Cold war

Prepared by; ELIF BEDIR
INTERNATIONAL ORDERS
AFTER WORLD WAR 2
1 Elif Bedir-International Relations

INTERNATIONAL ORDER AFTER
COLD WAR
CONTENTS
INFORMATION ABOUT COLD WAR
THE NEW WORLD ORDER AFTER THE COLD
WAR
CONCULUSION

DESCRIPTION of COLD WAR
After the Second World War finished between the
US(United States) and USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics ) politics are unarmed conflicts that occur in the
economy and technology. 1945 began with the Yalta
Conference in 1990 ended with the Warsaw Pact.
 REASONS
strengthening the USSR's attempts to spread
communism to the world,
Wants to move to the forefront in international politics in
the post-war US,
US and USSR struggle for dominance
 RESULTS:
The results of polarization between the US and
USSR,USA created the Truman Doctrine in 1947.

ESTABLISHMENT of the BLOCKS
 Establishment of the Eastern Bloc:
It is called its Eastern Bloc allies in the Middle Europe
and East Europe with the Soviet Union in the Cold War
era. USSR, after 2nd World War unobtrusive but troops
in these regions have provided the Communist Party
came to power in countries across the region. Thus, the
Eastern Bloc was created.
 Experienced Developments:
Cominform 's Establishment: 1947 has been
established to carry out the political and ideological
cooperation between the Eastern Bloc countries.
Establishing KOMEKO: Eastern Bloc was established
in 1949 to provide economic cooperation between their
countries.

Berlin Crisis : East Berlin is also being formally
occupied by the Russians in 1948.
 West Block Body:
Cold War era in Russia or the US and its allies
created called against the West Block.
Experienced Developments:
1. Establishment of the Truman Doctrine
2. Preparation of the Marshall Plan
3. Establishment of NATO
4. Establishing the Council of Europe
5. Establishing the European Economic Community

Creating the Truman Doctrine:
In 1947 was applied.The policy of President
Truman, as advocated in his adress to Congress on
March 12,1947
to provide military and economic aid to Greece and
Turkey and, by extension, to any country
threatened by Communism or any totalitarian
ideology.
Preparation of the Marshall Plan:
After Second World War, European countries and
especially to Turkey are living economic distress
thatswhy the program prepared by the United
States for help.

Far East Conflict:
1. Korean War
2. Establishment of seaton
Korean War:
Between the years 1950-1953 was between North and
South Korea. North Korea, China and the USSR 'also
gets called with the support of the US-backed attack on
South Korea in the Korean War.
Importance:
It has prevented the establishment of a new
communist region.
That as a result of the success of the Turkish military
in this war Turkey, NATO members have been either.
SEATON (Southeast Asia Defense Organization)
Establishment:
the United States in Southeast Asia is a political
organization founded in 1954 to improve the
effectiveness against the spread of communism and the
Soviet Union. USA, with SEATO China and USSR was
aiming to get into a circle.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Establishment
 To prevent the spread of Russia and to keep the
peace in 1949 was established.
1950 Turkey, he has made application for
membership.
 In 1952 Turkey, NATO members have been
either.
Establishment of the Council of Europe:
1949 has been established. Turkey has been a
member of the same year the council.
European Economic Community (EEC)
Establishment:
1957 has been established. 1993 after the
European Union took its name.

Middle East can not be shared:
Israel 's Establishment: 1948 has been established
with the Balfour Declaration.
Creating the Eisenhower Doctrine:
1954 "Media for Peace" program, started this time
the US president Eisenhower 's, for Russia is not in
order to prevent the spread military and economic
aid to Middle Eastern countries.
Supporting Countries ; Turkey, Greece,
Pakistan,Lebanon,Iraq,Israil.
Not Supporting
Countries:Egypt,Syria,Jordan,Saudi Arabia.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-cold-war-
definition-causes-early-events.html

End of Cold War
Throughout the 1980s, the Soviet Union fought an
increasingly frustrating war in Afghanistan. At the
same time, the Soviet economy faced the
continuously escalating costs of the arms race.
Dissent at home grew while the stagnant economy
faltered under the combined burden. Attempted
reforms at home left the Soviet Union unwilling to
rebuff challenges to its control in Eastern Europe.
During 1989 and 1990, the Berlin Wall came down,
borders opened, and free elections ousted
Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe.
In late 1991 the Soviet Union itself dissolved into its
component republics. With stunning speed, the Iron
Curtain was lifted and the Cold War came to an
end.

Post–cold War “New World Order”
The term new world order has been used to refer to
any new period of history evidencing a dramatic change
in world political thought and the balance of power.
Despite various interpretations of this term, it is
primarily associated with the ideological notion of global
governance only in the sense of new collective efforts to
identify, understand, or address worldwide problems
that go beyond the capacity of individual nation-states
to solve. The most widely discussed application of the
phrase in recent times came at the end of the Cold War.
 The phrase "new world order", as used to herald in
the post–Cold War era, had no developed or
substantive definition. There appear to have been three
distinct periods in which it was progressively redefined,
first by the Soviets, and later by the United States
before the Malta Conference, and again after Bush's
speech of September 11, 1990.

 I. At first, the new world order dealt almost
exclusively with nuclear disarmament and
security arrangements, a great power cooperation
on a range of North-South, economic, and
security problems. Implications for NATO, the
Warsaw Pact, and European integration were
included.
 II. The Malta Conference collected these various
expectations, and they were fleshed out in more
detail by the press. German reunification, human
rights, and the polarity of the international system
were then included.
 III. The Gulf War crisis refocused the term on
superpower cooperation and regional crises.

Gorbachev’s Formulation
 The first press reference to the phrase came from Russo-
Indian talks, November 21, 1988. The new world order
which he describes is characterized by "non-violence and
the principles of peaceful coexistence." He also includes
the possibility of a sustained peace, an alternative to the
nuclear balance of terror, dismantling of nuclear weapons
systems, significant cuts in strategic arms, and eventually
a general and complete disarmament. This, in his opinion,
would spur the creation of "a new security framework" and
a move towards "a new world order.
 The principal statement creating the new world order
concept came from Mikhail Gorbachev’s December 7,
1988 speech to the United Nations General Assembly. His
formulation included an extensive list of ideas in creating a
new order. He advocated strengthening the central role of
the United Nations, and the active involvement of all
members—the Cold War had prevented the UN and its
Security Council from performing their roles as initially
envisioned.

 He argued that the use of force or the threat of the
use of force was no longer legitimate, and that the
strong must demonstrate restraint toward the weak.
He foresaw, as the major powers of the world, the
United States, the Soviet Union, Europe, India, China,
Japan, and Brazil.
 He asked for cooperation on environmental
protection, on debt relief for developing countries, on
disarmament of nuclear weapons. At the same time
he promised the significant withdrawal of Soviet
forces from Eastern Europe and Asia.
 He was seen as attempting a fundamental redefinition
of international relationships, on economic and
environmental levels. His support "for independence,
democracy and social justice" was highlighted, But
the principle message taken from his speech was that
of a new world order based on pluralism, tolerance,
and cooperation.
 The new world order seemed to imply: shifting of
resources from military to domestic needs; a world
community of states based on the rule of law.
Gorbachev's Formulation.

Rule Of Law
 The rule of law primarily refers to the influence and authority of
law within society, especially as a constraint upon behavior,
including behavior of government officials. The phrase was
popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey.
 In The New World Order, it plays an important role.
 Gorbachev explicitly highlighted that states “subordinate their
foreign policy activities to law.”
 It is important to note the linkage created between New World
Order, rule of law- international law, and the United Nations. Just
how would these New World Order “legal arrangements” of
international law be implemented and what is the relationship to
the United Nations?
 The international “rule of law” has the potential to govern much
more than the “conduct of nations.”
 “The individual person has emerged as an independent actor”
demonstrating that “the international system is no longer
confined to relations among nations.” And, “national and
international tribunals are offering new - and more effective -
means for enforcing international law.”

