Combinatorial chemistry involves the simultaneous synthesis of large libraries of compounds under identical reaction conditions. It aims to reduce the time and cost of drug discovery by preparing many similar compounds at once rather than one at a time. Key techniques include solid phase synthesis using resin beads, and solution phase split-and-mix and parallel synthesis methods. Combinatorial libraries can contain thousands to millions of compounds and are screened to identify potential drug leads more efficiently than traditional synthesis.

1. COMBINATORIAL
CHEMISTRY
BY
AAROMAL SATHEESH

2. INTRODUCTION
 THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY IS TO PREPARE A LARGE NUMBER OF
SIMILAR COMPOUNDS AT THE SAME TIME INSTEAD OF SYNTHESIZING COMPOUNDS IN A
CONVENTIONAL ONE AT- A-TIME MANNER.
 THE CHARACTERISTIC OF COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS IS THAT DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS ARE
GENERATED SIMULTANEOUSLY UNDER IDENTICAL REACTION CONDITIONS IN A SYSTEMATIC
MANNER, SO THAT IDEALLY THE PRODUCTS OF ALL POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS OF A GIVEN SET OF
STARTING MATERIALS (TERMED BUILDING BLOCKS) WILL BE OBTAINED AT ONCE.
 THE COLLECTION OF THESE FINALLY SYNTHESIZED COMPOUNDS IS REFERRED TO AS A
COMBINATORIAL LIBRARY.
 COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY IS A NEW METHOD DEVELOPED BY ACADEMICS AND RESEARCHERS TO
REDUCE THE TIME AND COST OF PRODUCING EFFECTIVE, MARKETABLE AND COMPETITIVE NEW DRUGS.
• ÁRPÁD FURKA IS CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF THE FATHERS OF COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS.HE
INTRODUCED THE COMMONLY USED SPLIT -AND- POOL METHODS IN 1982.

3. COMBINATORIAL LIBRARY
DEF: COLLECTION OF FINALLY SYNTHESIZED COMPOUNDS
SIZE: DEPENDS ON THE NUMBER OF BUILDING BLOCKS USED PER REACTION AND
THE NUMBER OF REACTION STEPS, IN WHICH A NEW BUILDING BLOCK IS INTRODUCED
TYPICAL: 102 UP TO 105 COMPOUNDS

5. APPLICATIONS
 Applications of combinatorial chemistry are very wide Scientists use
combinatorial chemistry to create large populations of molecules that can
be screened efficiently.
 By producing larger, more diverse compound libraries, companies increase
the probability that they will find novel compounds of significant
therapeutic and commercial value.
 Provides a stimulus for robot-controlled and immobilization strategies that
allow high-thrughput and multiple parallel approaches to drug discovery

6. • TECHNIQUES OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY
• SOLID SUPPORT SYNTHESIS: (ON SOLID PHASE SUCH AS RESIN BEAD,
• PINS, OR CHIPS)
• SPLIT AND MIX METHOD
• PARALLEL SYNTHESIS
• SOLUTION PHASE SYNTHESIS (IN SOLVENT IN THE REACTION FLASK

7. SOLID PHASE SYNTHESIS
Reactants are bound to a polymeric surface and modified whilst still attached. Final
product is released at the end of the synthesis
ADVANTAGES
•Specific reactants can be bound to specific beads
•Beads can be mixed and reacted in the same reaction vessel
•Products formed are distinctive for each bead and physically distinct
•Excess reagents can be used to drive reactions to completion
•Excess reagents and by products are easily removed
•Reaction intermediates are attached to bead and do not need to be isolated and purified
•Individual beads can be separated to isolate individual products
•Polymeric support can be regenerated and re-used after cleaving the product
•Automation is possible

8. REQUIREMENTS
• A RESIN BEAD OR A FUNCTIONALISED SURFACE TO ACT AS A SOLID SUPPORT
• AN ANCHOR OR LINKER
• A BOND LINKING THE SUBSTRATE TO THE LINKER. THE BOND MUST BE STABLE TO
THE REACTION CONDITIONS USED IN THE SYNTHESIS
• A MEANS OF CLEAVING THE PRODUCT FROM THE LINKER AT THE END
• PROTECTING GROUPS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS NOT INVOLVED IN THE
SYNTHESIS

