz at the end tests knowledge on these topics.
This document provides guidance on planting trees to expand or renew backyard woods. It discusses selecting native tree species adapted to the local climate and site conditions, preparing the site by controlling existing vegetation, properly spacing trees for growth, and handling and planting bare root tree stock. The goal is to select trees that will meet objectives like attracting wildlife, enhancing aesthetics, or protecting water quality, and will grow well in the soil, sunlight, and moisture conditions of the planting area. Care must be taken in storing, transporting, and planting bare root tree stock to avoid damaging the roots.
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
This document provides guidance on properly planting trees and fruit-bearing trees. It discusses selecting an appropriate location with enough space, choosing seeds suited to the season and soil, enriching the soil with fertilizers, and ongoing care of young trees through weeding, watering, and pest/disease control. Both direct planting of seeds and indirect planting of seedlings are covered. For transplanting seedlings, the document recommends thinning, hardening, and careful placement in holes of a size suited to future tree size before watering. Ongoing care like weeding, watering and pest/disease management is also emphasized.
This document outlines 10 steps for a successful vegetable garden:
1. Select a sunny location with good drainage.
2. Plan your garden layout and arrange plants by harvest time.
3. Choose recommended vegetable varieties.
4. Obtain quality seeds, plants, tools and supplies.
5. Prepare soil by adding organic matter and fertilizer.
6. Plant seeds and transplants properly, ensuring good spacing and depth.
7. Water regularly to keep soil moist without overwatering.
Layering is a method of plant propagation where stems are bent to form roots while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, compound, trench, air, and mound layering. Simple layering involves bending stems to the ground to encourage root formation. Compound layering alternates buried and exposed stem sections. Trench layering uses permanent rows with stems pegged into trenches. Air layering forms roots from stems enclosed in moist material. Mound layering cuts plants back and mounds soil over new shoots. Layering allows propagation of plants that do not root easily from cuttings and produces genetically identical offspring to the parent.
Home Fruit Planting Guide - Oklahoma State UniversityFujita64g
This document provides a home fruit planting guide with recommendations on planning, site selection, planting, and caring for fruits. Key points include:
- Develop a planting plan in advance, select fruit varieties and quantities, and control weeds before planting.
- Plant in well-drained, sunny areas and provide supplemental water, especially for new plantings.
- Consider pollination needs, as many fruits require cross-pollination from another variety for best production.
- Provide care like cultivation, mulching, irrigation and pruning to help establishments and maintain the home fruit garden.
The document provides instructions for various agri-fishery arts activities including:
1. Preparing land for planting by removing grass, plowing, and digging holes.
2. Planting trees by digging holes, adding compost, and staking trees for support.
3. Watering plants through natural rainfall, manual watering with tools, or artificial sources like wells and dams.
4. Fertilizing soil using organic fertilizers produced through composting or liquid fertilizers made from fruits and vegetables.
This document provides guidance for starting an organic vegetable garden, including preparing the soil, planning crop rotations, and seasonal planting tips. It recommends clearing any overgrown areas, controlling weeds with mulch, and setting up compost and leafmould bins to improve the soil. Wildlife habitats like annuals, perennials, and a pond are suggested. Crop rotation in four equal plots is advised. Techniques like using cloches and growing disease-resistant varieties are outlined. The seasonal guide covers autumn, winter, and spring tasks like planting garlic, covering beds, and digging in green manures.
Garden Maintenance for Xeriscape - Aurora, ColoradoEric851q
This document provides an overview of tasks involved in maintaining a xeriscape garden, including removing weeds, caring for soil, deadheading plants, dividing plants, pruning trees and shrubs, caring for bulbs, maintaining irrigation systems, preventing plant diseases, maintaining vegetable gardens, and caring for tools. Specific maintenance tasks are outlined for each month. The goal is to properly care for plants using little to no supplemental water through cultural practices suited for Colorado's climate.
This document discusses various methods of planting and propagating trees. It describes two main methods of planting - direct seeding, where seeds are planted directly in the soil, and indirect seeding, where seedlings are transferred to their permanent location. For propagation, it outlines sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation techniques like cutting, grafting, layering, marcotting, and propagation through runners, suckers, bulbs, rhizomes, tubers and more. It provides details on taking care of seedlings and sources for obtaining fruit-bearing trees.
1. Hevea brasiliensis, commonly known as the Para rubber tree, is the primary source of natural rubber. It is native to the Amazon basin and was introduced to tropical areas of Asia and Africa in the late 19th century.
2. Rubber trees are cultivated by establishing nurseries to grow seedlings and budded plants. Seedlings are bud grafted with clones to propagate desired traits, then planted on farms.
3. Optimal growing conditions for rubber trees include well-drained, acidic soils; high rainfall; and temperatures between 20-34°C. Intercropping provides additional income during the trees' early years, though erosion risks must be managed on slopes.
How to Plant a Tree is based on the Tree Commission’s recent Tree Basics Booklet that is available in six languages. Learn how to select the right tree for the right site and how to care for new and old trees.
The document discusses different types of forest nurseries, including their objectives, main features, and facilities. It provides guidance on establishing and operating a nursery, covering site selection, design, construction, soil preparation, seed sowing, watering, hardening of seedlings, and the importance of record keeping. The goal of forest nurseries is to produce quality planting material through best practices in cultivation, pest and disease control, and administration.
You have a garden - how to keep it going - what to plant and when to plant. month wise activites. The book was written for the Doon gardening Society but it will be useful for every gardener
NURSERY MANGEMENT IN FLORICULTURE ppt.pptxBhaktiParyekar
This document discusses nursery management in floriculture. It defines a nursery and explains the importance of nurseries for propagating planting material. It covers site selection, soil preparation, watering, and drainage requirements for establishing a nursery. The document also describes different types of nurseries based on duration and plant produce. It discusses various propagation methods like sexual propagation using seeds and spores, and vegetative propagation techniques including cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Finally, it covers harvesting, packaging, storage and marketing of nursery stock.
This document provides information on selecting and planting ornamental trees and shrubs for domestic gardens. It discusses 10 trees and 10 shrubs suitable for gardens, trees grown for winter/autumn interest, and shrubs grown for winter/autumn interest. It describes soil preparation, planting techniques including bare root, container-grown and containerized plants, and maintenance of trees and shrubs including pruning and controlling pests and diseases. The document emphasizes allowing space for mature plant size, season of interest, and buying healthy specimens. It discusses improved planting techniques over digging deep holes and includes information on staking, basic pruning, and common plant diseases.
This document provides information for a certificate course on ornamental trees and shrubs. It discusses selecting suitable trees and shrubs for domestic gardens, including those that provide winter and autumn interest. It covers bare root, container-grown, and containerized planting methods. The document instructs on properly planting trees and shrubs, including preparing the soil, digging the hole, and positioning the roots. It also discusses staking trees, routine maintenance, basic pruning techniques, and common pests and diseases. The quiz at the end tests knowledge on these topics.
This document provides guidance on planting trees to expand or renew backyard woods. It discusses selecting native tree species adapted to the local climate and site conditions, preparing the site by controlling existing vegetation, properly spacing trees for growth, and handling and planting bare root tree stock. The goal is to select trees that will meet objectives like attracting wildlife, enhancing aesthetics, or protecting water quality, and will grow well in the soil, sunlight, and moisture conditions of the planting area. Care must be taken in storing, transporting, and planting bare root tree stock to avoid damaging the roots.
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
This document provides guidance on properly planting trees and fruit-bearing trees. It discusses selecting an appropriate location with enough space, choosing seeds suited to the season and soil, enriching the soil with fertilizers, and ongoing care of young trees through weeding, watering, and pest/disease control. Both direct planting of seeds and indirect planting of seedlings are covered. For transplanting seedlings, the document recommends thinning, hardening, and careful placement in holes of a size suited to future tree size before watering. Ongoing care like weeding, watering and pest/disease management is also emphasized.
This document outlines 10 steps for a successful vegetable garden:
1. Select a sunny location with good drainage.
2. Plan your garden layout and arrange plants by harvest time.
3. Choose recommended vegetable varieties.
4. Obtain quality seeds, plants, tools and supplies.
5. Prepare soil by adding organic matter and fertilizer.
6. Plant seeds and transplants properly, ensuring good spacing and depth.
7. Water regularly to keep soil moist without overwatering.
Layering is a method of plant propagation where stems are bent to form roots while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, compound, trench, air, and mound layering. Simple layering involves bending stems to the ground to encourage root formation. Compound layering alternates buried and exposed stem sections. Trench layering uses permanent rows with stems pegged into trenches. Air layering forms roots from stems enclosed in moist material. Mound layering cuts plants back and mounds soil over new shoots. Layering allows propagation of plants that do not root easily from cuttings and produces genetically identical offspring to the parent.
Home Fruit Planting Guide - Oklahoma State UniversityFujita64g
This document provides a home fruit planting guide with recommendations on planning, site selection, planting, and caring for fruits. Key points include:
- Develop a planting plan in advance, select fruit varieties and quantities, and control weeds before planting.
- Plant in well-drained, sunny areas and provide supplemental water, especially for new plantings.
- Consider pollination needs, as many fruits require cross-pollination from another variety for best production.
- Provide care like cultivation, mulching, irrigation and pruning to help establishments and maintain the home fruit garden.
The document provides instructions for various agri-fishery arts activities including:
1. Preparing land for planting by removing grass, plowing, and digging holes.
2. Planting trees by digging holes, adding compost, and staking trees for support.
3. Watering plants through natural rainfall, manual watering with tools, or artificial sources like wells and dams.
4. Fertilizing soil using organic fertilizers produced through composting or liquid fertilizers made from fruits and vegetables.
This document provides guidance for starting an organic vegetable garden, including preparing the soil, planning crop rotations, and seasonal planting tips. It recommends clearing any overgrown areas, controlling weeds with mulch, and setting up compost and leafmould bins to improve the soil. Wildlife habitats like annuals, perennials, and a pond are suggested. Crop rotation in four equal plots is advised. Techniques like using cloches and growing disease-resistant varieties are outlined. The seasonal guide covers autumn, winter, and spring tasks like planting garlic, covering beds, and digging in green manures.
Garden Maintenance for Xeriscape - Aurora, ColoradoEric851q
This document provides an overview of tasks involved in maintaining a xeriscape garden, including removing weeds, caring for soil, deadheading plants, dividing plants, pruning trees and shrubs, caring for bulbs, maintaining irrigation systems, preventing plant diseases, maintaining vegetable gardens, and caring for tools. Specific maintenance tasks are outlined for each month. The goal is to properly care for plants using little to no supplemental water through cultural practices suited for Colorado's climate.
This document discusses various methods of planting and propagating trees. It describes two main methods of planting - direct seeding, where seeds are planted directly in the soil, and indirect seeding, where seedlings are transferred to their permanent location. For propagation, it outlines sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation techniques like cutting, grafting, layering, marcotting, and propagation through runners, suckers, bulbs, rhizomes, tubers and more. It provides details on taking care of seedlings and sources for obtaining fruit-bearing trees.
1. Hevea brasiliensis, commonly known as the Para rubber tree, is the primary source of natural rubber. It is native to the Amazon basin and was introduced to tropical areas of Asia and Africa in the late 19th century.
2. Rubber trees are cultivated by establishing nurseries to grow seedlings and budded plants. Seedlings are bud grafted with clones to propagate desired traits, then planted on farms.
3. Optimal growing conditions for rubber trees include well-drained, acidic soils; high rainfall; and temperatures between 20-34°C. Intercropping provides additional income during the trees' early years, though erosion risks must be managed on slopes.
Similar to citrusproduction-13472902019734-phpapp01-120910101756-phpapp01.pptx (20)
Stone grafting is a method of grafting a scion onto a young mango seedling to produce high quality mango plants quickly and cheaply. In stone grafting, scions from desired mango varieties are grafted onto 2-3 week old seedlings grown from wild mango seeds. This allows for many seedlings to be produced in a small area in as little as 2 months. Stone grafting is done in early summer when wild mangos are ripe and branches have new shoots, and seedlings are kept shaded and moist until the grafts take within 1-2 weeks.
Litchi is a tropical fruit grown commercially in Bangladesh. The document discusses the botany of litchi including its origin in South China, taxonomy, morphology, and cultivation requirements. It provides details on popular varieties grown in Bangladesh such as Bombai, Bedana, China-3, and Muzaffarpuri. The document also covers litchi cultivation practices including propagation, planting, cultural operations, maturity indices, harvesting, yield, storage and commercial products.
The document provides information on the production technology of litchi. It discusses the botanical details of litchi, including its origin in South China. It also covers the ecological requirements, varieties, propagation methods, cultural practices like planting, irrigation, nutrition management, and pest and disease management of litchi production. The key production states of litchi in India are Bihar and West Bengal. Harvesting is usually done in May and June when the fruits attain maturity. Post-harvest storage is possible at 0-1°C for 3-5 weeks.
This document provides information about papaya including its introduction, area and production, plant description, varieties, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, planting seasons and densities. Some key points:
- Papaya is known as the "wonder fruit of the tropics" and India is the second largest producer globally.
- Major producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh.
- Papaya has male, female and hermaphrodite sex forms and is propagated through seeds or asexual methods like tissue culture.
- Ideal climate includes temperatures between 21-33°C and well-drained soils between pH 6.0-6.5.
Tomato is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide. It originated in South America and was introduced to Asia in the 15th century. There are several varieties of tomato classified based on fruit shape and growth habit. Tomatoes are a nutritious food containing vitamins A and C. They are commercially produced through cultivation practices like soil preparation, transplanting seedlings, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest and disease management. Proper harvesting is done based on maturity indices to ensure quality. Average yields vary based on variety and production methods used.
Papaya is an important tropical fruit crop grown in India. It has high nutritional value and can be grown throughout the year. India is the largest producer of papaya in the world, with production increasing sharply in recent decades. Papaya production is concentrated in states like Andhra Pradesh, Assam, and Karnataka. Papaya can be grown as a commercial crop and for domestic use due to its wide adaptability and year-round production. Proper production practices like spacing, fertilization, irrigation, and pest management are required to maximize papaya yields.
This document provides information on the cultivation of sweet pepper/capsicum. It begins with the systematic classification of capsicum, then discusses its history and origin. It describes ideal growing conditions for capsicum including climate, soil type, variety selection, nursery preparation, transplanting, training, pruning, harvesting and post-harvest handling. The document also addresses common production practices like irrigation, fertilizer management, and pest and disease control. Overall, the document is a comprehensive guide to successful capsicum cultivation.
This document provides information on potato cultivation. It discusses the nutritional value and uses of potatoes, top potato producing countries in the world, the scientific classification of potatoes, recommended varieties for Bangladesh, growth stages, soil preparation, planting, fertilizer requirements, irrigation, pest and disease management, and harvesting and storage of potatoes. It aims to provide guidance to farmers on best practices for potato cultivation.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2. Introduction
• Botanical name for sweet orange is citrus senensis
• Citrus, common name for several related evergreen
trees and shrubs of the Rue family, and generally for
the fruits they produce, including the citron, grapefruit,
lemon, lime, orange, shaddock, tangerine, and
bergamot (A pear shaped orange).
• The plants are characterized by wing like appendages
on the leaf stalks, white or purplish flowers, and fruit
with a spongy and a juicy pulp divided in sections.
• The leaves, flowers, and rind of the fruit abound in
volatile oil and emit a sharp fragrance. Many citrus
plants have thorny branches.
3. Distribution
Citrus are subtropical, with growing
temperatures ideally at 24-27 ºC and intolerant
of frost.
Native to Southeast Asia
Site selection, always an important
consideration, is particularly critical in regions
subject to cold winter temperatures.
5. Botany
That is the biological description of a
plant.
The citrus tree consists of
►Shoot,
►Leaves,
►Flowers,
►Fruits and
►Roots.
6. Flowers
Reproductive organ of most seed-bearing plants.
Flowers carry out the multiple roles of sexual
reproduction, seed development, and fruit
production.
The flowers are solitary or in small corymbs,
each flower 2–4 cm diameter, with five (rarely
four) white petals and numerous stamens; they
are often very strongly scented.
7. Leafs
A leaf is an extension of a plant's branch.
A plant leaf helps in transpiration and
guttation, both of which remove excess water
from the plant, and respiration, the process by
which a plant obtains oxygen and energy.
Leaves also may store food and water and
provide structural support.
These plants are large shrubs, reaching 5–15 m
tall, with spiny shoots and alternately arranged
evergreen leaves with an entire margin.
9. Fruits
The fruit is a hesperidium, a specialised berry,
globose to elongated, 4–30 cm long and 4–20
cm diameter, with a leathery rind surrounding
segments filled with pulp vesicles.
Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance,
partly due to flavonoids and limonoids
contained in the rind, and most are juice-laden.
The juice contains a high quantity of citric acid
giving them their characteristic sharp flavour.
10. Varieties
• Citrus consists of many species, some of which
are not even edible. Some varieties of the edible
ones have however been recommended to the
public.
• These include:
– Sweet Orange
– Grapefruit
– Tangerine
– Tangelo
– Lemon
– Lime
11. Propagation
Citrus is almost entirely propagated by
budding. Planting unbudded seedlings may not
be true-to-type, and often takes a long time to
fruit.
They are also susceptible to disease attack.
Obtain buding by selecting a required bud and
uniting this with a suitable rootstock.
Most trees are propagated in the nursery by T-
budding.
13. ROOTSTOCKS
Traits most important in rootstock selection
include:
– compatibility with scion
– adaptation to soil and climatic conditions
– ease and uniformity in propagation
– influence on precocity, consistent cropping and
yield, and fruit quality
– influence on winter hardiness
– suckering tendency
– sensitivity to disease, pests, and replant problems.
14. Selecting a site for Nursery
The site should be level.
It should be safe from erosion, floods or heavy winds—that
is, you will need windbreaks.
It must be fenced to protect it against damage from animals.
It needs a permanent water supply.
It must be near a road for transport of inputs and plants and
ready access by clients.
The soil used must be free of soil borne diseases and pests,
such as nematodes.
Local construction materials, such as wood, bricks, poles
and banana stems, should be available.
Labour to manage the nursery must be available.
Well-rotted farmyard manure, sand or decomposed sawdust,
compost or fertile topsoil for soil mixture must be available.
15. ln;puts andtoolls
You will need thes,etoo,lsand suppllliesto,op,,eratea small-scalenursery:
For preparation
- hoe U,embe)
- shov,el(cheppe)
- watering can
- buck,et (debbe)i
- rope or measuring tape
For potting
- c,o,ntaine1rs-polytube
,
s
e
, mpty tins1
banatiia filbr,e,o,rany ll!ocalsyst,em
- soiillsi,eve
- pruning saw
For preparing the soiiilm,edia
- fertileto,psoil-fr,omfor,est or c,omp,ost
- sand,or sawdust
- well-rotted farmyard manure
For constiruction
- hammer
- sawor panga
- naiills
- simpl,econstruction mat!erialls
- fencing-local mat,eriallor wiiire
For grafting, budding,1pruling
- pruning secateur
- graftinglkniFe
- sharp,eningst!o,ne
- basiinor bucket
For plant protection
- knapsack sprayer
- fungicide, ins,ecticide
17. Site selection and Preparation
• Sandy loam is best for the cultivation of Citrus.
• The most important factor in the choice of site
is free from high drainage of water.
• Soils with an underlying hardpan of about 1m
or less to the top mock soils, or slain sites are
not suitable. Apart from these, citrus can be
grown on a wide range of soil types.
• Citrus is not shade loving, therefore clear the
site of all tree stumps and plough before
setting in the plants.
18. Citrus can develop a large number of nutrient
deficiencies, including N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn,
Zn, Cu, Fe, B and Mo.
The level of N fertility has more influence on
the growth, yield, and quality of citrus than
any other single plant nutrient.
Adequate supplies of N are necessary to
optimize growth and development of newly
planted citrus trees.
Compost, animal manure and green manure
can be worked into the soil to a depth of 1 m,
to serve as pre plant fertilizer.
19. Orchard Establishment
• Plant the orchard when the rainy season has
fully set in.
• Clear the land of any bush.
• Complete planting holes, well in advance,
before purchasing the budding.
• Always ensure that the trees are planted no
deeper than they had grown in the nursery.
• Citrus has a planting distance of 3m x 3m
20. How to Plant
Prepare the planting hole
– Dig a hole only as large as necessary to
accommodate the root system.
– Trees should be planted with their top major
roots even with the soil line.
– Prune any damaged roots back beyond the
damaged area.
– If container-grown trees have a tap root curled
in the bottom of a container, cut this root off at
the point where it begins to curl.
21. – Separate and trim the roots of container trees that
may be root-bound.
– Save the soil from the hole to use as backfill.
• Position the tree
– Place the tree in the hole at the same depth it was
growing previously.
Filling the hole
– Remove any debris from the dug-up soil. Back-fill
with the same soil that was removed from the hole.
Never back-fill with an amended soil mix of a
lighter texture. Such a practice will create drainage
problems and cause tree roots to suffocate during
periods of excessive moisture.
22. Water
– After the tree is planted, water well. Check the
original soil line one last time.
– If the tree does settle, now is the time to move it
back to the correct position with the soil level .
Stake if needed
– Unless the tree bends over, it will not need support
from staking.
– If stakes are needed, place them on opposite sides
of the tree, perpendicular to the direction of the
prevailing wind.
24. Maintenance Operations
1. Training and Pruning (Nursery)
– The tree must produce a canopy of sufficient size
before economic fruit production begins.
What to do during training and pruning.
– Remove shoots (i.e. suckers) originating from the
rootstock and low on the scion (i.e. water sprouts)
– Remove branches that cross from one side of the
tree to the other.
This will produce an abundance of vegetative
growth that will, in turn, assist in producing
new vegetative growth.
25. 2. Irrigation(Nursery)
– Young trees seldom need watering in the fall. For
young trees, it is best to water twice per week,
from March through June is to maintain optimum
moisture in the upper soil layer where most of the
roots are, especially during the crucial period of
leaf expansion, bloom, fruit set and fruit
enlargement –(January/February to June,
usually).
– Soil type will affect how well the soil holds the
water.
26. Good irrigation help
– Proper growth and fruiting it is essential that trees
receive water in ‘on time’.
– To ensure adequate moisture the soil should be
thoroughly wet before wilting occurs.
– To avoid overwatering, excess water must drain
away.
– Alternate wetting and drying allows oxygen
necessary for root growth to enter the soil.
27. 3. Fertilizing (Nursing)
– Mineral nutrients are classified as macronutrients
and micronutrients.
– The term "macronutrients" refers to those
elements that plants require in large amounts (N,
P, K, Ca, Mg, S).
– The term "micronutrients" (or “trace elements”)
applies to plant nutrients that are essential to
plants but are needed only in small amounts (Fe,
Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Mo, Ni, Cl).
– Visual deficiency symptoms of N, P, K, Ca, Mg,
Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu, and Mo can usually be
recognized by distinctive symptoms with lack of
nutrients.
28. Types of fertilizer to use:
Generally, only two types of fertilizers are
required:
– A balanced fertilizer (8-8-8, 13-13-13), and
– A nitrogen fertilizer such as ammonium nitrate
(33-0-0), or ammonium sulfate (21-0-0). Urea (46-
0-0) is a good source of nitrogen. The nitrogen
fertilizer stimulates vegetative growth later in the
year. The numbers 8-8-8 or 13-13-13 represent the
percentage of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium the
fertilizer has.
29. 4. Weeds Removal (Nursing)
– Hand pick weed and unwanted plants from the
nursery.
– These weeds compete with the citrus for nutrients
which may end up killing the seedlings.
5. Pest Control (Nursing)
5. Young Plants at nursery are affected by a lot of
stem borers, Leaf Chewers and leaf miners.
6. Recommended insecticide such as Green Light
Spinosad can be sprayed
30. Orchard Management
The activities for citrus management include:
Pruning
Irrigation
Weed Control
Fertilizer Application
Pests, Parasites and Diseases , and their
control
31. Pruning (Matured Stage)
– For a matured tree, we do want is called
maintenance pruning. This is a situation were we
do selective pruning; If heavy pruning of large
wood is required, pruning half of the trees in the
first year, and the second half next year will reduce
the impact of crop loss.
Annual pruning of diseased and pest attacked
branches is also done in the matured stage.
To avoid damage to the fruit, mature fruit trees
should not be pruned immediately before
harvest, or when mature fruit are on the tree in
early spring.
32. Irrigation (Matured Stage)
– Citrus trees will wilt and yield will be depressed
unless moisture is provided during the long dry
season of November to February.
– Therefore, make sure that the trees are watered
during this period.
– Ten liters of water (stream water, well water, tap
water, etc.) delivered at the base of the trees twice
a week is sufficient for good development and
yield.
34. Weeding (Matured Stage)
– Absolute weed control under a hot, humid climate
may be very expensive, nevertheless there is need
for some level of weed control.
– Slash the orchard at least 3 times in the year with
a hoe, the last being at the on-set of the dry
season.
– In addition, ring weed individual trees constantly.
Ring-apply Diuron or Paracol to check weed
growth.
35. Fertilizer Application (Matured Stage)
– 2–4 years of age:
• 500 grams of compound fertilizer N.P.K (15:15:15) per
trees, twice in the year.
– 5–10 years of age:
• 2 kg (15:15:15) + 600 grams per tree, twice in the year.
– 10 years and above:
• 3 kg (15:15:15) + 800 grams per tree, twice in the year.
These applications should be done in June and
September to obtain maximum benefit.
36. Pests of citrus
Citrus Rust Mites
Main Species
– Citrus bud mites
– Citrus red mites
Symptoms of Damage
– causing external blemishing and, in extreme
infestations, smaller fruits, pre-mature falling
and even shedding of leaves. disfigure the
surface of the fruit and the foliage mainly in the
winter and during droughts
37. Biological Control
– Mass rearing and release of parasitic fungi
(Hirsutella thompsonii and Triplosporium
floridana) help to eradicate rust mites and the
Texas citrus mite.
Chemical Control
– To control Citrus Bud Mites spray the tree with
Bug Buster or Trounce.
39. Citrus Scale Insects
Main Species
– Snow scale, Purple scale, Red scale and glover
scale.
Symptoms of damage
– Affect woody portions of the tree, suck sap
from the branches, twigs, leaves and fruit,
induce shedding of fruit and foliage, produces
green spots on the fruit, infests young trees.
40. Biological control
– Maintaining populations of the Vedalia lady
nurseries and groves is a fairly
scale,
beetle in
effective
Parasitic
means of controlling this
wasps (Aphytis spp.) are able to
control Citrus snow scale, purple scale and
Florida red scale.
Chemical Control
– To effectively control scale insects and limit
damage, Horticultural Oil should be sprayed on
the tree. The Horticultural oil serves to
suffocate the scale and eggs. In the spring if the
crawling nymphs are present, spray the trees
with Bug Buster to prevent the new nymphs
from further infecting the tree.
42. Citrus Aphids (Plant lice)
Main Species
– Brown Citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricidus
– Citrus Whitefly
– Orange dog caterpillar
Symptoms of Damage
– Aphids (plant lice) cause leaves to curl,
crinkled with puckered marks, yellowing and
the twisting of the leaves, which gives the
appearance of deformed leaves. As the severity
of the aphid infestation increases, leaf drop and
twig and branch die back can be seen.
43. Chemical control
– Use a specific aphicide or horticultural spray
oil. Always check the label before spraying, as
not all oils are registered for use in citrus. Oils
can also cause phytotoxic damage if not used
correctly.
Biological control
– Predators, parasites, and fungal diseases attack
aphids and occur naturally in the orchard. The
honeydew produced by the aphids provides a
good food source for many natural enemies.
45. Fruit Flies
Main Species
– Queensland fruit fly
– Mediterranean fruit fly
– Papaya fruit fly
Symptoms of damage
– Infested fruit usually falls from the tree as a
result of the activity of the larvae in it. The
style of damage by fruit fly larvae tunnelling in
fruit varies with the type and maturity of the
fruit, the number of the larvae in it, and the
46. – weather . Frequently citrus fruits, although
stung, do not develop larvae, but the stung fruit
sometimes fall.
Control
– Traps
• Traps are used to monitor male fruit fly populations
in orchards. The lures in the traps attract only the
male fruit fly, which are then killed.
• The traps, commonly called Dak-pots, contain a
mixture of the male attractant or parapheremone and
an insecticide.
• The traps are normally hung in trees. The traps are
effective and convenient but do not control it.
47. – Baits
• Bait mixture is prepared using an attractant (protein
source) and an insecticide. Flies are attracted to the
protein which they require for egg maturation.
• As they feed they are killed by the insecticide. Bait
spray components include the insecticides maldison
or chlorpyrifos and yeast autolysate or hydrolysate
as the attractant.
– Chemical spray
• Registrations also exist for the chemicals dimethoate
and fenthion for cover sprays for Qld fruit fly
control in citrus.
49. Diseases of Citrus
Citrus Canker
Causative organism-Bacterium
Symptoms
– formation of scabs (similar to halo lesions) in
the leaves, branches and fruits causing yellow
halo-like lesions or scabs on the fruit, leaves
and twigs of citrus trees. Severe infections can
cause leaf loss, blemished fruit, fruit drop and
die back.
50. Control
– This contagious disease is treated by applying
antibiotic formulation.
– Management options include
susceptible citrus cultivars with
replacing
resistant
cultivars, applying preventive sprays of copper-
based bactericides, and destroying infected
trees and all surrounding trees within an
appropriate radius.
52. Citrus Sooty Mold
Causative organism-fungus
Symptoms
– Characterized by black coloration of the
affected citrus tree leaves. The black color is
nothing but the spores of sooty mold.
– The mold forms on the leaves as a result of
honeydew secretions from insects such as
whiteflies, aphids and mealybugs.
Control
– Using formulations of neem oil, which is an
organic broad spectrum insecticide, fungicide
and miticide such as orthene, malathion, or
diazinon
54. Citrus Greasy Spot
Causative organism-fungus
Symptoms
– After infection takes place, the fungal spores
germinate within the leaf tissues, causing the
lower leaf portion to develop slightly raised
blisters.
– Telltale signs include yellowish-brownish
blister spots on leaves, often on the underside
of the leaf. As the disease develops, the spots
develop into oily looking blisters.
55. Control
– Spraying copper fungicide two times in
summer help in controlling this fungal disease.
Spraying petroleum oil at the rate of 5-10
gallons per acre is generally applied.
57. Citrus Melanose
Causative Organism-fungus
Symptoms
– Darkly colored, raised, corky pustules appear
after leaf infection. The pustules may be
surrounded by yellowed leaf tissue or yellow
halos. The yellow color may later turn green.
Severely infected shoot apices may become
distorted or die back.
– Fully expanded, mature leaves resist infection.
On fruits infection appears as darkly colored
and usually raised pustules of various sizes
58. Control
– Cultural control by periodically pruning away
dead branches. This will reduce pathogen
survival, increase air circulation to dry out the
canopy, and allow for more effective fungicide
penetration and coverage of the foliage.
– Sprays of copper fungicides to young fruits
and leaves may be necessary for disease
management. Where the disease tends to be
severe, frequent fungicide applications may be
required
60. Citrus Root Rot Disease
Causative organism-Fungus
Symptoms
signs
in bark,
include developing brown
oozing of
– Notable
patches
turning yellow, premature
plant
leaf
sap, leaf
fall and
browning of citrus fruits.
– Over time, as the disease advances the bark
dries, cracks and dies. The infected area is then
left as a dark sunken canker. The disease can
also cause browning and decaying on the fruit
and yellowing and die-back on the foliage.
61. Control
– Cultural control such as trimming down all the
affected twigs and spray appropriate fungicide
in correct dose. To control the brown rot it is
important to remove all leaves and damaged
fruit when it falls to the ground; prune of all
lower branches off the tree so that the tree
branches are more than 2 feet from the ground;
– Chemical control can be done by spraying the
tree with a fungicide such as Agri-Fos and
Captan
63. Parasite
Mistletoes
– Mistletoes are plant parasites that live on other
plants to obtain food and water.
Carrier organism- Birds, squirrels and
porcupines
Symptoms
– The symptoms are difficult to note at the early
stage because the leaves mimic that of citrus. it
can really be seen when the parasitic plant bears
yellow or red flowers at the adult stage.
64. Control
– Cultural control is so far the only method that is
effective; chemicals are not effective, as it is
impossible to apply them safely and efficiently.
This is done with a standard pruner
– The recommended time is when the Mistletoe is
in flower as this makes it easier to spot them in
the cocoa canopy.
66. Harvest
Citrus must be clipped, not pulled from the
tree, to prevent plugging the peel. It is best
to harvest citrus on a clear, sunny day with
low humidity. The fruit should be harvested
as soon as the dew has evaporated. On a
cloudy day, the fruit should be harvested in
the afternoon. Fruit should not be harvested
at all on a rainy day.
67. Storage
Only fruit which have not been damaged in
harvest are used for storage. Citrus may be
stored for periods of up to 1-2 months at
low temperatures (0-4.4 °C).
Plastic crates or boxes are used for storing
fruit. Boxes should be stacked inside the
storage room in a way that maintains good
ventilation. Fruit will store longer if kept
cold. Sunlight should not be able to
penetrate inside the storage room. Any
rotting fruit should be removed.
68. Uses
Food Value
– Their juice is used as an ingredient in a variety of
dishes; it can commonly used in salad dressings and
squeezed over cooked meat or vegetables.
– A variety of flavours can be derived from different
parts and
– Marmalade, a condiment derived from cooked orange
and lemon to produce a jam-
– Lemon or lime is commonly used as a garnish for
water, soft drinks, or cocktails.
– The colourful outer skin of some citrus fruits, known as
zest, is used as a flavouring in cooking;
69. Medical Value
– Citrus juice also has medical uses; lemon juice is used
to relieve the pain of bee stings.
– Oranges were historically used for their high content of
vitamin C, which prevents scurvy.
– After consumption, the peel is sometimes used as a
facial cleanser.
– A peel of lemons or orange is commonly used as a
means to moisten medical cannabis when stored with it.
– Before the development of fermentation-based
processes, lemons were the primary commercial source
of citric acid.
– Orange juice may help prevent calcium oxalate stone
formation