Interpretations of The New World
Many Interpretations have been published. The
main two are:
 1. The first interpretation is that the new world
order reflects a presumption that international
institutions and, in particular, the United Nations,
will be taking a more active and important role in
global management.
 2. The second interpretation is that the phrase
‘New World Order’ is merely descriptive, requiring
no more than acceptance that the current
situation is unique and clearly different in critical
respects “from the past.” Interpretations Of The
New World Order17 Elif Bedir-International Relations

A Credible United Nations and Its
Peacekeeping Role
 San Francisco Conference:The United Nations charter was established
at the San Francisco Conference in June, 1945. The War and Peace
Studies of World War II provided the backdrop for the development of
the United Nations.
 After 1942, all study groups of the War and Peace Studies shifted focus
from the war effort to developing the structure and responsibilities of the
future United Nations organization.
 “The founding of the United Nations embodied our deepest hopes for a
peaceful world.” - George Bush October 1, 1990
 Policing or peacekeeping implied that armed forces are “under
community control and used only against those who break community
laws.” Peacekeeping has proven to be one of the most effective tools
available to the UN to assist host countries navigate the difficult path
from conflict to peace.
 The first peacekeeping mission was launched in 1948.
 In 1988 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations
peacekeeping forces.
 The new world order provides the UN to play a vital role in the

THE MALTA CONFERENCE
 The Malta Conference:
 The Malta summit is considered as the official end of
the Cold War (continuing state of political conflict,
military tension). It consisted of a meeting between
U.S. President George H. W. Bush and U.S.S.R.
leader Mikhail Gorbachev, taking place between
December 2nd and 3rd in 1989, just a few weeks after
the fall of the Berlin Wall.
 The Malta summit signaled a major turning point in
East-West relations lifting the Iron Curtain which had
separated the Eastern Bloc from Western Europe for
four decades. The purpose of the summit was to
provide the two superpowers with an opportunity to
discuss rapid changed taking place in Europe.

The Gulf War & Bush’s
Formulation
 Bush started to take the initiative from Gorbachev during
the run-up to the Persian Gulf War, when he began to
define the elements of the new world order as he saw it,
and link the new order’s success to the international
community’s response in Kuwait.
 Initial agreement by the Soviets to allow action against
Saddam highlighted this linkage in the press. The idea that
the Persian Gulf War would usher in the new world order
began to take shape. Bush notes that the "premise was
that the United States henceforth would be obligated to
lead the world community to an unprecedented degree, as
demonstrated by the Iraqi crisis, and that we should
attempt to pursue our national interests, wherever
possible, within a framework of concert with our friends
and the international community.”
 In September 11, 1990 "Toward a New World Order"
President Bush addressed Congress in a speech on the
new world order in the Middle East, following the expulsion
of Iraqi forces from Kuwait.

 Michael Oren summarizes the speech, saying;
“The president proceeded to outline his plan for
maintaining a permanent U.S. naval presence in
the Persian Gulf, for providing funds for Middle
East development, and for instituting safeguards
against the spread of unconventional weapons.
 The centerpiece of his program, however, was
the achievement of an Arab-Israeli treaty based
on the territory-for-peace principle and the
fulfillment of Palestinian rights.
 On January 17, 1991, American and allied forces
began launching air attacks on Iraqi forces and
on February 24 the ground campaign began. By
February 27, the coalition had achieved their
stated mission of ejecting the Iraqi army out of
Kuwait. Exactly 100 hundred hours after the
ground battle had begun, the allies suspended all
offensive operations.

Aftermath of the Persian Gulf
War
Though the Gulf War was recognized as a decisive
victory for the coalition, Kuwait and Iraq suffered
enormous damage, and Saddam Hussein was not
forced from power. Intended by coalition leaders to be a
“limited” war fought at minimum cost, it would have
lingering effects for years to come, both in the Persian
Gulf region and around the world.
 In the years that followed, U.S. and British aircraft
continued to patrol skies and mandate a no-fly zone
over Iraq, while Iraqi authorities made every effort to
frustrate the carrying out of the peace terms, especially
United Nations weapons inspections. This resulted in a
brief resumption of hostilities in 1998, after which Iraq
steadfastly refused to admit weapons inspectors. In
addition, Iraqi force regularly exchanged fire with U.S.
and British aircraft over the no-fly zone.22 Elif Bedir-International Relations

 In 2002, the United States sponsored a new U.N.
resolution calling for the return of weapons
inspectors to Iraq; U.N. inspectors reentered Iraq
that November. In differences between Security
Council member states over how well Iraq had
complied with those inspections, the United
States and Britain began amassing forces on
Iraq’s border. Bush (without further U.N. approval)
issued an ultimatum on March 17, 2003,
demanding that Saddam Hussein step down from
power and leave Iraq within 48 hours, under
threat of war. Hussein refused, and the second
Persian Gulf War–more generally known as the
Iraq War–began three days later. Aftermath Of
The Persian Gulf War

Presaging The Iraq War of 2003
Elif Bedir-International Relations24
 An article was published explaining the drive toward
the Persian Gulf War in terms presaging the run-up to
the Iraq War of 2003. The author notes directly that
despite the coalition, in the minds of most
governments this is America's war, and Bush that
"chose to stake his political life on defeating Mr.
Hussein. They assert that diplomacy should have
been given more time, and that they will not wish to
allow a course of action "that leaves America sitting
too prettily as sole remaining superpower.“
 It closes noting that a wide consensus is not
necessary for U.S. action—only a hard core of
supporters: Saudi Arabia, Arab states of the Persian
Gulf, Egypt, and Britain. In a passage with similar
echoes of the future, Bush explains the role of the UN
Secretary General in attempting to avert the Persian
Gulf War.
 The UN leaders came to Bush to end up this war, but
Bush didn’t agree and stated that it is needed

Uni-Polarity
 The speech signified more than just the rhetoric about
superpower cooperation. In fact, the deeper reality of
the new world order was the United States’
emergence "as the single greatest power in a
multipolar world. The United States, while hampered
by economic malaise, was militarily unconstrained for
the first time since the end of World War II. Militarily, it
was now a unipolar world, as illustrated by the
Persian Gulf crisis.
 Further, U.S. authority over the Soviets was
displayed in:-
 1. The unification of Germany, withdrawal of Soviet
forces, and almost open appeal to Washington for aid
in managing the Soviet transition to democracy
 2. Withdrawal of Soviet support for Third World
clients.
 3. Soviets seeking economic aid through membership

Conculusion
 In discussing the post-Cold War developments and the emerging
world order in that era, several concluding remarks can be drawn
from the above analysis, summarized as follows:-
 The new international system in the post-Cold War period has
been marked by a seeming contradiction: on the one hand,
fragmentation; on the other, growing globalization.
 On the level of the relations among states, the new world order is
based on major power cooperation. The international system
contains at least five major powers – the United States, Europe,
Russia, Japan, and China.
 Among major powers, the United States will continue to be the
greatest power in the short run.
 In conjunction with increasing international cooperation, inter-
state wars have declined and “low politics” gained greater
importance in international affairs.
 With the spread of global market economy and rapid expansion
of foreign investments, developing countries, though they are
cautious about foreign investments, are likely to be doing better
in the future.
 The North-South conflict aside, the post-Cold War world faces
several other threats, most notably, ethnically-driven conflicts,
religious militancy and terrorism, supported by some revisionist

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Cold war

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