9. • )
• SUPPORTS AND LINKERS
• MOST SOLID STATE COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY IS CONDUCTED BY USING POLYMER BEADS OF 10 TO
• 750 ΜM IN DIAMETER.
• THESE SWELL IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS ALLOWING FREE DIFFUSION OF SOLVENT AND REAGENT INTO
THE INTERIOR OF THE BEAD.
• THE POLYMERS ARE INERT EXCEPT FOR THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS TO WHICH THE MOLECULES
• ARE ATTACHED
• POLYSTYRENE RESIN: POLYSTYRENE WITH DI-VINYL BENZENE CROSS LINKED
• TENTA-GEL RESIN: POLYSTYRENE WITH PEG CROSS LINKED
• POLY ACRYLAMIDE RESINS: AMIDE CONTAINING RESIN
• CERAMIC/ GLASS BEADS: USED FOR HIGH TEMP AND PRESSURE REACTIONS.
• LINKERS ARE USUALLY ATTACHED BECAUSE
• THIS HELPS IN DETACHMENT OF THE RESIN WITHOUT DESTROYING THE MOLECULE.
• IT ALLOWS GREATER FREEDOM OF ROTATION TO THE MOLECULES ATTACHED.

10. • Beads must be able to swell in the solvent used, and remain
stable
• Most reactions occur in the bead interior
Swelling
Linkers

11. Resins are named to design the linkers..Ex:-

12. EQUIPMENTS USED IN SOLID PHASE

13. MIX AND SPLIT METHOD
•To use a standard synthetic route to produce a large variety of different analogues
where each reaction vessel or tube contains a mixture of products
•The identities of the structures in each vessel are not known with certainty
•Useful for finding a lead compound
•Capable of synthesising large numbers of compounds quickly
•Each mixture is tested for activity as the mixture
•Inactive mixtures are stored in combinatorial libraries
•Active mixtures are studied further to identify active component

14. WE WILL GOT 27 TRIPEPTIDES FROM 3 VIALS , EACH TRIPEPTIDES ARE
SYNTHESIZED AND FINALLY WE WILL GET ABOUT 34 MILLION PRODUCTS
(1,889,568 HEXAPEPTIDES / VIAL )

15. SOLUTION PHASE SYNTHESIS

16. PARALLEL PHASE SYNTHESIS
• To use a standard synthetic route to produce a range of analogues, with a
different analogue in each reaction vessel, tube or well
• The identity of each structure is known
• Useful for producing a range of analogues or drug optimisation

17. A) Houghton’s Tea Bag Procedure
• EACH TEA BAG CONTAINS BEADS AND IS LABELLED
• SEPARATE REACTIONS ARE CARRIED OUT ON EACH TEA BAG
• COMBINE TEA BAGS FOR COMMON REACTIONS OR WORK UP PROCEDURES
• A SINGLE PRODUCT IS SYNTHESISED WITHIN EACH TEABAG
• DIFFERENT PRODUCTS ARE FORMED IN DIFFERENT TEABAGS
• ECONOMY OF EFFORT - E.G. COMBINING TEA BAGS FOR WORKUPS
• CHEAP AND POSSIBLE FOR ANY LAB
• MANUAL PROCEDURE AND IS NOT SUITABLE FOR PRODUCING LARGE
QUANTITIES OF DIFFERENT PRODUCTS

18. B) Automated parallel synthesis
•Automated synthesisers are available with 42, 96 or 144 reaction vessels or wells
•Use beads or pins for solid phase support
•Reactions and work ups are carried out automatically
•Same synthetic route used for each vessel, but different reagents
•Different product obtained per vessel

19. ADVANTAGES
FAST
Combinatorial approach can give rise to million of compound in same time as it
will take to produce one compound by traditional method of synthesis .
ECONOMICAL
A negative result of mixture saves the effort of synthesis, purification &
identification of each compound
EASY
Isolation purification & identification of active molecule from combinatorial
library is relatively easy.
DRUG DISCOVERY
Mixed Combinatorial synthesis produces chemical pool. Probability of finding a
molecule in a random screening process is proportional to the number of
molecules subjected to the screening process
DRUG OPTIMIZATION
Parallel synthesis produces analogues with slight differences which is required
for lead optimization

20. DISADVANTAGES
• Efficiency is highly affected by compound's size, solubility and function group.
• Compounds produced tend to be Achiral of Racemic

21. …THANKUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU…